داياك (شعب)

Dayak people
Young Ibans, or Sea Dayaks.jpg
A sub-ethnic group of the Dayak people, Iban or Sea Dajak boy and girl in traditional clothing.
إجمالي التعداد
5.9 مليون
المناطق ذات التجمعات المعتبرة
بورنيو:
Flag of إندونيسيا إندونيسيا3,219,626[1]
          West Kalimantan1,531,989
          Central Kalimantan1,029,182
          East Kalimantan351,437
          South Kalimantan80,708
          Jakarta45,385
          West Java45,233
          South Sulawesi29,254
          Banten20,028
          East Java14,741
          South Sumatera11,329
Flag of ماليزيا ماليزياunknown
          Sarawak935,935
Flag of بروناي بروناي30,000[2]
اللغات
لغات داياك، الإندونسية، الإنگليزية، الماليزية (ملايو ساراواك)
الدين
المسيحية (الأغلبية)
كهارنگان و الإسلام

داياك (Dayak؛ /ˈdaɪ.ək/ أو Dyak أو Dayuh) هم السكان الأصليون لجزيرة بورنيو بين إندنيسيا وماليزيا.[3] وهي مصطلح فضفاض لأكثر من 200 جماعة عرقية فرعية نهرية وقاطنة للتلال، تتواجد أساساً في وسط وجنوب داخل بورنيو، كل منها بلهجتها الخاصة وعاداتها وقوانينها وأرضها وثقافتها، بالرغم من وجود عادات مميزة مشتركة. لغات داياك تُصنف كجزء من اللغات الأسترونيزية في آسيا. وقد كان الداياك إحيائيين (يعبدون الطبيعة) في معتقداتهم؛ إلا أن الكثير منهم اعتنق الإسلام ومنذ القرن 19 تحول معظمهم إلى المسيحية.[4] وهناك تشجيع للحفاظ على هذه الطائفة لاسيما من قبل الإتحاد الأوروبي الأمر الذي زاد من التوتر مع الغالبية المسلمة.

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التاريخ

الخريطة الاجتماعية اللغوية للداياك كما وصفها تيليك روڤوت في 1954، التي تقسم جماعات الداياك إلى Ngaju, Apu Kayan, Iban, Klemantan, Murut, Punan and Ot Danum.


العرقية

Various indigenous Malay and Dayak homeland in Indonesian Borneo. In contrast to the coastal Borneo which predominantly inhabited by ethnic Malay and Banjarese people, the Dayak groups were located further in the inland Kalimantan. Apart from Kalimantan, the Dayak groups can be found in the Malaysian state of Sarawak and Brunei.



صيد الرؤوس وإبرام السلام

The gallery in the interior of a Kajan Dayak house with skulls and weapons along the wall, exhibiting their headhunters culture

In the past, the Dayak were feared for their ancient tradition of headhunting practices (the ritual is also known as Ngayau by the Dayaks). Among the Iban Dayaks, the origin of headhunting was believed to be meeting one of the mourning rules given by a spirit which is as follows:

  • The sacred jar is not to be opened except by a warrior who has managed to obtain a head, or by a man who can present a human head, which he obtained in a fight; or by a man who has returned from a sojourn in enemy country.[5]
A Dayak with earrings and a lance (taken c. 1920, Dutch Borneo). The Dayaks are previously reputed to be headhunters by the Europeans. In the first half of the 19th century, the Dutch Colonial government in Eastern and Southern Borneo successfully curtailed the traditional headhunting culture by the Dayaks. In reality not all Dayaks were Hunter-gatherers, most Dayaks in the 19th century are actually farmers, mainly engaging with shifting cultivation. They also gathered forest goods and animal hunting.
The Dayak longhouses along the Kahayan River taken in Tumbang Anoi village (c. 1894), the village witnessed the Tumbang Anoi Agreement 20 years earlier in 1874 that ended the headhunting practise by the Dayak people in Dutch Borneo (Kalimantan).


الزراعة ومدة استغلال الأرض والاقتصاد

A troupe of Bahau Dayak performers during the Hudoq festival (Harvest festival) in Samarinda, the Residency of South and East Kalimantan, Dutch East Indies (present-day East Kalimantan, Indonesia). (Taken c. 1898–1900)


الدين والأعياد

Dayak chief as seen holding a spear and a Klebit Bok shield.
A Native of Borneo (June 1853, X, p.60)[6]
A sandung, which houses the remains of a Pesaguan Dayak in Ketapang, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. As the rise of Christianity within the Dayak community since the 19th century, the traditional burial based on Kaharingan belief is on the verge of extinction.
A Hudoq mask, performed mainly in the Hudoq festival in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Held in September–October each year, the event is celebrated as a harvest festival by the Bahau, Busang, Modang, Ao'heng and Penihing Dayak groups in Mahakam river basin.


The Islamised Bakumpai Dayak that mainly concentrated in Barito River system, South Kalimantan. (photo taken circa 1920s)


المجتمع والعادات

Dayak headhunters
Sea Dayaks (Iban) women from Rejang, Sarawak, wearing rattan corsets decorated with brass rings and filigree adornments. The family adds to the corset dress as the girl ages and based on her family's wealth.
One of the basic Dayak dances performed in a ceremony in 2007
A Dayak Longhouse, known as Rumah Betang in Indonesia or Rumah Panjang in Malaysia, the traditional dwelling of many Dayak Tribes. Original watercolour painting by Carl Schwaner, 1853.
Dayak Festival in a traditional Longhouse, 1846, Dutch Borneo.
Dayaks carry their babies in baskets or carriers such as this one. The motifs on the beaded panel and the additional embellishments such as shells, claws etc. are meant for the protection of the child. Courtesy of the Wovensouls Collection, Singapore



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انظر أيضاً

الهامش

  1. ^ Kewarganegaraan, Suku Bangsa, Agama dan Bahasa Sehari-hari Penduduk Indonesia Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2010 [Citizenship, Ethnicity, Religion and Language Everyday, Indonesian Population Census 2010] (in Indonesian). Indonesian Central Bureau of Statistics. 2011. ISBN 978-979-064-417-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  2. ^ "East & Southeast Asia: Brunei". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 3 December 2016.
  3. ^ "Report for ISO 639 code: day". Ethnologue: Countries of the World. Archived from the original on 1 أكتوبر 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ Chalmers, Ian (2006). "The Dynamics of Conversion: the Islamisation of the Dayak peoples of Central Kalimantan" (PDF). Asian Studies Association of Australia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 March 2014. Retrieved 3 December 2016.
  5. ^ "Origin of Adat Iban: Part 3". Iban Cultural Heritage. 12 June 2006. Retrieved 3 December 2016.
  6. ^ "A Native of Borneo". The Wesleyan Juvenile Offering: A Miscellany of Missionary Information for Young Persons. Wesleyan Missionary Society. X: 60. June 1853. Retrieved 29 February 2016.

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