اللغة الإندونيسية

هذا المقال هو عن the official language of Indonesia. إذا كنت تريد an overview on all languages used in Indonesia، انظر Languages of Indonesia.

Indonesian
bahasa Indonesia
النطق	[baˈha.sa in.doˈne.sja]
موطنها	Indonesia
الناطقون الأصليون	43 million (2010 census) L2 speakers: 156 million (2010 census)
عائلة اللغات	الأسترونيزية Malayo-Polynesian Malayo-Sumbawan (?) Malayic Malayan Malay Malacca ("Riau") Malay Indonesian
نظام الكتابة	Latin (Indonesian alphabet) Indonesian Braille
الصيغ المعلـَّمة	BISINDO, SIBI
الوضع الرسمي
لغة رسمية في	إندونيسيا آسيان
لغة أقلية معترف بها في	تيمور الشرقية الأمم المتحدة (used in UN peacekeeping missions)
ينظمها	Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa
أكواد اللغات
ISO 639-2	ind
ISO 639-2	ind
ISO 639-3	ind
Glottolog	indo1316
Linguasphere	31-MFA-ac
Countries of the world where Indonesian is a majority native language   Countries where Indonesian is a minority language

اللغة الإندونيسية (bahasa Indonesia [baˈha.sa in.doˈne.sja]) هي اللغة الرسمية لإندونيسيا. تعتبر اللغة الإندونيسية لهجة قياسية للغة الملايو اعترف بذلك رسمياً بعد إعلان الاستقلال الإندونيسي في عام 1945، واللغتان تبقيان متشابهتان بشكل كبير.

عدد المتحدثين باللغة الإندونيسية كلغة أم هو 17 إلى 30 مليون. يستخدم اللغة الإندونيسية سكان إندونيسيا الذي يعتبرونها لغة ثانية بعد لغاتهم الأم المحلية (كاللغة الجاوية واللغة المينانغكاباوية)، ولكن اللغة التي يستخدمها أغلب الجهات الرسمية والتعليمية والإعلام في إندونيسيا هي اللغة الإندونيسية. الاسم المحلي للغة الإندونيسية هو "باهاسا إندونيسيا" (Bahasa Indonesia) بمعنى "لغة إندونيسيا". الاسم "باهاسا" بحد ذاته لا يعني اللغة الإندونيسية بل يعني "لغة". في حين اللغة الإندونيسية اللغة الرسمية لإندونيسيا، تستخدم اللغة أيضاً في تيمور الشرقية. تستخدم اللغة الإندونيسية الأبجدية اللاتينية في الكتابة.

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 التاريخ

 عصر الممالك المبكرة

Rencong alphabet, native writing systems found in central and جنوب سومطرة وشبه جزيرة الملايو. The text reads (Voorhoeve's spelling): "haku manangis ma / njaru ka'u ka'u di / saru tijada da / tang [hitu hadik sa]", which is translated by Voorhoeve as: "I am weeping, calling you; though called, you do not come" (in modern Malay "Aku menangis, menyerukan engkau, kaudiseru, tiada datang [itu adik satu]").

Kedukan Bukit Inscription, written in Pallava script, is the oldest surviving specimen of the Old Malay language in جنوب سومطرة، إندونيسيا.

 مولد اللغة الإندونيسية

Volksraad session held in July 1938 in Jakarta, where Indonesian was formally used for the first time by Jahja Datoek Kajo.

 اتخاذها لغة وطنية

The Pledge was the result of second Youth Pledge held in Batavia in October 1928. On the last pledge, there was an affirmation of Indonesian language as a unifying language في أرجاء الأرخبيل.

 الإندونيسية الحديثة والدارجة

للمزيد من المعلومات: الدارجة الإندونيسية

Road-signs in an airport terminal

Toll gate in Indonesia

Indonesian language used on a bus advertisement

 التبويب واللغات ذات الصلة

انظر أيضاً: Austronesian languages § Cross-linguistic Comparison Chart

Indonesian is one of the many varieties of Malay. Malay historical linguists agree on the likelihood of the Malay homeland being in western Borneo stretching to the Bruneian coast. A form known as Proto-Malay language was spoken in Borneo at least by 1000 BCE and was, it has been argued, the ancestral language of all subsequent Malayan languages. Its ancestor, Proto-Malayo-Polynesian, a descendant of the Proto-Austronesian language, began to break up by at least 2000 BCE, possibly as a result of the southward expansion of Austronesian peoples into Maritime Southeast Asia from the island of Taiwan. Indonesian, which originated from Malay, is a member of the Austronesian family of languages, which includes languages from Southeast Asia and the Pacific Ocean, with a smaller number in continental Asia. It has very high mutual intelligibility with the Malay register in Malaysia, which is officially known there as Bahasa Malaysia. The similarities are comparable to those between British English and American English.

Malagasy, a geographic outlier spoken in Madagascar in the Indian Ocean; the Philippines national language, Filipino; and the native language of New Zealanders, Māori language are also members of this language family. Although each language of the family is mutually unintelligible, their similarities are rather striking. Many roots have come virtually unchanged from their common ancestor, Proto-Austronesian language. There are many cognates found in the languages' words for kinship, health, body parts and common animals. Numbers, especially, show remarkable similarities.

الأعداد في اللغات الأسترونيزية

اللغة	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
PAN, 4000ح. 4000 BCE	*isa	*DuSa	*telu	*Sepat	*lima	*enem	*pitu	*walu	*Siwa	*puluq
Amis	cecay	tusa	tulu	sepat	lima	enem	pitu	falu	siwa	pulu'
Rukai	itha	drusa	tulru	supate	lrima	eneme	pitu	valru	bangate	pulruku
Tsou	coni	yuso	tuyu	sʉptʉ	eimo	nomʉ	pitu	voyu	sio	maskʉ
Tagalog	isá	dalawá	tatló	ápat	limá	ánim	pitó	waló	siyám	sampu
Ilocano	maysá	dua	talló	uppát	limá	inném	pitó	waló	siam	sangapúlo
Cebuano	usá	duhá	tuló	upat	limá	unom	pitó	waló	siyám	napulu
Chamorro	maisa/håcha	hugua	tulu	fatfat	lima	gunum	fiti	guålu	sigua	månot/fulu
Malagasy	iray	roa	telo	efatra	dimy	enina	fito	valo	sivy	folo
Batak	sada	dua	tolu	opat	lima	onom	pitu	walu	sia	sapuluh
Malay/Indonesian	satu	dua	tiga	empat	lima	enam	tujuh	lapan/delapan	sembilan	sepuluh
Minangkabau	ciek	duo	tigo	ampek	limo	anam	tujuah	salapan	sambilan	sapuluah
Rejang	do	duai	tlau	pat	lêmo	num	tujuak	dêlapên	sêmbilan	sêpuluak
Javanese	siji	loro	telu	papat	lima	nem	pitu	wolu	sanga	sepuluh
Tetun	ida	rua	tolu	hat	lima	nen	hitu	ualu	sia	sanulu
Fijian	dua	rua	tolu	vā	lima	ono	vitu	walu	ciwa	tini
Kiribati	teuana	uoua	teniua	aua	nimaua	onoua	itiua	waniua	ruaiua	tebuina
Tongan	taha	ua	tolu	fā	nima	ono	fitu	valu	hiva	-fulu
Sāmoan	tasi	lua	tolu	fā	lima	ono	fitu	valu	iva	sefulu
Māori	tahi	rua	toru	whā	rima	ono	whitu	waru	iwa	tekau (archaic: ngahuru)
Tahitian	hō'ē	piti	toru	maha	pae	ōno	hitu	va'u	iva	'ahuru
Marquesan	tahi	'ua	to'u	hā	'ima	ono	hitu	va'u	iva	'ahu'u
Leeward Islands (Society Islands) language	tahi	rua	toru	fā	rima	ono	fitu	varu	iva	'ahuru
Hawaiian	kahi	lua	kolu	hā	lima	ono	hiku	walu	iwa	-'umi

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 Official status

Indonesian is also the language of Indonesian mass media, such as magazines. Printed and broadcast mass media are encouraged to use proper Indonesian, although more relaxed popular slang often prevails.

Warning sign in Indonesia

 Phonology

المقالة الرئيسية: Malay phonology

 Vowels

It is usually said that there are six vowels in Indonesian. These six vowels are shown in the table below. However, other analyses set up a system with other vowels, particularly the open-mid vowels /ɛ/ and /ɔ/.

Table of vowel phonemes of Indonesian

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Close-mid	e	ə	o
Open-mid	(ɛ)		(ɔ)
Open		a

In standard Indonesian orthography, the Latin alphabet is used, and five vowels are distinguished: a, i, u, e, o. In materials for learners, the mid-front vowel /e/ is sometimes represented with a diacritic as é to distinguish it from the mid-central vowel /ə/.

 Diphthongs

Indonesian has four native diphthong phonemes only in open syllables, they are:

• /ai̯/: kedai ('shop'), pandai ('clever')
• /au̯/: kerbau ('buffalo'), limau ('lemon')
• /oi̯/ (or /ʊi̯/ in Indonesian): dodoi, amboi
• /ei̯/: survei ('survey')

Some analyses assume that these diphthongs are actually a monophthong followed by an approximant, so ⟨ai⟩ represents /aj/, ⟨au⟩ represents /aw/, and ⟨oi⟩ represents /oj/. On this basis, there are no phonological diphthongs in Indonesian.

Diphthongs are differentiated from two vowels in two syllables, such as:

• /a.i/: e.g. lain ('other') [la.in], air ('water') [a.ir]
• /a.u/: bau ('smell') [ba.u], laut ('sea') [la.ut]

 Consonants

Indonesian consonant phonemes

		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n	ɲ	ŋ
Plosive/Affricate	voiceless	p	t	t͡ʃ	k	(ʔ)
	voiced	b	d	d͡ʒ	ɡ
Fricative	voiceless	(f)	s	(ʃ)	(x)	h
	voiced	(v)	(z)
Approximant		w	l	j
Trill			r

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 عبارات أساسية

العبارة	الترجمة
bahasa Indonesia	اللغة الإندونيسية
halo	مرحباً
selamat pagi	صباح الخير
selamat sore	مساء الخير
selamat tinggal	وداعاً
tolong	رجاءً
terima kasih	شكراً
terima kasih kembali	لا شكر على واجب
ini	هذا
itu	ذلك
berapa؟	بكم؟
ya	نعم
tidak	لا
maaf	آسف
saya tidak mengerti	لا أفهم
saya tidak tahu	لا أعلم
saya tidak bisa berbicara bahasa Indonesia	لا أتحدث اللغة الإندونيسية
di mana toilet?	أين الحمام؟

 Words

 Numbers

An old one thousand Indonesian Rupiah banknote

 Cardinal

Number	English	Indonesian
0	zero	nol or kosong [nol] or [ko•soŋ]
1	one	satu [sa•tu]
2	two	dua [du•(w)a]
3	three	tiga [ti•ga]
4	four	empat [əm•pat]
5	five	lima [li•ma]
6	six	enam [ə•nam]
7	seven	tujuh [tu•dʒuh]
8	eight	delapan [də•la•pan]
9	nine	sembilan [səm•bi•lan]
10	ten	sepuluh [sə•pu•luh]
11	eleven	sebelas [sə•bə•las]
12	twelve	dua belas [du•(w)a bə•las]
13	thirteen	tiga belas [ti•ga bə•las]
14	fourteen	empat belas [əm•pat bə•las]
15	fifteen	lima belas [li•ma bə•las]
20	twenty	dua puluh [du•(w)a pu•luh]
21	twenty one	dua puluh satu [du•(w)a pu•luh sa•tu]
30	thirty	tiga puluh [ti•ga pu•luh]
100	one hundred	seratus [sə•ra•tus]
200	two hundred	dua ratus [du•(w)a ra•tus]
210	two hundred ten	dua ratus sepuluh [du•(w)a ra•tus sə•pu•luh]
897	eight hundred ninty seven	delapan ratus sembilan puluh tujuh [de•la•pan ra•tus sem•bi•lan pu•luh tu•dʒuh]
1000	one thousand	seribu [sə•ri•bu]
10000	ten thousand	sepuluh ribu [sə•pu•luh ri•bu]
100000	one hundred thousand	seratus ribu [sə•ra•tus ri•bu]
1000000	one million	sejuta or satu juta [sə•dʒu•ta] or [sa•tu dʒu•ta]
1000000000	one billion	satu miliar [sa•tu mi•li•(j)ar] or [sa•tu mil•jar]
1000000000000	one trillion	satu triliun [sa•tu tri•li•(j)un] or [sa•tu tril•jun]

 Ordinal

Number	English	Indonesian
1st	first	pertama [pər•ta•ma]
2nd	second	kedua [kə•du•(w)a]
3rd	third	ketiga [kə•ti•ga]
4th	fourth	keempat [kə•əm•pat]
5th	fifth	kelima [kə•li•ma]
6th	sixth	keenam [kə•ə•nam]
7th	seventh	ketujuh [kə•tu•dʒuh]
8th	eighth	kedelapan [kə•də•la•pan]
9th	ninth	kesembilan [kə•səm•bi•lan]
10th	tenth	kesepuluh [kə•sə•pu•luh]

 Days and months

An Indonesian-language calendar

 Days

English	Indonesian
Monday	Senin [sə•nin]
Tuesday	Selasa [sə•la•sa]
Wednesday	Rabu [ra•bu]
Thursday	Kamis [ka•mis]
Friday	Jumat [dʒum•at]
Saturday	Sabtu [sab•tu]
Sunday	Minggu/Ahad [miŋ•gu] or [a•had]

 Months

English	Indonesian
January	Januari [dʒa•nu•(w)a•ri]
February	Februari [fɛb•ru•(w)a•ri]
March	Maret [ma•rət]
April	April [ap•ril]
May	Mei [meɪ]
June	Juni [dʒu•ni•]
July	Juli [dʒu•li]
August	Agustus [a•gus•tus]
September	September [sɛp•tɛm•bər]
October	Oktober [ok•to•bər]
November	November [no•vɛm•bər]
December	Desember [dɛ•sɛm•bər]

 Common phrases

English	Indonesian	Spelling (in IPA)
Hello!	Halo!	[ˈhalo]
Good morning!	Selamat pagi!	[sə'lamat ˈpagi]
Good afternoon!	Selamat siang!	[səˈlamat ˈsiaŋ]
Good evening! or Good night!	Selamat malam!	[səˈlamat ˈmalam]
Goodbye!	Selamat tinggal!	[sə'lamat ˈtiŋɡal]
See you later!	Sampai jumpa lagi!	[ˈsampai̯ ˈdʒumpa ˈlagi]
Thank you	Terima kasih (standard, formal)	[təˈrima ˈkasih]
Thanks	Makasih (colloquial)	[maˈkasih]
You are welcome	Sama-sama or terima kasih kembali	[ˈsa'ma ˈsama] or [təˈrima ˈkasih kəm'bali]
Yes	Ya or iya	[ˈja] or [ˈija]
No	Tidak	[ˈtidaʔ]
And	Dan	[ˈdan]
Or	Atau	[a'tau̯]
Because	Karena	[ˈkarəna]
Therefore [ك‍]	Karena itu	[ˈkarəna ˈʔitu]
Nothing	Tidak ada	[ˈtidaʔ ˈada]
Maybe	Mungkin	[ˈmuŋkin]
How are you?	Apa kabar?	[ˈapa ˈkabar]
I am fine	Baik or Baik-baik saja	[ˈbaik] or [ˈbaik ˈbaik ˈsadʒa]
Have a nice day!	Semoga hari Anda menyenangkan!	[sə'moga ˈhari ˈʔanda məɲəˈnaŋkan]
Bon appétit!	Selamat makan! or Selamat menikmati!	[sə'lamat ˈmakan] or [səˈlamat mənikˈmati]
I am sorry	Maafkan saya	[ma'ʔafkan ˈsaja]
Excuse me	Permisi	[pər'misi]
What?	Apa?	[ˈapa]
Who?	Siapa?	[siˈapa]
When?	Kapan?	[ˈkapan]
Where?	Di mana?	[di ˈmana]
Why?	Mengapa?	[mə'ŋapa]
How?	Bagaimana?	[baɡai̯'mana]
How much?	Berapa?	[bə'rapa]
What is your name?	Nama Anda siapa?	[ˈnama ˈʔanda siˈapa]
My name is...	Nama saya...	[ˈnama ˈsaja]
Do you know?	Apakah Anda tahu?	[aˈpakah ˈʔanda ˈtahu]
Yes, I know / No, I do not know	Ya, saya tahu / Tidak, saya tidak tahu	[ˈja ˈsaja ˈtahu] / [ˈtidaʔ ˈsaja ˈtidaʔ ˈtahu]
Can you speak Indonesian?	Bisakah Anda berbicara bahasa Indonesia?	[biˈsakah ˈʔanda bərbi'tʃara baˈhasa indoˈnesi̯a]
Yes, I can speak Indonesian / No, I can not speak Indonesian	Ya, saya bisa berbicara bahasa Indonesia / Tidak, saya tidak bisa berbicara bahasa indonesia	[ˈja ˈsaja ˈbisa bərbiˈtʃara baˈhasa Indoˈnesi̯a] / [ˈtidaʔ ˈsaja ˈtidaʔ ˈbisa bərbiˈtʃara baˈhasa indoˈnesi̯a]
What time is it now?	Pukul berapa sekarang?	[ˈpukul bə'rapa səˈkaraŋ]
It is 5.00 o'clock	Sekarang pukul 5.00	[səˈkaraŋ ˈpukul ˈlima]
When will you go to the party?	Kapan Anda akan pergi ke pesta itu?	[ˈkapan ˈʔanda ˈʔakan pər'gi ke ˈpesta ˈʔitu]
Soon	Nanti	[ˈnanti]
Today	Hari ini	[ˈhari ˈʔini]
Tomorrow	Besok	[ˈbesok]
The day after tomorrow	Lusa	[ˈlusa]
Yesterday	Kemarin	[kə'marin]
Congratulations!	Selamat!	[sə'lamat]
Happy New Year!	Selamat Tahun Baru!	[sə'lamat ˈtahun ˈbaru]
Merry Christmas!	Selamat Natal!	[sə'lamat ˈnatal]
Please	Mohon or tolong	[ˈmohon] or [ˈtoloŋ]
Stop!	Berhenti!	[bər'henti]
I am happy	Saya senang	[ˈsaja sə'naŋ]
I understand	Saya mengerti	[ˈsaja ˈməŋərti]
Help!	Tolong!	[ˈtoloŋ]
I need help	Saya memerlukan bantuan	[ˈsaja məmərˈlukan ban'tuan]
Can you help me?	Bisakah Anda menolong saya?	[biˈsakah ˈʔanda mə'noloŋ ˈsaja]
Can I help you? / Do you need help?	Dapatkah saya membantu Anda? / Apakah Anda membutuhkan bantuan?	[da'patkah ˈsaja məm'bantu ˈʔanda] / [aˈpakah ˈʔanda məmbuˈtuhkan banˈtuan]
May I borrow your eraser?	Bolehkah saya meminjam penghapus Anda?	[boˈlehkah ˈsaja mə'minjam peŋ'hapus ˈʔanda]
With my pleasure	Dengan senang hati	[dəˈŋan sə'naŋ ˈhati]
Welcome	Selamat datang	[sə'lamat ˈdataŋ]
Welcome to Indonesia	Selamat datang di Indonesia	[sə'lamat ˈdataŋ di ʔindoˈnesi̯a]
I agree / I disagree	Saya setuju / Saya tidak setuju	[ˈsaja sə'tudʒu] / [ˈsaja ˈtidaʔ sə'tudʒu]
I understand / I do not understand	Saya mengerti / Saya tidak mengerti	[ˈsaja ˈməŋərti] / [ˈsaja ˈtidaʔ ˈməŋərti]
I am hungry	Saya lapar	[ˈsaja ˈlapar]
I am thirsty	Saya haus	[ˈsaja ˈhaus]
I am sick	Saya sakit	[ˈsaja ˈsakit]
Get well soon	Semoga cepat sembuh	[sə'moga tʃə'pat səmˈbuh]

 Example

The following texts are excerpts from the official translations of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Indonesian and Malay, along with the original declaration in English.

English	Indonesian	Malay
Universal Declaration of Human Rights	Pernyataan Umum tentang Hak Asasi Manusia	Perisytiharan Hak Asasi Manusia sejagat
Article 1	Pasal 1	Perkara 1
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.	Semua orang dilahirkan merdeka dan mempunyai martabat dan hak-hak yang sama. Mereka dikaruniai akal dan hati nurani dan hendaknya bergaul satu sama lain dalam semangat persaudaraan.	Semua manusia dilahirkan bebas dan sama rata dari segi maruah dan hak-hak. Mereka mempunyai pemikiran dan perasaan hati dan hendaklah bergaul dengan semangat persaudaraan.

 See also

• Austronesian languages
• Bahasa, for other languages referred to as bahasa
• Language families and languages
• Malay language
• Demographics of Indonesia
• Indonesian slang language
• Indonesian abbreviated words
• Comparison of Standard Malay and Indonesian
• List of English words of Indonesian origin
• List of loanwords in Indonesian

 External links

اللغة الإندونيسية edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

• How many people speak Indonesian?
• free language resource
• Learning Indonesian
• Indonesian Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words (from Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix)
• Indonesia WWW Virtual Library
• Bahasa Indonesia Dictionary
• Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia dalam jaringan (Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language of the Language Center, in Indonesian only)
• Example recording of spoken Indonesian
• Informasi Bahasa Indonesia
• Tv Online
• Indonesia Language
• babla.co.id English-Indonesian dictionary from bab.la, a language learning portal

 English-Indonesian translation services

• Google Indonesia Translator
• http://www.indotranslate.com/translated-text.php
• http://vvv.sederet.com/translate.php
• http://translation2.paralink.com/English-Indonesian-Translator
• http://imtranslator.net/translation/english/to-indonesian/translation/

 English-Indonesian dictionaries

• http://www.softpedia.com/get/Others/Home-Education/Kamus.shtml
• http://indodic.com/dlEnglish.html http://indodic.com/dlIndo.html