تشان‌يو

شيونگ‌نو

تشان‌يو (الصينية المبسطة: 单于؛ الصينية التقليدية: 單于؛ پن‌ين: Chányú�) أو شان‌يو (صينية: 善于�؛ Shanyu)، وهي اختصار تشنگلي گوتو تشان‌يو (صينية: 撐犁孤塗單于؛ پن‌ين: Chēnglí Gūtu Chányú؛ حرفياً: 'سليل تنگري'�)، كان لقباً استخدمه الحاكم الأعلى للقبائل الرُحل في آسيا الداخلية على مدى ثمانية قرون حتى حل محله اللقب "خاقان" في 402 م.[1] اللقب بلغ أوج شهرته حين استخدمته عشيرة لوان‌دي الحاكمة لـشيونگ‌نو في عهدي أسرة تشين (221-206 ق.م.) و أسرة هان (206 ق.م.–220 م). كما اِستخدمه لاحقاً الصينيون كإشارة إلى زعماء الگوق‌تورك.

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أصل الاسم

حسب Book of Han, "the Xiongnu called the Heaven (天) 'Chēnglí' (撐犁) and they called a child (子) gūtú (孤塗). As for Chányú (單于), it is a "vast [and] great countenance" (廣大之貌)."[2] The term "Chanyu" hence means "great Son of Heaven".

L. Rogers and Edwin G. Pulleyblank argue that title chanyu may be equivalent to the later attested title tarkhan, suggesting that the Chinese pronunciation was originally dān-ĥwāĥ, an approximation for *darxan.[3] Linguist Alexander Vovin tentatively proposes a Yeniseian etymology for 撐犁孤塗單于, in Old Chinese pronunciation *treng-ri kwa-la dar-ɢwā, from four roots: *tɨŋgVr- "high", *kwala- "son, child", *tɨl "lower reaches of the Yenisei" or "north", and *qʌ̄j ~ *χʌ̄j "prince"; as a whole "Son of Heaven, Ruler of the North".[4][5]


قائمة تشان‌يوهات شيونگ‌نو

NB: Chanyu names do not always obey Chinese convention
Chinese name Pinyin / Wade-Giles Guangyun الاسم الشخصي العهد
Touman (頭曼單于/头曼单于) Tóumàn / t'ou-man 240–209 BC
Modu Chanyu (冒頓單于/冒顿单于) mòdú / mou-tun[أ] Luandi Modu (攣鞮冒頓 / 挛鞮冒顿) 209–174 BC
Laoshang Chanyu (老上單于/老上单于) lǎoshàng / lao-shang 174–161 BC
Junchen Chanyu (軍臣單于/军臣单于) jūnchén / chün-ch'en 161–126 BC
Yizhixie Chanyu (伊稚斜單于/伊稚斜单于) yīzhìxié / i-chih-hsieh 126–114 BC
Wuwei Chanyu (烏維/乌维) 114–105 BC
Er Chanyu (兒[ب]單于/儿单于) Wushilu (烏師廬/乌师庐) 105–102/101 BC
Xulihu Chanyu (呴犛湖/呴犁湖) 102/101–101/100 BC
Qiedihou (且鞮侯)[ت] 101/100–96 BC
Hulugu Chanyu (狐鹿姑單于/狐鹿姑单于) húlùgū / hu-lu-ku 96–85 BC
Huyandi Chanyu (壺衍鞮單于/壺衍鞮单于) húyǎndī / hu-yen-ti 85–68 BC
Xulüquanqu Chanyu (虛閭權渠單于/虚闾权渠单于) xūlǘquánqú / hsü-lü-ch'üan-ch'ü 68–60 BC
Woyanqudi Chanyu (握衍朐鞮單于/握衍朐鞮单于) wòyǎnqúdī / wo-lu-ch'ü-ti Tuqitang (屠耆堂/ 屠耆堂) 60–58 BC
Huhanye Chanyu (呼韓邪單于/呼韩邪单于) hūhánxié / hu-han-hsieh Jihoushan [8]
( 稽侯狦)		 58 – 31 BC
Tuqi 屠耆單于, 58–56 BC
Hujie 呼揭單于, 57 BC
Juli 車犂單于, 57–56 BC
Wuji 烏籍單于, 57 BC
Runzhen 閏振單于, 56–54 BC
Zhizhi Chanyu 郅支單于, 55 – 36 BC
Yilimu 伊利目單于, 49 BC
Fuzhulei Ruodi Chanyu [9]
(復株纍若鞮[ث]單于/复株累若鞮单于)		 fùzhūléiruòdī/fu-chu-lei-je-ti Diaotaomogao (彫陶莫皋/雕陶莫皋)[12] 31–20 BC
Souxie Chanyu [13]
(搜諧若鞮單于/搜谐若鞮单于)		 Jumixu [14]
(且麋胥)		 20–12 BC
Juya Chanyu [15]
(車牙若鞮單于/车牙若鞮单于)		 Jumoju [16]
(且莫車/攣鞮且莫車)		 12–8 BC
Wuzhuliu Chanyu [17] (烏珠留若鞮單于/乌珠留若鞮单于) Nangzhiyasi/Zhi [18]
(囊知牙斯)		 8 BC – 13 AD
Wulei Chanyu[19] (烏累若鞮單于/乌累若鞮单于) Xian (鹹/挛鞮咸) 13–18 AD
Huduershidaogao Chanyu [20] (呼都而屍道皋若鞮單于/呼都而尸道皋若鞮单于) Yu (輿/挛鞮舆) 18–46 AD
Wudadihou (烏達鞮侯/乌达鞮侯) [21] Wudadi 46 AD

ملاحظات

  1. ^ a.k.a. Batur < Baγatur [6]
  2. ^ "underage"[7]
  3. ^ a.k.a. Quidi, Chedihou
  4. ^ 若鞮 (pinyin ruòdī), glossed as "respectful to parents;[10] filial piety"[11] in Hànshū; Pulleyblank reconstructs 若鞮's Early Middle Chinese pronunciation as *njak-tei & instead compares this to Tocharian A ñäkci or Toch. B ñäkc(i)ye "godly, heavenly"

شمال شيونگ‌نو (北匈奴)

Chinese name Reign Note
Punu Chanyu (蒲奴) 46–? AD
Youliu [22] (優留) ?–87 AD
Northern Chanyu (北單于) 88–? AD
Yuchujian [23] (於除鞬單于) 91–93 AD
Feng-hou (逢侯) 94–118 AD

جنوب شيونگ‌نو (南匈奴)

Chinese name Data Personal Name Reign
Sutuhu/Bi (蘇屠胡/比)
Huhanxie the Second (呼韓邪第二)
Xiluo Shizhu Ti (醯落尸逐鞮)		 brought the southern Xiongnu into tributary relations with Han China in AD 50 48–56/55 AD
Qiufu Youti/Mo
(丘浮尤提)		 55/56–56/57 AD
Yifa Yulüti/Han
(伊伐於慮提)		 56/57–59 AD
Xitong Shizhu Houti/Shi
(醯僮尸逐侯提)		 59–63 AD
Qiuchu Julinti/Su
丘除車林提		 63 AD
Huxie Shizhu Houti/Chang
(湖邪尸逐侯提)		 63–85 AD
Yitu Yulüti/Xuan
(伊屠於閭提/宣)		 85–88 AD
Tuntuhe [24] Shulan [25]
Xiulan Shizhu Houti (休蘭尸逐侯提)		 88–93 AD
Anguo [26](安國) started a large scale rebellion against
the Han		 93–94 AD
Shizi [27](師子)
Tingdu Shizhu Houti (亭獨尸逐侯提)		 94–98 AD
Wanshishizhudi/Tan (萬氏尸逐侯提/檀) opposed by...
...Feng Shanyu		 98-124AD
98–118 AD
ووجي‌هوشي‌ژودي/با
(烏稽尸逐侯提/拔)		 ??? 124–127/128 AD
Xiuli (休利)
Qute Ruoshi Zhujiu (去特若尸逐就)[28]		 committed suicide under Chinese pressure 127/128–140/142?
Cheniu [29] Popularly elected 140–143 AD
Toulouchu (兜樓儲) [30]
Hulan Ruoshi Zhujiu(呼蘭若尸逐就)		 appointed puppet at the Chinese court 143–147 AD
Jucheer (居車兒)[31]
Yiling Ruoshi Zhujiu (伊陵若尸逐就)		 puppet Chinese appointee that escaped Chinese control; incarcerated by Chinese in 158 AD 147–158 AD (d. 172 AD)
Tute Ruoshi Zhujiu (屠特若尸逐就)[32] 158–178 AD
Huzheng [33] (呼徵) 178–179 AD
Qiangqu
(羌渠)		 Jiangqu;[34] killed in Xiuchuge Xiongnu rebellion 179–188 AD
Yufuluo
(於扶羅)		 a.k.a. Tezhi Shizhuhou (特至尸逐侯)[بحاجة لمصدر].
Homeless puppet Chanyu, overthrown in the Ordos by the unnamed Chanyu of Xiluo 醯落 and Tuge 屠各. Led dozens of refugee Xiongnu tribes to Pingyang (平阳) in Shanxi.		 188–195 AD
Huchuquan (呼廚泉) Yufuluo's brother,[35] he ruled over the Pingyang Xiongnu
after Yufuluo died.		 195–?

دا تشان‌يو (大單于)

الاسم الصيني بيانات الاسم الشخصي العهد
Liu Bao (劉豹) Yufuluo's son. He changed the Chanyu clan name from Luanti to Liu, the surname of Han emperors.
He bore the title 匈奴單于 but ruled only over the West partition in Jiuyuan (九原) of the
Pingyang Xiongnu newly partitioned into North, South, left (West), right (East), and Centre by Cao Cao		 216–260AD
劉(刘)去卑 Liú Qùbēi Huchuquan's son. Cao Cao ordered him to rule
over the north partition of Pingyang Xiongnu as
Tiefu Right Virtuous King (鐵弗 右贤王).		 260–272
劉誥升爰 Liú Gàoshēngyuán Son of 劉(刘)去卑 Liú Qùbēi. Bore the title 鐵弗 右贤王 272–309
Liu Yuan (劉淵) Han Zhao state, a.k.a. Emperor Guangwen (光文). Son of Liu Bao (劉豹). Bore the title Xiongnu 匈奴單于 of tribe Yuanhai, so Chinese annals use Yuanhai as his surname [36] 309–310
Liu He, ch. 劉和 py. liú hé Han Zhao state, personal name Xuantai 玄泰 7 days in 310
Liu Cong, ch. 劉聰 py. liú cōng Han Zhao state, a.k.a. Emperor Zhaowu, ch. 昭武, personal name Xuanmen 玄門, nickname Zai 載 310–318
Liu Can, ch. 劉粲 py. liú càn Han Zhao state, a.k.a. Emperor Yin, ch. 隱, personal name Shiguang 士光 a month and days in 318
Liu Yao ch. Liu Yao 劉曜 py. liú yaò Han Zhao state, a.k.a. Emperor Hou Zhu 後主, personal name Yongming 永明 318–329
Liu Xi ch. Liu Xi 劉熙 Last ruler of Han Zhao; statutory Chanyu, probably never raised to the throne 329
Liu Hu 劉虎 Liu Qubei's grandson. He was not allowed to call himself Chanyu 329–341
劉務恒 Liú Wùhéng ??? 341–356
劉閼陋頭 Liú èlòutóu ??? 356–358
劉悉勿祈 Liú Xīwùqí ??? 358–359
劉衛辰 Liú Wèichén Posthumously named "Emperor Huan" 359–391
劉勃勃 Liú Bóbó a.k.a. Wulie (武烈 Wǔliè) established Xiongnu Xia 407 and in 413 reverted surname to 赫連 Hèlián 391–425
赫連昌 Hèlián Chāng ??? 425–428
赫連定 Hèlián Dìng Last native ruler of Xiongnu in China 428–431

شجرات عائلات التشان‌يو


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انظر أيضاً

المراجع

  1. ^ Taskin V.S. "Materials on history of Dunhu group nomadic tribes", Moscow, 1984, p. 305,306, (Таскин В.С. "Mатериалы по истории древних кочевых народов группы Дунху") (in روسية)
  2. ^ Book of Han, Vol. 94-I, 匈奴謂天為「撐犁」，謂子為「孤塗」，單于者，廣大之貌也.
  3. ^ Universität Bonn. Seminar für Sprach- und Kulturwissenschaft Zentralasiens: Zentralasiatische Studien, Vol. 24–26, p.21
  4. ^ "Once again on the Etymology of the title qaɣan", in Studia Etyologica Crocoviensia, (2007) vol. 12, p. 177-185
  5. ^ "Did the Xiongnu speak a Yeniseian language? Part 2: Vocabulary", in Altaica Budapestinensia MMII, Proceedings of the 45th Permanent International Altaistic Conference, Budapest, June 23–28, pp. 389-394.
  6. ^ Hirth F. Sinologische Beitrage zur Geschichte der Turk-Volker. Die Ahnentafel Attila's nach Johannes von Thurocz. Bull. Imp. Acad, series V, vol. XIII, 1900, No 2, pp. 221–261.
  7. ^ Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, p. 46
  8. ^ Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, p. 59
  9. ^ Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, p. 86
  10. ^ Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, p. 107
  11. ^ Pulleyblank, E. G. "Chinese and Indo-Europeans." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, no. 1/2 (1966): 9-39. www.jstor.org/stable/25202896.
  12. ^ Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, p. 86
  13. ^ Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, p. 86
  14. ^ Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, p. 86
  15. ^ Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, p. 87
  16. ^ Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, p. 87
  17. ^ Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, p. 87
  18. ^ R. de Crespigny, "Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire", Australian National University Faculty of Asian Studies Monographs, New Series No.4, Canberra 1984, "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-01-01. Retrieved 2010-12-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  19. ^ Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", vol. 1, Sankt Petersburg, 1851, p. 105–107
  20. ^ Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, pp. 108–109
  21. ^ R. de Crespigny, "Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire", 1984
  22. ^ R. de Crespigny, "Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire", 1984
  23. ^ R. de Crespigny, "Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire", 1984
  24. ^ R. de Crespigny, "Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire", 1984
  25. ^ Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, pp. 130–134
  26. ^ R. de Crespigny, "Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire", 1984
  27. ^ R. de Crespigny, "Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire", 1984
  28. ^ R. de Crespigny, "Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire", 1984
  29. ^ R. de Crespigny, "Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire", 1984
  30. ^ Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, pp. 144
  31. ^ R. de Crespigny, Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire, 1984
  32. ^ Bichurin N.Ya., Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times, 1851, vol. 1, pp. 145 (True name unknown; the Chinese moniker has negative connotation; confirmed by Chinese Court as Chanyu in 172 AD)
  33. ^ Bichurin N.Ya., Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times, 1851, vol. 1, pp. 145
  34. ^ R. de Crespigny, Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire, 1984
  35. ^ R. de Crespigny, Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire, 1984
  36. ^ [1] Archived 2011-11-30 at the Wayback Machine note 208

للاستزادة

  • Yap, Joseph P. (2019). The Western Regions, Xiongnu and Han, from the Shiji, Hanshu and Hou Hanshu. ISBN 978-1792829154.
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