بندر سري بكاوان

Coordinates: 4°53′25″N 114°56′32″E / 4.89028°N 114.94222°E / 4.89028; 114.94222
Bandar Seri Begawan
بندر سري بڬاوان‎ (Jawi)
Capital and municipal area
Omar Ali Saifuddien Mosque
Gadong commercial area
Jame' Asr Hassanil Bolkiah Mosque
Kampong Ayer
The Mall Gadong
الختم الرسمي لـ Bandar Seri Begawan
الشعار
الكنية: 
The Venice of the East[1]
Bandar Brunei
OpenStreetMap
Bandar Seri Begawan is located in Brunei
Bandar Seri Begawan
Bandar Seri Begawan
Bandar Seri Begawan is located in آسيا
Bandar Seri Begawan
Bandar Seri Begawan
الإحداثيات: 4°53′25″N 114°56′32″E / 4.89028°N 114.94222°E / 4.89028; 114.94222
البلدبروناي
DistrictBrunei-Muara
Bruneian Empire7th–18th century
Settled by the British19th century
Land development by the British1906
Resettlement of the Sultanate of Brunei administration centre1909
Sanitary Board area1921
Municipal area (present-day)1935
الحكومة
 • الكيانBandar Seri Begawan Municipal Department
المساحة
 • الإجمالي100٫36 كم² (38٫75 ميل²)
التعداد
 • Estimate 
(2007)[2]
100٬700[needs update]
صفة المواطنقالب:Br list
منطقة التوقيتUTC+8 (BNT)
مفتاح الهاتف+673 2
الموقع الإلكترونيwww.bandaran-bsb.gov.bn/Theme/Home.aspx

بندر سري بكاوان ( Bandar Seri Begawan ؛ BAHN-dahr SUH-ree BUH-gah-wahn;[3] Jawi: بندر سري بڬاوان‎; Malay: [ˌbandar səˌri bəˈɡawan] ( استمع)), colloquially referred to as BSB، هي عاصمة بروناي أو مملكة بروناي وأكبر مدينة فيها. حسب إحصاءات عام 2002 يبلغ عدد سكانها 27,285 . [4] It was formerly known as Brunei Town until it was renamed in 1970 in honour of Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III, the 28th Sultan of Brunei and the father of the current Sultan, Hassanal Bolkiah.

The history of Bandar Seri Begawan can be traced back to the establishment of a Malay stilt settlement on the waters of the Brunei River which became the predecessor of Kampong Ayer today. It became the capital of the Bruneian Sultanate from the 16th century onwards, as well as in the 19th century when it became a British protectorate. The establishment of a British Residency in the 20th century saw the establishment of modern-day administration on land, as well as the gradual resettlement of the riverine dwellers to the land. During World War II, the capital was occupied by the Japanese forces from 1941 and bombed in 1945 upon liberation by Allied forces. Brunei's independence from the British was declared on 1 January 1984 on a square in the city centre.

Bandar Seri Begawan is home to Istana Nurul Iman, the largest residential palace in the world by the Guinness World Records,[5] and Omar Ali Saifuddien Mosque, Brunei's iconic landmark. It is also home to Kampong Ayer, the largest 'water village' in the world and nicknamed Venice of the East.[6] It was once the host city of the 20th Southeast Asian Games in 1999 and 8th APEC Summit in 2000.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

الاسم

The word "Begawan" was also used for Bruneian monarchs who have abdicated, the word originally coming from the Sanskrit word for "god": भगवान bhagavān. Beside that, Seri Begawan was known as "blessed one" in Sanskrit. Seri comes from the honorific Sanskrit word Sri, and Bandar comes from Persian via Indian languages and originally meant "harbour" or "port" or "haven". In Malay, bandar is known as a "town" or a "city".

It was named after Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III, the 28th Sultan of Brunei and the father of the current Sultan, Hassanal Bolkiah.[7] Seri Begawan is part of the royal title bestowed on the late sultan upon his abdication from the throne in 1967.[7][8] The city was renamed on 4 October 1970 to commemorate his contribution to the modernisation of the country during his reign in the 20th century.[9][10] Prior to this, the city had been known as Brunei Town or Bandar Brunei in Malay (literally "Brunei City").[11][12] It is the only urban centre in the country which has the title bandar ('city') in its official native name.[بحاجة لمصدر]

The capital is colloquially known by the locals as simply Bandar, meaning 'The City'.[بحاجة لمصدر] However, the name may not necessarily refer to the same area as encompassed by the city's official boundary. It may only refer to the city centre of the capital.[بحاجة لمصدر] Its reference may also extend beyond the official boundary, that is referring to the urbanised areas on the outskirts and even the entire Brunei-Muara District, which is more common among residents who live outside of the district.[بحاجة لمصدر]


History

Human settlement in Brunei can be traced back to the sixth and seventh century with a Malay trading centre and fishing port near the current site of the city.[8] The first settlement on the banks of the Brunei River can be traced to the eighth century where there had been settlements similar to those in Kampong Ayer, near the present site of the Brunei Museum with the modern city on the opposite shore.[13]

Brunei Town in 1844.

During the Bruneian Empire period from 15th–17th century, the Sultanate ruled part of Borneo including the southern part of the Philippines and its capital of Manila,[14][15] with the water settlement near the city area becoming the third centre of the administration, after moving twice from Kota Batu and Kampong Ayer.[8][11][16][17] When the Sultanate rule declined through the 18th century due to the arrival of Western powers such as the Spanish, Dutch, and the British, the settlement population decreased from its peak of 20,000 inhabitants.[8]

From 1888 until its independence in 1984, Brunei was a British protectorate and land development began in 1906 when the British resident encouraged the Sultanate citizens to move onto reclaimed land on the western bank of the inlet.[17] In 1899, first oil well was drilled at Ayer Bekunchi near Kampung Kasat, Bandar Seri Begawan. Although the well was drilled to a depth of 259 metres (850 feet), no oil was found. Oil exploration in Brunei later shifted to Seria and Belait District in 1924.[18][19][20] Sultan Muhammad Jamalul Alam II established a new palace on the west bank in 1909 after being persuaded by the British,[11] along with the arrival of Chinese traders to boost the economy. A mosque and government buildings were built along the western shores in 1920.[8] In the same year, the new settlement was declared the new capital of Brunei and became a municipal area.[17]

Brunei Town under Allied attack in 1945; the attack was intended to flush out the Japanese.
Brunei Town in 1950, with the starting of redevelopment

However, the city's prosperity was almost ended when it was captured by the Japanese in 1941, before being recaptured by the Allied forces in 1945. During the war, most infrastructure was destroyed by Japanese and Allied bombing.[21] The British began reconstructing most of their possessions in Borneo at the end of 1945 with the restoration of law and order and the reopening of schools.[21]

In 1950, Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III, upon his ascension to the throne, negotiated with the British for an increase in corporate taxes, growing from 10% to 30% in 1953. A M$1.2 million (US$0.39 million) allotment to Brunei for war damages during the Japanese occupation increased from M$1 million in 1946 to M$100 million (US$32.6 million) in 1952. A five-year development plan with a budget of M$100 million was also implemented in 1953, with infrastructure receiving the largest percentage (80%) and the rest going toward social programmes.[21] Together with the expansion of the oil and gas industry, commercialisation began to transform Brunei's capital and a large number of public buildings were constructed, along with the development of a central business district in the 1970s and 1980s.[8][11] On 1 August 2007, Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah gave consent for the expansion of the city from 12.87 km2 (4.97 sq mi) to 100.36 km2 (38.75 sq mi).[16]

Administration

City administration

The city is administered by the Bandar Seri Begawan Municipal Board within Bandar Seri Begawan Municipal Department, a government department within the Ministry of Home Affairs. The Municipal Board was established in 1921, originally as a Sanitary Board (Lembaga Kebersihan) which was, and is still, responsible for maintaining the cleanliness to the then Brunei Town.[22] It achieved the status of bandaran (municipality) in 1935 with the conversion of the Sanitary Board into the current Municipal Board (Lembaga Bandaran).[22] Bandar Seri Begawan is de facto a city but it is officially a municipality, thus has the same status as the towns of Tutong, Kuala Belait and Seria.

The city is located in Brunei-Muara District, the smallest yet the most populous district in the country,[23] and as of 1 August 2007, the municipal area has been expanded from 12.87 square kilometres (4.97 sq mi) to 100.36 square kilometres (38.75 sq mi). The area overlaps with several of the district's mukims and villages, which include:[24][25]

Mukim Villages
Berakas 'A' Anggerek Desa, Burong Pingai Berakas, Delima Satu, Jaya Bakti, Jaya Setia, Orang Kaya Besar Imas, Pancha Delima, Pulaie, and Serusop
Berakas 'B' Brunei International Airport, Manggis I and II, Madang, and Sungai Akar
Burong Pingai Ayer Burong Pingai Ayer, Lurong Dalam, Pandai Besi 'A', Pandai Besi 'B', Pekan Lama, Pengiran Setia Negara, Sungai Pandan 'A', and Sungai Pandan 'B'
Gadong 'A'[أ] Katok, Rimba, Tungku
Gadong 'B'[ب] Beribi, Kiarong, Kiulap, Mata-Mata, Perpindahan Mata-Mata, Menglait, and Pengkalan Gadong (Batu Bersurat)
Kianggeh Berangan, Kianggeh, Berangan, Kumbang Pasang, Parit, Melabau, Diplomatic Enclave, Pusar Ulak, Tasek Lama, Tumasek, and Tungkadeh (Mabohai), Pusat Bandar
Kilanas Bunut, Madewa, Perpindahan Bunut, and Tasek Meradun
Kota Batu Belimbing, Kota Batu, Pelambayan, Pintu Malim, Subok, and Sungai Lampai
Peramu Bakut Berumput, Bakut Pengiran Siraja Muda 'A', Bakut Pengiran Siraja Muda 'B', Lurong Sikuna, Pekilong Muara, and Peramu
Saba Saba Darat 'A', Saba Darat 'B', Saba Laut, Saba Tengah, and Saba Ujong
Sungai Kebun Bolkiah 'A', Bolkiah 'B', Setia 'A', Setia 'B', Sungai Kebun, Sungai Siamas, and Ujong Klinik
Sungai Kedayan Bukit Salat, Kuala Peminyak, Sumbiling Lama, Sungai Kedayan 'A', Sungai Kedayan 'B', and Ujong Tanjong
Tamoi Limbongan, Pengiran Bendahara Lama, Pengiran Kerma Indera Lama, Pengiran Tajuddin Hitam, Tamoi Tengah, Tamoi Ujong, and Ujong Bukit

The mukims of Burong Pingai Ayer, Peramu, Saba, Sungai Kebun, Sungai Kedayan and Tamoi, as well as their constituent villages, make up the district of Kampong Ayer, the traditional stilted settlement on the Brunei River in the capital.

All borough panghulu and village chiefs within the capital are elected by popular vote by their residents.

National government

Bandar Seri Begawan is the capital city of Brunei and the seat of the Brunei Government. It houses Istana Nurul Iman, whereby aside from the residential palace of Hassanal Bolkiah, the current Sultan of Brunei, it is also a seat of the Prime Minister's Office, in which the Prime Minister is also the Sultan himself. The Prime Minister's Office also has a second seat within the capital, that is located at Jalan Perdana Menteri.[27] Bandar Seri Begawan also houses the headquarters of all government ministries and most departments and agencies.

Geography

Bandar Seri Begawan is located at 4°53'25"N, 114°56'32"E, on the northern bank of the Brunei River.

Climate

Brunei has an equatorial, tropical rainforest climate more subject to the Intertropical Convergence Zone than to the trade winds and rare cyclones. The climate is hot and wet.[28] The city sees heavy precipitation throughout the year, with the northeast monsoon blowing from December to March and the southeast monsoon from around June to October.[29] The wettest day on record is 9 July 2020, when 662.0 millimetres (26.06 in) of rainfall was reported at the airport.

Climate data for Bandar Seri Begawan (Brunei Airport) (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1972–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 35.5
(95.9) 		36.7
(98.1) 		38.3
(100.9) 		37.6
(99.7) 		36.7
(98.1) 		36.2
(97.2) 		36.2
(97.2) 		37.6
(99.7) 		36.9
(98.4) 		35.4
(95.7) 		34.9
(94.8) 		36.2
(97.2) 		38.3
(100.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 33.0
(91.4) 		33.4
(92.1) 		34.3
(93.7) 		34.5
(94.1) 		34.8
(94.6) 		34.5
(94.1) 		34.7
(94.5) 		35.1
(95.2) 		34.6
(94.3) 		33.9
(93.0) 		33.6
(92.5) 		33.5
(92.3) 		35.7
(96.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 27.0
(80.6) 		27.2
(81.0) 		27.6
(81.7) 		28.0
(82.4) 		28.1
(82.6) 		27.9
(82.2) 		27.7
(81.9) 		27.8
(82.0) 		27.6
(81.7) 		27.2
(81.0) 		27.2
(81.0) 		27.2
(81.0) 		27.5
(81.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 22.1
(71.8) 		22.4
(72.3) 		22.7
(72.9) 		22.8
(73.0) 		22.8
(73.0) 		22.6
(72.7) 		22.4
(72.3) 		22.4
(72.3) 		22.3
(72.1) 		22.3
(72.1) 		22.6
(72.7) 		22.5
(72.5) 		22.5
(72.5)
Record low °C (°F) 18.4
(65.1) 		18.9
(66.0) 		19.4
(66.9) 		20.5
(68.9) 		20.3
(68.5) 		19.2
(66.6) 		19.1
(66.4) 		19.4
(66.9) 		19.6
(67.3) 		20.5
(68.9) 		18.8
(65.8) 		19.5
(67.1) 		18.4
(65.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 320.6
(12.62) 		162.9
(6.41) 		143.4
(5.65) 		241.8
(9.52) 		260.3
(10.25) 		237.7
(9.36) 		241.8
(9.52) 		231.5
(9.11) 		235.1
(9.26) 		313.6
(12.35) 		322.9
(12.71) 		358.9
(14.13) 		3٬065٫9
(120.70)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 18.0 12.0 13.0 16.0 18.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 18.0 21.0 22.0 22.0 211.0
Average relative humidity (%) 86 85 84 84 85 84 84 83 84 85 86 86 85
Mean monthly sunshine hours 214.3 209.1 230.0 239.2 239.1 216.5 223.8 225.4 197.2 211.1 216.6 204.2 2٬422٫2
Source 1: World Meteorological Organisation,[30]
Source 2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (extremes, 1971–2012 and humidity, 1972–1990)[31]


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

السكان

Ethnicity and religion

The Bruneian Census 2011 Report estimated the population of Bandar Seri Begawan to be approximately 20,000, while the metropolitan area has around 279,924.[32][33] The majority of Bruneians are Malays, with Chinese being the most significant minority group.[33] Aboriginal groups such as the Bisaya, Belait, Dusun, Kedayan, Lun Bawang, Murut, and Tutong also exist. They are classified as part of the Malay ethnic groups and have been given the Bumiputera privileges.[32] Large numbers of foreign workers are also found within Brunei and the capital city, with the majority being from Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines, Indonesia (mostly Betawi, Batak, Ambon, Minahasa, Aceh, Malay and Minangkabau), and the Indian subcontinent.[34][35]

ثلثا السكان هم من الملايو الذين قسم كبير منهم اصلهم من الحضارم. ويشكل الصينيون، وهم أكبر الأقليات نحو 15% من عدد السكان. ويتكلم معظم البرونايين اللغة الملايوية وهي اللغة الرسميّة للبلاد، لكن بعض السكان أيضًا يتحدثون اللغتين الصينية والإنجليزية. وكلّ الملايويين تقريباً مسلمون بينما معظم الصينيين مسيحيين بالإضافة إلى نسبة ضئيلة من البوذيين.

Places of interest

Mosques

The Ceremonial Ship beside the Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin Mosque

Historical sites

  • Late sultan Bolkiah's tomb in Kota Batu
  • Late sultan Sharif Ali's tomb in Kota Batu
  • Royal Wharf
The Secretariat Building was completed in 1953.

The Secretariat Building

المقالة الرئيسية: Secretariat Building, Brunei

The Secretariat Building is the oldest government structure that serves as "The Secretariat" or the seat of government.[37]

The Royal Ceremonial Hall or Lapau

المقالة الرئيسية: Lapau and Old Lapau

Located in Jalan Kianggeh, the Lapau (Royal Ceremonial Hall) is used for royal traditional ceremonies. It was here that the sultan Hassanal Bolkiah was crowned on 1 August 1968. The interior of the Lapau and sultan's throne are decorated in exquisite gold. Within the precincts of the Lapau is the Dewan Majlis where the legislative assembly used to sit. Official permission is required by visitors to enter this building. With the completion of the new legislative council building in Jalan Mabohai, the Lapau will soon become a symbol of the sultanate's constitutional history.

Kubah Makam Di Raja is the main Royal burial ground since 1965.

The Royal Mausoleum

المقالة الرئيسية: Kubah Makam Di Raja

Located away from the banks of Brunei River, behind the Freshco Shopping Centre at Mile One, Jalan Tutong, the Royal Mausoleum and the graveyard have been used by succeeding generations of sultans. Inside the Mausoleum itself are the remains of the last ten sultans, Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin (1950–1967), who died in 1986, Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin (1924–1950), Sultan Muhammad Jamalul Alam II (1906–1924), Sultan Hashim (1885–1906), Sultan Abdul Momin (1852–1885), Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II (1828–1852), Sultan Muhammad Kanzul Alam (1807–1826), Sultan Muhammad Jamalul Alam I who ruled less than a year in 1804, Sultan Muhammad Tajuddin (1778–1804, 1804–1807), and Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin I (1740–1778). Other members of the royal families from those times are also buried there.

Dang Ayang Mausoleum

A legendary figure who was chased away from Kampong Ayer for committing adultery. Adultery was a taboo in Bruneian society. She died in what we know today as Pusat Bandar (Central City). However some sources[من؟] say that she was a Queen of Brunei.

Istana Darussalam

Istana Darussalam is the birthplace of Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah.
المقالة الرئيسية: Istana Darussalam

Istana Darussalam[ت] is a former royal residence of Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III, as well as the birthplace of Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah.[38] It was built in the 1940s and located at Sumbiling Lama, an area on the banks of Kedayan River near the city centre.[38] The building is made of wood and styled in traditional Malay stilt house. It has been designated as a protected monument under the Antiquities and Treasure Trove Act.[39] The palace has also been designated as a tourist attraction,[39] although the compound within the gate and the building is not open to the public.[بحاجة لمصدر] The road that leads to the palace has been named after it.[ث][38]


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pulau Chermin Royal Cemetery

The Pulau Chermin Royal Cemetery (ملايو: Makam Diraja Pulau Chermin) is a Royal burial ground located at Pulau Cermin, one of the islands on the Brunei River. The cemetery served as the resting place of Sultan Abdul Hakkul Mubin, the 13th Sultan of Brunei who ruled from 1660 to 1673. He was buried there along with members of his family who also perished during the outbreak of Brunei Civil War in 1660.[40] They were killed there on the island during the final days of the civil war in 1673.[41][42]

The Royal Cemetery is gazetted as one of Brunei National Heritage Site under the Antiquities and Treasure Trove Act, 1967 revised 1984, 1990 and 2002, preserved by the Brunei Museums Department and protected by the government of Brunei Darussalam.[43]

The grave of Sultan Abdul Hakkul Mubin is located at the site.

Luba Royal Mausoleum

The Luba Royal Mausoleum (ملايو: Makam Di Luba) is a former royal burial ground located at Pulau Luba, Kampong Bunut Perpindahan. The Mausoleum served as the resting place of Sultan Husin Kamaluddin, the 16th Sultan of Brunei who was buried here in 1780. Before his death, Sultan Hussin Kamaluddin used to reside in Pulau Luba, especially after his abdication from the Throne in 1740. He is well known in the history of Brunei as the only sultan who abdicated twice from the throne.[44] Besides the Sultan, members of the royal family were also buried in the compound.[45] The Mausoleum is gazetted as a Brunei National Heritage Site under the Antiquities and Treasure Trove Act, 1967 (revised 1984, 1990 and 2002), preserved by the Brunei Museums Department and Brunei History Department and protected by the government of Brunei Darussalam.[43]

Museums

Located on an archaeological site at Kota Batu, Brunei museum is the largest in the country.
  • Brunei Museum (Muzium Brunei) – Located in the Kota Batu Archaeological Park about 5 km (3.1 mi) from Bandar Seri Begawan, this museum is the largest in the country. It was established in 1965 and has occupied its present site since 1970. Officially opened in 1972, the museum focuses on Islamic history, natural history, Brunei artefacts and customs, ceramics and the oil industry of Brunei, which includes the processes of drilling and refining, the history of the petroleum industry and a map depicting current oil fields.
The Malay Technology Museum at Kota Batu
Front exhibit, Royal Regalia Museum
  • Royal Regalia Museum – Located at Jalan Sultan, this museum is devoted to the sultan Hassanal Bolkiah. The main gallery displays the coronation and Silver Jubilee chariots, gold and silver ceremonial armoury and traditional jewellery encrusted coronation crowns. A collection of documents that chronicle the sultan's life up to the coronation, together with the constitutional history gallery, is also housed in the same building.
  • Brunei History Centre – Located at Jalan Sultan next to the Royal Regalia Museum, the centre was opened in 1982 with a mission to research the history of Brunei. Much of that work has involved establishing the genealogy and history of the sultans and royal family. The public display has a wealth of information on these subjects, including replicas and brass rubbings of tombs. A flowchart giving the entire lineage of the Brunei sultans may be found at the entrance.
  • Brunei Stamp Gallery – This recently opened attraction is located inside the post office building in Jalan Sultan.
  • Bubungan Dua Belas – This "House of Twelve Roofs" is located in the Jalan Residency. It was built in 1906 and was formerly the official residence of British residents and high commissioners in Brunei. It is one of the oldest surviving buildings in Bandar Seri Begawan. It now serves as a gallery that exhibits the long-standing relationship between the sultanate and the United Kingdom.
  • The Arts and Handicrafts Centre – Located at Jalan Residency, it was opened in 1980. Brunei's fine arts and crafts tradition dates back centuries and is part of the nation's proud heritage. The Arts and Handicrafts Centre conducts courses in silverware, brassware, woodcarving, songkok-making, weaving and basketry.

Istana Nurul Iman

The Istana Nurul Iman palace is the residence of the sultan of Brunei. It is located 3 km southwest of the city centre. Its name is taken from Arabic, meaning "Palace of the Light of Faith." The palace was designed by Leandro V. Locsin and built by the Filipino firm Ayala Corporation, mixing Malay and Islamic elements in the building architecture.[46] It contains 1,788 rooms, with 257 bathrooms, and a banquet hall that can accommodate up to 5,000 guests. The palace only opens to the public during the yearly three-day Hari Raya Adilfitri celebration.[47]

Kampong Ayer

المقالة الرئيسية: Kampong Ayer
Kampong Ayer

The city's suburb incorporates nearby Kampong Ayer (water village), in which houses were built on stilts. It stretches about 8 km (5.0 mi) along the Brunei River. Founded 1,000 years ago,[48] the village is considered the largest stilt settlement in the world, with approximately 30,000 residents and 2,000 houses.[49] The term "Venice of the East" was coined by Antonio Pigafetta in honour of the water village that he encountered at Kota Batu (just east of city's central business district). Pigafetta was on Ferdinand Magellan's last voyages when he visited Brunei in 1521.[50]

Parks and trails

The Waterfront

This latest addition to Bandar Seri Begawan strategically overlooks the historical Kampong Ayer. The approximately 1.8-hectare (4.4-acre) site took almost three years to be completed and was officially opened to the public on 28 May 2011. The Waterfront is accessible 24 hours a day for the public to enjoy sightseeing and visit outdoor cafes.

Persiaran Damuan

This narrow strip of landscaped park between Jalan Tutong and the Sungei Brunei was created in 1986 as a "Square". It has a permanent display of the work of a sculptor from each of the original ASEAN countries. The 1 km (0.62 mi)-long park has pleasant walkways bordered by shrubs and the mangrove-fringed Pulau Ranggu, where two species of monkeys live, including the notable proboscis monkey only found in Borneo. The park also offers some of the best views of the Istana Nurul Iman.

Brunei Darussalam's sculpture at Persiaran Damuan

Jalan Tasek Lama

Located just a few minutes' walk from the city centre, this is a popular trekking trail for the city's residents. There are well-made walkaways through the small park, which has benches and picnic spots as well as a waterfall and ponds with water lilies.

Bukit Subok Recreational Park

The park offers a great view of the Kampong Ayer and downtown Bandar Seri Begawan. There is a well-maintained wooden walkaway with viewing huts along the way. These huts provide good vantage points for Kampong Ayer and its surroundings.

Youth centre

Pusat Belia is the youth centre in the capital. It is a dedicated complex – the foundation stone was laid on 27 August 1967 by Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah (then the Pengiran Muda Mahkota or Crown Prince).[51] It was completed on 15 March 1969 and opened on 20 December in the same year.[52][53] The reported cost is B$2 million.[54] Among the facilities include a hall which can accommodate 1,000 people, a gymnastics hall, an olympic-sized swimming pool, and a gender-separated hostel.[54] The centre celebrated the golden jubilee of its opening in 2020.[53]

Transportation

The main bus station is located at Jalan Cator.
Water taxis awaiting passengers near Jalan MacArthur

Land

The capital is connected by bus from Bandar Seri Begawan to the western part of the country by road. Road access to/from the exclave of Temburong is via the Sultan Haji Omar Ali Saifuddien Bridge — until the bridge opened in 2020, it was necessary to travel through Sarawak in Malaysia, via the town of Limbang.

The main bus station in the capital is located in Jalan Cator underneath a multi-story car park. There are six bus routes servicing Bandar Seri Begawan area; the Central Line, Circle Line, Eastern Line, Southern Line, Western Line and Northern Line. Buses operate from 6.30 am until 6.00 pm except for bus No. 1 and 20 for which services extend into the night. All bus routes begin and terminate their journey at the main bus terminal. Buses heading to other towns in Brunei such as Tutong, Seria and Kuala Belait also depart from the main bus terminal and taxicab.

Air

Brunei International Airport serves the whole country. It is located 11 km (6.8 mi) from the town centre and can be reached in 10 minutes via the Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah Highway. Royal Brunei Airlines, the national airline, has its head office in the RBA Plaza in the city.[55][56]

Water

A water taxi service known as 'penambang' is used for transportation between downtown Bandar Seri Begawan and Kampong Ayer. Water taxis are the most common means of negotiating the waterways of Kampong Ayer. They can be hailed from the numerous "docking parts" along the banks of the Brunei River. Fares are negotiable. Regular water taxi and boat services depart for Temburong between 7:45 am and 4 pm daily, and also serve the Malaysian towns of Limbang, Lawas, Sundar and Labuan. A speedboat is used for passengers travelling to Penambang Ferry Service and from Bangar and Limbang.

الاقتصاد

تنتج المدينة الأقمشة ، الأثاث ، الأشغال اليدوية و الخشب. كما يدر النفط و الغاز الطبيعي الموجودان تحت سطح الماء في المناطق الساحلية عائداً كبيراً للبلاد.

The city produces furniture,[57] textiles, handicrafts, and timber.[58][59]

Shopping

Brunei has a number of shopping areas, including the following:

  • Gadong Central is where many shopping complexes, shops, and restaurants are located (e.g., The Mall Gadong, Western fast food restaurants, and Ayamku, the local fast food chain). There is also a night market called Pasar Malam Gadong.
  • Serusop Complex, few small shopping malls and shopping complexes can be found near Brunei International Airport.
  • Rimba Point, a medium-sized mall with Jaya supermarket.
  • Tungku-link Commercial Complex, various shophouses and local and Korean restaurants, textiles shops, carpet.
  • Beribi Complex.
  • Kiulap Commercial Precinct in Kiarong, Kiulap Mall, private colleges, banks and various restaurants from local to Pakistani and Korean restaurants.
  • Abdul Razak Complex and Seri Complex in Jalan Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Saleha, Batu Satu.
  • Aman Hill Shopping Mall located at Sg. Tilong.
  • Huaho Mall, Kg. Manggis.
  • One City Mall, Kg. Salambigar, Sg. Hancing.

Traditional markets

Tamu Kianggeh

للمزيد من المعلومات: Kampong Kianggeh § Market

The open market brings together numerous small entrepreneurs selling local vegetables, fruits, live chickens and fish, potted plants, assorted food and beverages.

Pasar Pelbagai Barangan Gadong / Pasar Malam (night market)

Located a few metres away from the Mall Gadong, the market brings together numerous small entrepreneurs just like in Tamu Kianggeh. However, it focuses more on selling foods such as sate, soto, national dishes like Nasi katok and ambuyat, fruits and beverages, and wooden handicrafts. During the day, it is where local botanists sell their potted plants.

Education

All levels of education are available in Bandar Seri Begawan from kindergarten to the tertiary level.

Primary and secondary

There are several primary and secondary schools in Bandar Seri Begawan which may be government or private. Nevertheless, the curriculum in all of the schools, except Seri Mulia Sarjana International School, is standardised and set by the Ministry of Education, as with the schools elsewhere in the country.

  • Raja Isteri Girls High School: is an all-girls' government secondary school built in 1957. It is among the oldest secondary schools, as well as the first secondary school for girls, in the country.[60][61]

Religious

There are also several religious schools which provide Islamic education for the Muslim pupils. The schools that can be found in the capital include primary religious schools as well as Arabic preparatory schools, which provide preparatory education in Arabic medium for entry into the secondary level of the Arabic religious stream. There is also a specialised secondary religious school, Institut Tahfiz Al-Qur'an Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah, which aims to produce local hafiz.[62] The curriculum in these schools is set by the Ministry of Religious Affairs.

Sixth form

There are two sixth form centres in the capital and they are government schools. Duli Pengiran Muda Al-Muhtadee Billah College provides sixth form in the general stream where as Hassanal Bolkiah Boys' Arabic Secondary School is for leavers of Arabic secondary religious schools.

Universities and colleges

Technical and vocational

Technical and vocational education are available in the two campuses of the Institute of Brunei Technical Education (IBTE) as well as the main campus of Brunei Polytechnic. The Business Campus and Sultan Saiful Rijal Campus, which are part of IBTE, were once separate schools, known as Business School (Sekolah Perdagangan) and Sultan Saiful Rijal Technical College (Maktab Teknik Sultan Saiful Rijal) respectively.[63]

Vocational education is also available in a few private institutions, which provide diploma- and certificate-level courses.

Higher

Two of the four national universities of the country can be found in the capital. Sultan Sharif Ali Islamic University, located in Gadong area, offers degree programmes in Islamic studies,[64] where as Seri Begawan Religious Teachers University College is a teacher training college which produces teachers in Islamic religious education mainly for the religious schools in the country. The other two universities, University of Brunei Darussalam and University of Technology Brunei, are located in Tungku, which is not part of Bandar Seri Begawan but located on its outskirts.

There are also two private colleges which offer bachelor programmes, namely International Graduate Studies College and Laksamana College of Business.[65][66]

International relations

Several countries have set up their embassies, commissions or consulates in Bandar Seri Begawan, including Australia,[67] Bangladesh,[68] Belgium, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burma (Myanmar),[69] Cambodia, Canada,[70] Chile, China,[71] Finland,[72] France,[73] Germany,[74] India,[75] Indonesia,[76] Japan,[77] Laos, Malaysia,[78] Netherlands, New Zealand, North Korea, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Poland, Russia, Saudi Arabia,[79] Singapore,[80] South Korea, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand,[81] United Kingdom,[82] United States[83] and Vietnam.[84][85]

Sister cities

معرض صور

  • View of the Judiciary Complex with the City Centre and Kampong Ayer in the background

    View of the Judiciary Complex with the City Centre and Kampong Ayer in the background

  • Omar Ali Saifuddien Mosque façade

    Omar Ali Saifuddien Mosque façade

  • Kampong Ayer

    Kampong Ayer

  • Memorial depicting 60 in Arabic, to commemorate the Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah's 60th birthday

    Memorial depicting 60 in Arabic, to commemorate the Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah's 60th birthday

  • Tomb of Sharif Ali, also known as Barkat Ali, the third Sultan of Brunei, who ruled 1426–1432

    Tomb of Sharif Ali, also known as Barkat Ali, the third Sultan of Brunei, who ruled 1426–1432

  • Street view of Jalan Masjid Omar 'Ali Saifuddien

    Street view of Jalan Masjid Omar 'Ali Saifuddien

  • Outside view of the Royal Regalia Building

    Outside view of the Royal Regalia Building

  • Sungai Brunei (Brunei River)

    Sungai Brunei (Brunei River)

  • Street in Gadong, one of the main commercial areas of Bandar Seri Begawan

    Street in Gadong, one of the main commercial areas of Bandar Seri Begawan

ملاحظات

  1. ^ Since 2005 Mukim Gadong has been split into Mukim Gadong 'A' and Mukim Gadong 'B'.[26]
  2. ^ Since 2005 Mukim Gadong has been split into Mukim Gadong 'A' and Mukim Gadong 'B'.[26]
  3. ^ From the Malay name, translatable as "Darussalam Palace"
  4. ^ The name of the road is Jalan Istana Darussalam.

المصادر

  1. ^ "The Venice of the East". People.cn. Retrieved 2021-06-11.
  2. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة pop_est
  3. ^ Cohen, Saul Bernard (2008). The Columbia Gazetteer of the World: A to G (in الإنجليزية). Columbia University Press. p. 299. ISBN 978-0-231-14554-1.
  4. ^ Answers.com - Bandar Seri Begawan
  5. ^ "Largest residential palace | Guinness World Records". Guinness World Records. Archived from the original on 18 March 2022. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
  6. ^ Wong, Maggie Hiufu; Tham, Dan (24 January 2018). "Brunei's Kampong Ayer: Largest settlement on stilts | CNN Travel". CNN. Archived from the original on 8 July 2022. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
  7. ^ أ ب Oxford Business Group (2009). The Report: Brunei Darussalam 2009. Oxford Business Group. p. 215. ISBN 9781907065095. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  8. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح Marshall Cavendish Corporation (2007). World and Its Peoples: Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Brunei. Marshall Cavendish. p. 1206. ISBN 9780761476429.
  9. ^ Hayat, Hakim (28 September 2017). "Religious ceremony marks Bandar Brunei renaming". Borneo Bulletin Online. Archived from the original on 11 April 2018. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
  10. ^ "PERASMIAN BANDAR SERI BEGAWAN" (PDF). Pelita Brunei (in الماليزية). No. 40. 7 October 1970. pp. 1, 8. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
  11. ^ أ ب ت ث Ring, Trudy; Watson, Noelle; Schellinger, Paul (2012). Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places. Routledge. p. 161. ISBN 9781136639791.
  12. ^ "Bandar Seri Begawan's Historical Development". brudirect.com. 27 August 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
  13. ^ Roman Adrian Cybriwsky (2013). Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture. ABC-CLIO. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-61069-248-9.
  14. ^ "List of Brunei Sultans". Government of Brunei (in الماليزية). Brunei Historical Centre. Archived from the original on 15 April 2015. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
  15. ^ Nigel Hicks (2007). The Philippines. New Holland Publishers. p. 34. ISBN 978-1-84537-663-5.
  16. ^ أ ب Shirleen Cambridge (2014). Ultimate Handbook Guide to Bandar Seri Begawan : (Brunei) Travel Guide. MicJames. p. 8. GGKEY:16PGAE1LKCQ.
  17. ^ أ ب ت Jatswan S. Sidhu (2009). Historical Dictionary of Brunei Darussalam. Scarecrow Press. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-8108-7078-9.
  18. ^ "History of Oil & Gas". Brunei Shell Petroleum Company Sendirian Berhad (BSP). Archived from the original on 2 June 2015. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
  19. ^ Rozan, Yunos. "How oil was discovered in Brunei". bruneiresources.com. Archived from the original on 19 October 2014. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
  20. ^ "Exploration history". Brunei Shell Petroleum Company Sendirian Berhad (BSP). Archived from the original on 2 June 2015. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
  21. ^ أ ب ت Marie-Sybille de Vienne (2015). Brunei: From the Age of Commerce to the 21st Century. NUS Press. pp. 105–108. ISBN 978-9971-69-818-8.
  22. ^ أ ب "Jabatan Bandaran Bandar Seri Begawan, Kementerian Hal Ehwal Dalam Negeri – Mengenai Bandaran". bandaran-bsb.gov.bn (in الماليزية). Retrieved 19 May 2019.
  23. ^ Gwillim Law (30 October 2013). "Districts of Brunei Darussalam". Statoids. Archived from the original on 11 May 2015. Retrieved 11 May 2015.
  24. ^ Za'im Zaini; Sonia K (23 July 2007). "Brunei capital to become nearly ten times bigger". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Embassy of the People's Republic of China in Bandar Seri Begawan. Archived from the original on 1 May 2015. Retrieved 1 May 2015.
  25. ^ "BANDAR SERI BEGAWAN MUNICIPAL BOARD (BOUNDARIES OF MUNICIPAL BOARD AREA) DECLARATION, 2008" (PDF). agc.gov.bn. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
  26. ^ أ ب Norliah Md. Zain (18 July 2015). "Mendekati Mukim Gadong B". Pelita Brunei (in الماليزية). Retrieved 2 September 2021.
  27. ^ "Prime Minister's Office – Overview". pmo.gov.bn. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
  28. ^ Brunei, 2014, p. 1, ISBN 978-1-62513-172-0, https://books.google.com/books?id=6IOKAwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA137 
  29. ^ Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (1999). Irrigation in Asia in Figures. Food & Agriculture Org. pp. 65–. ISBN 978-92-5-104259-5.
  30. ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020 — Brunei". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
  31. ^ "Klimatafel von Bandar Seri Begawan (Int. Flugh.) / Brunei" (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world (in الألمانية). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
  32. ^ أ ب "Brunei Darussalam Statistical Yearbook (Brunei Darussalam – An Introduction)" (PDF). Department of Statistics, Brunei. Department of Economic Planning and Development, Prime Minister's Office. 2011. pp. 28/2 and 39/9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 May 2015. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
  33. ^ أ ب "Population and Housing Census Report (Demographic Characteristics)" (PDF). Department of Economic Planning and Development. 2011. pp. 4/10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 May 2015. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
  34. ^ "Foreign Workers Information". Brunei Resources. 2005. Archived from the original on 11 May 2015. Retrieved 11 May 2015.
  35. ^ "Business Guide – Employment and Immigration". Brunei Economic Development Board. Archived from the original on 11 May 2015. Retrieved 11 May 2015.
  36. ^ "60 Unbelievable Beautiful Mosques Around The World". DesignFollow. 13 May 2011. Archived from the original on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 16 September 2013.
  37. ^ "The Secretariat Building" (PDF). Brunei Tourism.
  38. ^ أ ب ت Pengiran Hajah Mahani binti Pengiran Haji Ahmad (13 May 2013). "MELESTARIKAN SEJARAH MELALUI PENAMAAN JALAN" in Group of Experts on Geographical Names (UNGEGN) Asia, South-East Division.. 
  39. ^ أ ب "Istana Darussalam Could Be A Potential Tourist Attraction". Brudirect.com. 13 March 2018. Archived from the original on 13 March 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
  40. ^ Leigh R. Wright (1966). "Historical Notes on the North Borneo Dispute". The Journal of Asian Studies. 25 (3): 471–484. doi:10.2307/2052002. JSTOR 2052002. S2CID 154355668.
  41. ^ History for Brunei Darussalam: Sharing Our Past (Secondary 1). pp. 44–45. ISBN 99917-2-330-7.
  42. ^ History for Brunei Darussalm. EPB Pan Pacific. 2008. p. 44. ISBN 978-99917-2-545-1.
  43. ^ أ ب "MONUMEN BERSEJARAH DAN TAPAK-TAPAK ARKEOLOGI YANG DIWARTAKAN". Media Permata. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
  44. ^ Abdul Rahman, Abdul Karim (2016). "Brunei Dalam Sumber Barat" (PDF). Sejarah Pengasasan dan Asal Usul Kerajaan Brunei Berdasarkan Sumber Lisan (PhD). Universiti Malaya. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
  45. ^ "Mengimbas kembali sejarah lama Makam di Luba". Media Permata. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
  46. ^ "Istana Nurul Iman". Lonely Planet. Archived from the original on 2 June 2015. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
  47. ^ "World's Largest Palace : Istana Nurul Iman, Brunei". ASEAN Book of Records. Archived from the original on 8 November 2014. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
  48. ^ Yunos, Rozan (25 April 2011). "Tracing the history of today's Kampong Ayer". The Brunei Times. Archived from the original on 2 June 2013. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
  49. ^ Piri, Sally (22 October 2011). "Kampong Ayer in Brunei and Borneo". The Brunei Times. Archived from the original on 8 June 2015. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
  50. ^ "Kampung Ayer". Lonely Planet. Archived from the original on 7 June 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
  51. ^ "AMANAT Y.T.M. DULI PENGIRAN MUDA MAHKOTA KAPADA BELIA2 TANAH AYER" (PDF). Pelita Brunei (in الماليزية). No. 12 #36. Jabatan Penyiaran dan Penerangan Kerajaan Brunei. 6 September 1967. p. 4. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
  52. ^ "Ruj. Tahukah Awda? 030318". Pelita Brunei (in الماليزية). 3 March 2018. Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
  53. ^ أ ب "Festival Sempena Jubli Emas Penubuhan Pusat Belia". Brudirect.com (in الماليزية). 6 February 2020. Archived from the original on 15 October 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
  54. ^ أ ب "Jabatan Kebajikan bantu Persatuan2 Belia Pusat Belia dalam kerja2 pembenaan" (PDF). Pelita Brunei (in الماليزية). No. 12 #43. Jabatan Penyiaran dan Penerangan Kerajaan Brunei. 25 October 1967. p. 3. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
  55. ^ "Contact Us Archived 9 فبراير 2010 at the Wayback Machine." Royal Brunei Airlines. Retrieved on 10 November 2010.
  56. ^ "World Wide Offices Brunei[dead link]." Royal Brunei Airlines. Retrieved on 10 November 2010. "Bandar Seri Begawan Details: RBA Address: Royal Brunei Airlines. RBA Plaza, Jalan Sultan, Bandar Seri Begawan BS 8811, Brunei Darussalam."
  57. ^ "Furniture Manufacturers in Bandar Seri Begawan, BN". Yellow Pages. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
  58. ^ "Timber Retail in Bandar Seri Begawan, BN". Yellow Pages. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
  59. ^ "The 4th China-ASEAN Expo Review". China-ASEAN EXPO Secretariat. Archived from the original on 19 March 2014. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
  60. ^ Lilly Suzana Shamsu (December 2018). "HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT ON MUSLIM WOMEN'S EDUCATION EMPOWERMENT THROUGH WASATIYYAH CONCEPT IN BRUNEI DARUSSALAM" (PDF). Jurnal Pendidikan Islam. 4 (2). Retrieved 25 July 2021.
  61. ^ Hajah Siti Zuraihah Haji Awang Sulaiman (24 January 2015). "Tinjau perkembangan sekolah menengah dan rendah". Pelita Brunei (in الماليزية). No. 11 (published 26 January 2015). Information Department. p. 4. Retrieved 25 July 2021.
  62. ^ "Laman Utama – Institut Tahfiz Al-Quran Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah". kheu.gov.bn. Retrieved 2017-10-02.
  63. ^ IBTE. "IBTE : Institute of Brunei Technical Education – Inspiring Bruneians Towards Excellence". ibte.edu.bn. Archived from the original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 2017-10-02.
  64. ^ "About Us – Sultan Sharif Ali Islamic University (UNISSA)". unissa.edu.bn. Archived from the original on 21 February 2019. Retrieved 2017-10-02.
  65. ^ "The College". kolejigs.edu.bn. Retrieved 2017-10-02.
  66. ^ "Home | Laksamana College of Business". Home | Laksamana College of Business. Archived from the original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 2017-10-02.
  67. ^ "Australian High Commission Bandar Seri Begawan". Australian High Commission. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
  68. ^ "Bangladesh High Commission Brunei Darussalam". Bangladesh High Commission. Archived from the original on 26 April 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
  69. ^ "Embassy of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Bandar Seri Begawan". Myanmar Embassy. Archived from the original on 26 April 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
  70. ^ "High Commission of Canada in Brunei Darussalam". Canada International. 9 September 2013. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
  71. ^ "Embassy of the People's Republic of China in Negara Brunei Darussalam". China Embassy. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
  72. ^ "Contact information: Finland´s Honorary Consulate, Bandar Seri Begawan (Brunei Darussalam)". Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Finland). Archived from the original on 11 April 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
  73. ^ "Embassy of France in Brunei Darussalam". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Development (France). Archived from the original on 14 June 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
  74. ^ "German Embassy Bandar Seri Begawan". German Embassy. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
  75. ^ "The High Commission of India Brunei Darussalam". India Embassy. Archived from the original on 20 April 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
  76. ^ "Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Indonesia). Archived from the original on 19 May 2014. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
  77. ^ "Embassy of Japan in Brunei Darussalam". Japan Embassy. Archived from the original on 6 April 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
  78. ^ "Official Website of the High Commission of Malaysia, Bandar Seri Begawan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Malaysia). Retrieved 27 April 2015.
  79. ^ "Embassy of Saudi Arabia – Bandar Seri Begawan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Saudi Arabia). Retrieved 27 April 2015.
  80. ^ "High Commission of the Republic of Singapore Bandar Seri Begawan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Singapore). Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
  81. ^ "Royal Thai Embassy, Bandar Seri Begawan Brunei Darussalam". Thailand Embassy. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
  82. ^ "British High Commission Bandar Seri Begawan". Government of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
  83. ^ "Embassy of the United States in Bandar Seri Begawan". US Embassy. Archived from the original on 15 April 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
  84. ^ "Embassy of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in Brunei Darussalam". Vietnam Embassy. Archived from the original on 28 April 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
  85. ^ "Foreign Embassies and Consulates in Brunei (36 Foreign Embassies and Consulates in Brunei)". GoAbroad.com. Archived from the original on 26 April 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
  86. ^ Daljit Singh; Pushpa Thambipillai (2012). Southeast Asian Affairs 2012. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 98. ISBN 978-981-4380-23-2.

وصلات خارجية

كومونز
هنالك المزيد من الملفات في ويكيميديا كومنز حول :
اقتصاد

قالب:Bandar Seri Begawan landmarks قالب:Neighbourhoods of Bandar Seri Begawan

تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=بندر_سري_بكاوان&oldid=4044005"