بنجامن بانكر
Benjamin Banneker | |
---|---|
وُلِدَ | November 9, 1731 |
توفي | أكتوبر 19, 1806 Oella, Baltimore County, Maryland, U.S. | (aged 74)
الجنسية | American |
أسماء أخرى | Benjamin Bannaker |
المهنة | almanac author, surveyor, farmer |
الوالدان |
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Benjamin Banneker (November 9, 1731 – October 19, 1806) was a free African-American almanac author, surveyor, landowner and farmer who had knowledge of mathematics and natural history. Born in Baltimore County, Maryland, to a free African-American woman and a former slave, Banneker had little or no formal education and was largely self-taught, and became known as member of a group led by Major Andrew Ellicott that surveyed the original borders of the District of Columbia, the federal capital district of the United States.
Banneker's knowledge of astronomy helped him author a commercially successful series of almanacs. He corresponded with Thomas Jefferson on the topics of slavery and racial equality, Jefferson having earlier drafted the United States Declaration of Independence. Abolitionists and advocates of racial equality promoted and praised Banneker's works.
Although a fire on the day of Banneker's funeral destroyed many of his papers and belongings, one of his journals and several of his remaining artifacts are presently available for public viewing. He is commemorated with parks, schools, streets and other tributes. However, many accounts of his life exaggerate his accomplishments or attribute to him the achievements of others.
ولد بنيامين بانيكر في ولاية ميريلاند في 9 نوفمبر 1731. هاجرت جدته الأم ، مولي وولش من إنجلترا إلى المستعمرات كخادمة مستعبدة في عبودية لمدة سبع سنوات.
في نهاية ذلك الوقت ، اشترت مزرعتها الخاصة بالقرب من بالتيمور مع عبيد آخرين. في وقت لاحق ، حررت العبيد وتزوجت أحدهم. المعروف سابقا باسم بانا كا ، غير زوج مولي اسمه إلى Bannaky. بين أبنائهم ،
كان لديهم ابنة تدعى مريم. عندما كبرت ماري بناقكي ، اشترت أيضاً العبد ، روبرت ، التي ، مثل أمها ، أطلقت سراحها فيما بعد. كان روبرت وماري بانيكي والدا بنجامين بانكر.
استخدمت مولي الكتاب المقدس لتعليم أطفال ماري القراءة. برع بنيامين في دراسته وكان مهتمًا أيضًا بالموسيقى. تعلم في نهاية المطاف العزف على الناي والكمان. في وقت لاحق ، عندما افتتحت مدرسة كويكر في مكان قريب ، حضرها بنيامين خلال فصل الشتاء. هناك ، تعلم أن يكتب واكتسب معرفة أساسية في الرياضيات. يختلف مؤلفوه في السيرة الذاتية عن مقدار التعليم النظامي الذي تلقاه ، حيث يدعي البعض أنهم يتلقون تعليماً من الدرجة الثامنة ، في حين يشك آخرون في أنه حصل على هذا القدر من التعليم.
ومع ذلك ، هناك عدد قليل من الخلافات حول ذكائه. في سن ال 15 ، تولى Banneker العمليات في مزرعة عائلته. قام والده روبرت بانيكي ببناء سلسلة من السدود والمجاري المائية للري ، وعزَّز بنيامين النظام للسيطرة على المياه من الينابيع (المعروفة حول الينابيع مثل باناتكي) التي زودت مياه المزرعة.
في سن ال 21 ، تغيرت حياة Banneker عندما رأى ساعة جيب الجار. (يقول البعض أن هذه الساعة تعود إلى جوزيف ليفي ، وهو بائع متجول). استعار الساعة ، واقتادها لرسم كل قطعها ، ثم أعاد تجميعها وأعادها إلى مالكها. قام بانكر بعد ذلك بنسخ قطع خشبية متماثلة على نطاق واسع لكل قطعة ، وحساب تجميعات التروس بنفسه. استخدم الأجزاء لجعل أول ساعة خشبية في الولايات المتحدة. استمر العمل ، ضرب كل ساعة ، لأكثر من 40 عاما
كانت له علاقة مع أحد الآباء المؤسسين للولايات المتحدة توماس جفرسون انظر الكتاب في السياسة-إعادة إشراك قضايا الأدب والمجتمع- كتاب ص 70
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انظر أيضاً
- List of African-American inventors and scientists
- List of common misconceptions: a list of many common misconceptions, including some about Benjamin Banneker.
المصادر
الهامش
- ^ (1) Cropped image extracted from Highsmith, Carol M. (photographer). ""Benjamin Banneker: Surveyor-Inventor-Astronomer", mural by Maxime Seelbinder, at the Recorder of Deeds building, built in 1943. 515 D St., NW, Washington, D.C." Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. Archived from the original (photograph) on 2017-11-01. Retrieved 2017-11-05.
(2) "Recorder of Deeds Building: Seelbinder Mural – Washington DC". The Living New Deal. Archived from the original on January 11, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2020.
(3) Norfleet, Nicole (2010-03-11). "D.C. Recorder of Deeds moving but fate of murals unclear". The Washington Post. Washington, D.C. Archived from the original on 2016-10-03. Retrieved 2016-10-03.
(4) Sefton, D. P., DC Preservation League, Washington, D.C. (يوليو 1, 2010). "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Recorder of Deeds Building" (PDF). Washington, D.C: District of Columbia Office of Planning. pp. 18–19. Archived from the original (PDF) on أكتوبر 5, 2016. Retrieved أكتوبر 3, 2016.{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
المراجع
- Allaben, Frank. Original Document: Banneker's Appeal to Jefferson for Emancipation. New York: The National History Company. pp. 65–73. LCCN sf89099051. OCLC 608678167. Retrieved 2016-02-28.
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ignored (help) - Arnebeck, Bob (1991). Through a Fiery Trial: Building Washington, 1790–1800. Lanham, Maryland: Madison Books. Distributed by National Network. ISBN 0-8191-7832-2. LCCN 90042343. OCLC 22006328. Retrieved 2017-10-07.
- Bedini, Silvio A. (1964). "Early American Scientific Instruments and Their Makers: The Mathematical Practitioners: Benjamin Banneker". United States National Museum Bulletin. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Museum of History and Technology (231): 22–25. LCCN 64062352. OCLC 999972. Retrieved 2017-10-07 – via Internet Archive.
- Bedini, Silvio A. (1969). "Benjamin Banneker and the Survey of the District of Columbia, 1791" (PDF). Records of the Columbia Historical Society. 69/70: 7–30. JSTOR 40067703. OCLC 3860814. Archived from the original (pdf) on 2017-10-07. Retrieved 2013-01-13 – via boundarystones.org.
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- Bedini, Silvio A. (1972). The Life of Benjamin Banneker. New York: Scribner. Republished by Landmark Enterprises, Rancho Cordova, California, 1984. ISBN 0910845204. LCCN 78162755. OCLC 593414330. Retrieved August 29, 2019 – via Internet Archive.
- Bedini, Silvio A. (Spring–Summer 1991). "The Survey of the Federal Territory: Andrew Ellicott and Benjamin Banneker". Washington History. Washington, D.C.: Historical Society of Washington, D.C. 3 (1): 76–95. JSTOR 40072968.
- Bedini, Silvio A. (1996a). Salzman, Jack; Smith, David Lionel; West, Cornel (eds.). Banneker, Benjamin. Vol. 1: Aar-Cit (1st ed.). New York: Macmillan Library Reference. pp. 251–253. ISBN 0028973453. LCCN 95033607. OCLC 847445826.
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ignored (help) - Bedini, Silvio A. (1996b). Palmer, Colin A. (ed.). Banneker, Benjamin (updated bibliography) (2nd ed.). Detroit, Michigan: Thomson Gale (2008); Boston, Massachusetts: CENGAGE. OCLC 938830525. Archived from the original on June 23, 2019. Retrieved March 16, 2020 – via Encyclopedia.com.
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ignored (help) - Bedini, Silvio A. (1999). The Life of Benjamin Banneker: The First African-American Man of Science (2nd ed.). Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society. ISBN 0-938420-59-3. LCCN 98022848. OCLC 894558859. Retrieved 2019-09-11 – via Internet Archive.
- Murdock, Gail T. (2002-11-11). "Benjamin Banneker – the man and the myths". Customer review of Bedini, Silvio A. (1999). "The Life of Benjamin Banneker: The First African-American Man of Science", 2nd ed., Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society. Amazon.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-10. Retrieved 2017-03-18.
- Toscano, Patrick (March 2000). "Book Review: Bedini, Silvio A. (1999), "The Life of Benjamin Banneker: The First African-American Man of Science", 2nd ed., Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society". Professional Surveyor Magazine. Frederick, Maryland: Flatdog Media, Inc. 20 (3). Archived from the original on 2019-09-12. Retrieved 2019-09-12.
- Bedini, Silvio A. (2008). Gillispie, Charles Coulston; Holmes, Frederic Lawrence; Koertge, Noretta (eds.). "Banneker, Benjamin". Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Detroit, Michigan: Charles Scribner's Sons; Boston, Massachusetts: CENGAGE. ISBN 9780684315591. OCLC 187313311. Archived from the original on 2018-02-23. Retrieved March 16, 2020 – via Encyclopedia.com.
- "Benjamin Banneker Timeline". Benjamin Banneker. Oella, Maryland: Benjamin Banneker Historical Park & Museum. Archived from the original on 2019-09-12. Retrieved 2019-09-12 – via WordPress.
- Bowling, Kenneth R. (1988). Creating the federal city, 1774–1800 : Potomac fever. Washington, D.C.: American Institute of Architects Press. LCCN 88016810. OCLC 18068942. Retrieved 2017-10-07.
- Cerami, Charles A. (2002). Benjamin Banneker: Surveyor, Astronomer, Publisher, Patriot. New York: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0585423946. LCCN 2001046960. OCLC 50739343. Retrieved 2019-09-19 – via Internet Archive.
- Corrigan, Mary Beth (April 2003). "Benjamin Banneker: Fabled Genius Considered": Review of Cerami, Charles A. (2002), Benjamin Banneker: Surveyor, Astronomer, Publisher, Patriot, New York: John Wiley & Sons "H-Net Reviews in the Humanities & Social Sciences: H-Net Maryland". H-Net: Humanities & Social Sciences Online. Lansing, Michigan: MATRIX: The Center for Humane Arts, Letters and Social Sciences Online: Department of History: Michigan State University. Archived from the original on 2012-09-05. Retrieved 2013-07-08.
- Crew, Harvey W.; Webb, William Bensing; Wooldridge, John (1892). IV. "Permanent Capital Site Selected". Dayton, Ohio: United Brethren Publishing House. p. 87. LCCN 06028029. OCLC 2843595. Retrieved 2009-05-07.
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ignored (help) - Drake, Milton (1962). Almanacs of the United States. Vol. Part I. New York: Scarecrow Press. OCLC 1024176442. Retrieved June 7, 2020 – via Internet Archive.
- Glawe, Eddie (2014-02-13). "Feature: Benjamin Banneker". Professional Surveyor Magazine. Flatdog Media, Inc. 39 (6). Archived from the original on 2017-01-30. Retrieved 2018-02-18 – via xyHt.
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- Graham, Shirley (1949). Your Most Humble Servant. New York: Julian Messner, Inc. LCCN 49011346. OCLC 1036934508. Retrieved April 15, 2020 – via Internet Archive.
- Johnson, Richard (2007). "Banneker, Benjamin (1731-1806)". Online Encyclopedia of Significant People and Places in African American History. BlackPast.org. Archived from the original on April 9, 2016. Retrieved 2016-06-03..
- Jusserand, Jean Jules (1916). Major L'Enfant and the Federal City. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 137–195. LCCN 16011605. OCLC 1075914. Retrieved 2011-08-15.
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ignored (help) - Kaplan, Sidney; Kaplan, Emma Nogrady (1989). "V. The Emergence of Gifts and Powers". Benjamin Banneker (revised ed.). Amherst, Massachusetts: University of Massachusetts Press. pp. 132–151. ISBN 0870236628. LCCN 88022111. OCLC 43475547. Retrieved February 29, 2020 – via Internet Archive.
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ignored (help) - Latrobe, John H. B., Esq. (1845). Memoir of Benjamin Banneker: Read before the Maryland Historical Society at the Monthly Meeting, May 1, 1845. Baltimore, Maryland: Printed by John D. Toy. LCCN rc01003345. OCLC 85791076. Retrieved February 29, 2020 – via Internet Archive.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Linklater, Andro (2007). The fabric of America: how our borders and boundaries shaped the country and forged our national identity. New York: Walker & Co. ISBN 0-8027-1533-8. OCLC 138533044. Retrieved 2017-10-07.
- Mason, Rachel (1836). Selections from the letters and manuscripts of the late Susanna Mason; with a brief memoir of her life, by her daughter. Philadelphia: Rackliff & Jones, Printers, S.W. corner of George & Swanwick Streets. LCCN unk83001993. OCLC 786297945. Retrieved 2018-03-01 – via Internet Archive.
- McHenry, James C. (Baltimore, August 20, 1791). "A letter from Mr. James McHenry, to messrs. Goddard and Angel, containing particulars respecting Benjamin Banneker, a free negro". The American Museum, or Universal Magazine, Vol. 12, Part 2 (September 1792). Philadelphia: Mathew Carey. pp. 185–187. LCCN unk80015153. OCLC 367988208. Retrieved June 14, 2020 – via HathiTrust Digital Library.
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - Morrison, Hugh Alexander (1907). Preliminary Check List of American Almanacs: 1639-1800. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. LCCN 06035021. OCLC 577096527. Retrieved December 31, 2018 – via Internet Archive.
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ignored (help) - Perot, Sandra W. (February 2014). Reconstructing Molly Welsh: Race, Memory and the Story of Benjamin Banneker's Grandmother. Masters Theses 1911-February 2014: Paper 210: ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst (M.A.). Amherst, Massachusetts: University of Massachusetts Amherst. OCLC 314413559.
- Introduction and abstract. Retrieved 2015-11-15. Archived سبتمبر 29, 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
- Full text Retrieved March 1, 2018. Archived أكتوبر 1, 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
- Phillips, P. Lee (1917). "The Negro, Benjamin Banneker; Astronomer and Mathematician, Plea for Universal Peace (Read before the Society, April 18, 1916)". Records of the Columbia Historical Society. Columbia Historical Society, Washington, D.C. 20: 114–120. ISSN 0897-9049. LCCN 18019397. OCLC 1564221. Retrieved 2009-04-15.
- Stewart, John (1899). "Early Maps and Surveyors of the City of Washington, D.C." Records of the Columbia Historical Society. Washington, D.C.: Columbia Historical Society. 2: 48–71. ISSN 0897-9049. OCLC 40326234. Retrieved 2011-08-15.
- Tise, Larry E. (1998). Africans in the Land of Liberty: African-American Enlightenment. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books. pp. 213–215. ISBN 0585347220. OCLC 47009059. Archived from the original on June 16, 2017. Retrieved April 22, 2020.
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ignored (help). - Tyson, Martha Ellicott. A sketch of the life of Benjamin Banneker: from notes taken in 1836: read by J. Saurin Norris, before the Maryland Historical Society, October 5th, 1854. Baltimore, Maryland: Printed for the Maryland Historical Society by John D. Toy. LCCN rc01003357. OCLC 85794847. Retrieved 2017-10-07 – via Internet Archive.
- Whiteman, Maxwell (ed.). Banneker's Almanack and Ephemeris for the Year of Our Lord 1793; being The First After Bisixtile or Leap Year and Bannekeer's Almanac, For the Year 1795, Being the Third After Leap Year: Afro-American History Series: Rhistoric Publication No. 202 (1969 Reprint Edition). Rhistoric Publications, a division of Microsurance Inc. LCCN 72077039. OCLC 907004619. Retrieved 2017-06-14 – via HathiTrust Digital Library.
- Williams, George Washington (1882). Banneker The Astronomer. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. pp. 386–398. LCCN 09003580. OCLC 6510556. Retrieved 2017-10-07 – via Internet Archive.
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ignored (help)
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للاستزادة
- Blakely, Julia (2017-02-15). "America's First Known African American Scientist and Mathematician". Unbound (blog). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Libraries, Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on August 15, 2017. Retrieved 2017-08-15..
- Klinkowitz, Jerome. Benjamin Banneker.
{{cite book}}
:|work=
ignored (help) In Inge, M. Thomas; Duke, Maurice; Bryer, Jackson R., eds. (1978). Black American Writers: Biographical Essays". Vol. 1: Beginnings Through the Harlem Renaissance and Langston Hughes. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 15–20. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-81436-7. ISBN 0312082606. LCCN 77085987. OCLC 756464907. Retrieved March 22, 2020. - Tyson, Martha Ellicott (1884). Kirk, Anne Tyson (ed.). Banneker, the Afric-American Astronomer. From the posthumous papers of M.E. Tyson. Edited by her daughter. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Friends' Book Association. LCCN 04013085. OCLC 79879919. Archived from the original on June 5, 2020. Retrieved 2016-01-16 – via General catalog of the American Antiquarian Society..
- Hartshorne, Henry, ed. (1884-06-21). "Book Notice: Banneker, the Afric-American Astronomer. From the posthumous papers of M.E. Tyson. Edited by Her Daughter. Phila. 1020 Arch Street. 1884". Friends Review: A Religious, Literary and Miscellaneous Journal. 1316 Filbert Street, Philadelphia: Franklin E. Paige. 37 (46): 729. Retrieved 2017-01-16.
{{cite journal}}
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(help)CS1 maint: location (link)
- Hartshorne, Henry, ed. (1884-06-21). "Book Notice: Banneker, the Afric-American Astronomer. From the posthumous papers of M.E. Tyson. Edited by Her Daughter. Phila. 1020 Arch Street. 1884". Friends Review: A Religious, Literary and Miscellaneous Journal. 1316 Filbert Street, Philadelphia: Franklin E. Paige. 37 (46): 729. Retrieved 2017-01-16.
وصلات خارجية
- Works by or about بنجامن بانكر at Internet Archive
- Works by بنجامن بانكر at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
- Bragg, George F., Jr. (1914). Benjamin Banneker. Church Advocate Press, Baltimore, Maryland. pp. 29–34. OCLC 4346580. Retrieved 2010-02-01 – via Internet Archive.
{{cite book}}
:|work=
ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F. (May 2000). "Benjamin Banneker". MacTutor History of Mathematics archive. St Andrews, Fife, Scotland: University of St Andrews School of Mathematics and Statistics. Archived from the original on March 12, 2016. Retrieved 2016-11-29..
- Phoenix Films, Inc. (1981). "The Man Who Loved the Stars" (video). Docudrama starring Ossie Davis (59:11 minutes). Cinemonde International, Ltd. Retrieved 2016-04-15 – via Internet Archive Educational Films. Archived on July 28, 2015.
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- مواليد 1731
- وفيات 1806
- African-American writers
- 18th-century American writers
- American surveyors
- People from Baltimore County, Maryland
- People of colonial Maryland
- مزارعون من مريلاند