الهندوسية في پاكستان
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الهندوس يشكلون نحو 1.85% من سكان پاكستان.[5] الهندوسية هي ثاني أكبر ديانة في پاكستان بعد الإسلام.[3] وفي 2010، كانت پاكستان تضم خامس أكبر تعداد للهندوس في العالم، وتوقعت پيو أنه بحلول عام 2050 فإن پاكستان ستضم رابع أكبر تعداد للهندوس في العالم.[6]
حسب پيو للأبحاث، فإن تعداد الهندوس سيبلغ 5.6 مليون[6] وسيشكل الهندوس نسبة 2% من تعداد پاكستان بحلول عام 2050.[7] بعد حصول پاكستان على استقلالها عن الهند البريطانية في 14 أغسطس 1947، هاجر 4.7 مليون من هندوس وسيخ پاكستان الغربية إلى الهند، بينما هاجر 6.5 مليون مسلم من الهند إلى پاكستان الغربية.[8]
وفي تعداد 1998 كان تعداد الهندوس 2,443,614.[3] ويتواجد الهندوس في كل أقاليم پاكستان، إلا أنهم يتركزون في السند.[9] ويتكلمون العديد من اللغات، مثل السندي وSeraiki, Aer, Dhatki, Gera, Goaria, Gurgula, Jandavra, Kabutra, Koli, Loarki, Marwari, Sansi, Vaghri[10] و گجراتي.[4]
وبالرغم من قلة عددهم، فإن الهندوسية في پاكستان ليست أقل تعقيداً منها في أجزاء العالم الأخرى. فالعديد من الهندوس—خصوصاً في المناطق القروية—يتبعون تعاليم أقطاب الصوفية المحليين پير (كلمة أردية تعني مرشد روحاني) أو يتبعون قديس القرن الرابع عشر رام‌دڤي، الذي يقع معبده الرئيسي في المدينة السندية "ثندو الله يار". وثمة عدد متزايد من شباب الهندوس الحضري في پاكستان يشارك في جمعية ISKCON المستغربة والدعوية. Other communities worship manifold Mother Goddesses as their clan or family patrons, who at times must be appeased with blood sacrifices.[11] A different branch, the Nanakpanth, follows the teachings of the Guru Granth Sahib, also known as the holy book of the Sikhs. This diversity, especially in rural Sindh, often thwarts classical definitions between Hinduism, Sikhism, and Islam.
One of the most important places of worship for Hindus in Pakistan today is the shrine of Hinglaj Mata in the province of Baluchistan.[12][13]
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التاريخ
العصور القديمة
The Rig Veda, the oldest Hindu text, was believed to have been composed in the Punjab region of modern-day Pakistan (and India) on the banks of the نهر السند around 1500 BCE.[14] Various archaeological finds such as the swastika symbol, yogic postures, what appears to be like a "Pasupati" image that was found on the seals of the people of Mohenjo-daro, in Sindh, point to early influences that may have shaped Hinduism. The religious beliefs and folklore of the وادي السند people have become a major part of the Hindu faith that evolved in this part of the South Asia. The Sindh kingdom and its rulers play an important role in the Indian epic story of the Mahabharata. In addition, a Hindu legend states that the Pakistani city of Lahore was first founded by Lava, while Kasur was founded by his twin Kusha, both of whom were the sons of Lord Rama of the Ramayana. The Gandhara kingdom of the northwest, and the legendary Gandhara peoples, are also a major part of Hindu literature such as the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. Many Pakistani city names (such as Peshawar[15] and Multan[16]) can be traced back to Sanskrit roots.
الديمغرافيا
تعداد الهندوس حسب التحصيل
التحصيلات التي تضم 2% أو أكثر من الهندوس حسب تعداد 1998,
| الوحدة الادارية | التحصيل | نسبة الهندوس |
|---|---|---|
| السند | كندكوت | 65% |
| عمركوت | 47.6% | |
| ثرپاركر | 40.5% | |
| ميرپور خاص | 32.7% | |
| سانگهر | 20% | |
| بدين | 19.9% | |
| حيدرآباد | 12% | |
| گهوتكي | 6.7% | |
| جيكب آباد | 3.5% | |
| سكهر | 3% | |
| خيرپور | 2.9% | |
| نواب شاه | 2.8% | |
| طهطه | 2.8% | |
| دادو | 2% | |
| پنجاب | رحيم يار خان | 2.3% |
في الأضلع الأخرى فإن تعداد الهندوس هو أقل من 1% أو لا أحد.
الهندوسية والاستقلال
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المؤسسات الدينية والاجتماعية والسياسية
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شعب الكالاش
The kalasha people practice an ancient forn of Hinduism mixed with animism.They are considered as a different ethnic religion people by the Pakistan government. They are residing in the Chitral District of خيبر پختون‌خوا province of پاكستان. Kalasha Desh (the three Kalash valleys) is made up of two distinct cultural areas, the valleys of Rumbur and Bumburet forming one, and Birir valley the other; Birir valley being the more traditional of the two.
Being a very small minority in a Muslim region, the Kalash have increasingly been targeted by some proselytising Muslims. Some Muslims have encouraged the Kalash people to read the Koran so that they would convert to Islam.
المجتمع الهندوسي
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الانحدار
التفرقة
Separate electorates for Hindus and Christians were established in 1985—a policy originally proposed by Islamist leader Abul A'la Maududi. Christian and Hindu leaders complained that they felt excluded from the county's political process, but the policy had strong support from Islamists.[17] Until 1999, when former military chief Pervez Musharaf overthrew Nawaz Sharif’s government, non-Muslims had dual voting rights in the general elections that allowed them to not only vote for Muslim candidates on general seats, but also for their own non-Muslim candidates.[18]
In the aftermath of the Babri Masjid demolition, widespread retaliatory riots erupted against Hindus. Mobs attacked scores of Hindu temples across Pakistan.[19] Shops owned by Hindus were also attacked in Sukkur, Sindh. Hindu homes and temples were also attacked in Quetta.[20]
In 2005, 32 Hindus were killed by firing near Nawab Akbar Bugti's residence during bloody clashes between Bugti tribesmen and paramilitary forces in Balochistan. The firing left the Hindu residential locality near Bugti's residence badly hit,[21] though Bugti's armed tribesmen were the targets of Pakistani forces.[21]
انظر أيضاً
الهامش
- ^ Population by religion Archived 17 يونيو 2006 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Area, Population, Density and Urban/Rural Proportion by Administrative Units Archived 22 ديسمبر 2010 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د "Population Distribution by Religion, 1998 Census" (PDF). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
- ^ أ ب Rehman, Zia Ur (18 August 2015). "With a handful of subbers, two newspapers barely keeping Gujarati alive in Karachi". The News International. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
In Pakistan, the majority of Gujarati-speaking communities are in Karachi including Dawoodi Bohras, Ismaili Khojas, Memons, Kathiawaris, Katchhis, Parsis (Zoroastrians) and Hindus, said Gul Hasan Kalmati, a researcher who authored "Karachi, Sindh Jee Marvi", a book discussing the city and its indigenous communities. Although there are no official statistics available, community leaders claim that there are three million Gujarati-speakers in Karachi – roughly around 15 percent of the city's entire population.
- ^ "Population by religion". Archived from the original on 2 April 2014.
- ^ أ ب "10 Countries With the Largest Hindu Populations, 2010 and 2050". Pew Research Center. 2 April 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
- ^ "Projected Population Change in Countries With Largest Hindu Populations in 2010". Pew Research Center. 2 April 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
- ^ Hasan, Arif; Raza, Mansoor (2009). Migration and Small Towns in Pakistan. IIED. p. 12. ISBN 9781843697343.
When the British Indian Empire was partitioned in 1847, 4.7 million Sikhs and Hindus left what is today Pakistan for India, and 6.5 million Muslims left India and moved to Pakistan.
- ^ "The truth about forced conversions in Thar".
- ^ "Pakistan". Ethnologue.
- ^ Being In The World Productions, MOTHER CALLING. KALI IN KARACHI (Pakistan 2013, 45min), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w8k_qvlHreY&t=2156s, retrieved on 2018-08-07
- ^ Schaflechner, Jürgen (2018). Hinglaj Devi : identity, change, and solidification at a Hindu temple in Pakistan. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190850555. OCLC 1008771979.
- ^ Being In The World Productions, ON BECOMING GODS (Pakistan 2011, 44min), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ITXfacoagbA&t=160s, retrieved on 2018-08-07
- ^ "Rigveda | Hindu literature". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2017-01-13.
- ^ Kumkum Roy. Historical Dictionary of Ancient India. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 259.
- ^ Jarred Scarboro. Ultimate Handbook Guide to Multan : (Pakistan) Travel Guide. p. 7.
- ^ Jones, Owen Bennett (2002). Pakistan: Eye of the Storm. Yale University Press. p. 31. ISBN 0300101473. Retrieved 9 December 2014.
- ^ https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/171708-Christian-community-campaigns-for-right-to-elect-not-select
- ^ Gordon, Sandy; Gordon, A. D. D. (2014). India's Rise as an Asian Power: Nation, Neighborhood, and Region. Georgetown University Press. pp. 54–58. ISBN 9781626160743. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
- ^ "Pakistanis Attack 30 Hindu Temples". The New York Times. 1992-12-07. Retrieved 2011-04-15.
Muslims attacked more than 30 Hindu temples across Pakistan today, and the Government of this overwhelmingly Muslim nation closed offices and schools for a day to protest the destruction of a mosque in India.
- ^ أ ب Abbas, Zaffar (22 March 2005). "Journalists find Balochistan 'war zone'". BBC. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
The Hindu residential locality that is close to Mr Bugti's fortress-like house was particularly badly hit. Mr Bugti says 32 Hindus were killed by firing from the government side in exchanges that followed an attack on a government convoy last Thursday.
للاستزادة
- "Purifying the Land of the Pure: Pakistan's Religious Minorities" by Farahnaz Ispahani, Publisher: Harper Collins India
- Yaqoob Khan Bangash, Our vanishing Hindus, The Express Tribune, 13 June 2016.
وصلات خارجية
- Pakistan Hindu Council Website
- Hindus demand reconstruction of all temples damaged in 1992
- Hindus feel the heat in Pakistan
- In pictures: Hindus in Pakistan
- Assessment for Hindus in Pakistan by University of Maryland
- Hindu majority district Thar Pakar in Pakistan
- Festival time for Pakistani Hindus
- DHA wants SHC to shut down temple built on residential plot
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