اللغات الصينية-التبتية
الصينية-التبتية | |||
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Trans-Himalayan | |||
Geographic distribution | جنوب آسيا، شرق آسيا, Northeast Asia, Southeast Asia, Central Asia | ||
Linguistic classification | واحدة من عائلات اللغات الرئيسية في العالم. | ||
Subdivisions | Some 40 well-established subgroups, of which those with the most speakers are: | ||
ISO 639-2 / 5 | sit | ||
Linguasphere | 79- (phylozone) | ||
Glottolog | sino1245 | ||
Major branches of Sino-Tibetan:
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اللغات الصينية-التبتية Sino-Tibetan languages هي عائلة من أكثر من 400 لغة منطوقة في شرق آسيا، جنوب شرق آسيا وأجزاء من جنوب آسيا، بما فيهم الصينية واللغات التبتية-البورمية. وتأتي في المرتبة الثانية بعد اللغات الهندو-اوروبية من حيث عدد المتكلمين بها كلغة أولى. التصنيف الداخلي للعائلة هو موضع جدال مستمر.
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تاريخ المقترح
- Northern Indo-Chinese
- Chinese-Siamese
- Tibeto-Burman
(For Shafer, the suffix -ic denoted a primary division of the family, whereas the -ish suffix denoted a sub-division of one of those.)
الصينية والتبتية-البورمية
- Sino-Tibetan
- Chinese
- Tibeto-Karen
- Karen
- Tibeto-Burman
Matisoff (1978) abandoned Benedict's Tibeto-Karen hypothesis:
- Sino-Tibetan
- Chinese
- Tibeto-Burman
وضع التاي والهمونگ-ميين
الصينو-كيرانتي
الصينو-بودية
Van Driem (2001), اقترح عدة فرضيات، منها تخفيض الصينية إلى فرع من المجموعة الفرعية الصينو-بودية:
- Tibeto-Burman
- Western (Baric, Brahmaputran or Sal)
- Eastern
- Northern (Sino-Bodic)
- North-western (Bodic): Bodish, Kirantic, West Himalayish, Tamangic
- North-eastern (Sinitic)
- Southern
- South-western: Lolo–Burmese, Karenic
- South-eastern: Qiangic, Jiarongic
- Northern (Sino-Bodic)
الشعوب واللغات
- Chinese speaking peoples:
- Han Chinese (people, language)
- Yue or Cantonese (people, language)
- Xiang or Hunanese (people, language)
- Hakka or Kejia (people, language)
- Gan or Jiangxi (people, language)
- Min (people, language)
- Wu (people, language)
- Tanka (people, no specific language)
- Ngái (people, no specific language)
- Fuzhou Tanka or Kuóh-dà̤
- Hui (people, no specific language)
- San Diu (people, language is archaic Cantonese)
- Han Chinese (people, language)
- Tibeto-Burman speaking peoples:
- Lolo–Burmese languages
- Burmish languages
- Loloish languages
- Naxi (Nakhi) (people, language)
- Bodish languages
- Bodo–Koch languages
- Tani (languages)
- Karen (people, languages)
- Kirat or Kirant (people, language)
- Newar (people, language)
- Kachin–Luic or Kachinic languages
- Meitei or Manipuri (people, language)
- Naga (people, no common language)
- Angami–Pochuri languages
- Angami languages (no article)
- Angami (people, Angami language)
- Mao or Sopvoma (people, Mao language)
- Pochuri languages (no article)
- Angami languages (no article)
- Zeme languages
- Ao (people, languages)
- Poumai (people, language)
- Angami–Pochuri languages
- Kukish languages
- Karbi (people, language)
- Magar (people, language)
- Qiangic languages (Kiangic) or Dzorgai
- Qiang (people, northern language, southern language)
- Pumi (people, language)
- Tangut (extinct) (people, language)
- Rgyalrongic languages
- Mishmi or Deng (people, northern languages, southern languages)
- Lhoba (not a single ethnic group)
- Nungish languages
- Tujia (people, language)
- Kho-Bwa languages
- Lolo–Burmese languages
- Bai (Baip) (people, language)
انظر أيضاً
ملاحظات
المراجع
- الأعمال المشار إليها
- Beckwith, Christopher I. (1996), "The Morphological Argument for the Existence of Sino-Tibetan", Pan-Asiatic Linguistics: Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Languages and Linguistics, January 8–10, 1996, Bangkok: Mahidol University at Salaya, pp. 812–826.
- Beckwith, Christopher I. (2002), "The Sino-Tibetan problem", in Beckwith, Christopher, Medieval Tibeto-Burman languages, Brill, pp. 113–158, ISBN 978-90-04-12424-0.
- Benedict, Paul K. (1972), Sino-Tibetan: A Conspectus, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-08175-7.
- van Driem, George (1997), "Sino-Bodic", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 60 (3): 455–488.
- van Driem, George (2001), Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region, Brill, ISBN 978-90-04-12062-4.
- van Driem, George (2011), "The Trans-Himalayan phylum and its implications for population prehistory", Communication on Contemporary Anthropology 5: 135–142, doi:, http://comonca.org.cn/PDF/2011/COMONCA05-020.pdf.
- Forbes, Charles James (1878), "On Tibeto-Burman languages", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, New Series X: 210–227.
- Klaproth, Julius (1823), Asia Polyglotta, Paris: B.A. Shubart, http://archive.org/details/asiapolyglotta02klapgoog.
- Logan, James R. (1856), "The Maruwi of the Baniak Islands", Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia 1 (1): 1–42.
- Logan, James R. (1858), "The West-Himalaic or Tibetan tribes of Asam, Burma and Pegu", Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia 2 (1): 68–114.
- Matisoff, James A. (2000), "On 'Sino-Bodic' and Other Symptoms of Neosubgroupitis", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 63 (3): 356–369.
- Miller, Roy Andrew (1974), "Sino-Tibetan: Inspection of a Conspectus", Journal of the American Oriental Society 94 (2): 195–209.
- Sapir, Edward (1925), "Review: Les Langues du Monde", Modern Language Notes 40 (6): 373–375.
- Shafer, Robert (1952), "Athapaskan and Sino-Tibetan", International Journal of American Linguistics 18 (1): 12–19.
- Shafer, Robert (1966), Introduction to Sino-Tibetan, 1, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, ISBN 978-3-447-01559-2.
- العامة
- Baxter, William H. (1995). "'A Stronger Affinity ... Than Could Have Been Produced by Accident': A Probabilistic Comparison of Old Chinese and Tibeto-Burman", in William S.-Y. Wang (ed.) The Ancestry of the Chinese Language (Journal of Chinese Linguistics Monographs, 8), Berkeley: Project on Linguistic Analysis, pp. 1–39.
- Coblin, W. South (1986). A Sinologist's Handlist of Sino-Tibetan Lexical Comparisons. Monumenta Serica Monograph Series 18. Nettetal: Steyler Verlag. ISBN 3-87787-208-5.
- van Driem, George (1995). "Black Mountain Conjugational Morphology, Proto-Tibeto-Burman Morphosyntax, and the Linguistic Position of Chinese". Senri Ethnological Studies 41:229-259.
- ——— (2003). "Tibeto-Burman vs. Sino-Tibetan", Werner Winter, Brigitte L. M. Bauer and Georges-Jean Pinault (eds.) Language in time and space: a Festschrift for Werner Winter on the occasion of his 80th birthday, Walter de Gruyter, pp. 101–119. ISBN 978-3-11-017648-3.
- Gong Hwang-cherng (2002). Han Zang yu yanjiu lunwen ji (漢藏語硏究論文集 "Collected papers on Sino-Tibetan linguistics"). Taipei: Academia Sinica. ISBN 957-671-872-4.
- Jacques, Guillaume (2006). "La morphologie du sino-tibétain." In La linguistique comparative en France aujourd’hui, 4 March.
- Matisoff, James A. (2003). Handbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman: System and Philosophy of Sino-Tibetan Reconstruction (805 pages, 3.2 MB). Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-09843-9.
- Nedeljković, Mile (2001). Leksikon naroda sveta, Beograd.
- Sagart, Laurent 2005. "Sino-Tibetan–Austronesian: an updated and improved argument." Laurent Sagart, Roger Blench & Alicia Sanchez-Mazas, eds. The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics. London: Routledge Curzon, pp. 161–176. ISBN 978-0-415-32242-3.
- Starostin, Sergei, and I. I. Pejrosom (1996). A Comparative Dictionary of Five Sino-Tibetan Languages Melbourne University Press.
- Thurgood, Graham and Randy J. LaPolla (eds.) (2003). The Sino-Tibetan Languages. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-7007-1129-5.
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وصلات خارجية
- James Matisoff, "Tibeto-Burman languages and their subgrouping"
- Sino-Tibetan Branches Project (STBP)
- Behind the Sino-Tibetan Database of Lexical Cognates: Introductory remarks
- Guillaume Jacques, "The Genetic Position of Chinese"
- Marc Miyake (2014), "Why Sino-Tibetan reconstruction is not like Indo-European reconstruction (yet)"
- Andrew Hsiu (2018), "Linking the Sino-Tibetan fallen leaves"