السفارة الفارسية إلى أوروپا (1599-1602)
The Persian embassy to Europe (1599–1602) was dispatched by the Persian Shah Abbas I in 1599 to obtain an alliance against the Ottoman Empire.[1] The Persians had then been at war with the Ottoman Empire for more than a century, and so decided to try to obtain European help against the Ottomans.[2] Besides the territorial antagonism of the Ottoman and Persian realms, there was also strong religious antagonism, as the Persians proclaimed Shiism against the Ottoman Empire's Sunnism.[1] The objective of the mission was to establish a European–Persian alliance against the Ottoman Turks.[3] These Persian efforts at rapprochement with Europe followed the Persian defeat against the Ottoman Empire in the Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–1590).
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Plan
The embassy was composed of one ambassador, Hossein Ali Beg, and four secretaries (First Secretary Uruch Beg, son of Sultan Ali Beg; the nephew of the ambassador 'Ali Quli Beg; and two others) and led by the English adventurer Sir Anthony Shirley.[4][5] Shirley had sailed from Venice on 24 May 1599 with 25 other Englishmen, bound for Aleppo, and had found favour with King Abbas I. [6] [4] Various contacts had already taken place between the Persians and Europe, as with the embassy of Anthony Jenkinson from Queen Elizabeth I in 1562.[5]
The plan was to visit eight European courts, with one additional Special Envoy who would stay as the Persian ambassador at the court of Russian Emperor Boris Godunov.[5] The embassy effectively met with three German potentates, and the Italian and Spanish courts, but initial plans to meet with the courts of France, England, Scotland and Poland were abandoned on the way.[7]
Itinerary
The embassy left in July 1599 for Astrakhan.[5] They reached Moscow in November 1599.[8] After a long voyage, they reached Prague in Bohemia in the autumn of 1600, where they met with emperor Rudolf II and were sumptuously received over the winter. In Spring 1601 they set for Munich, where they met with William II, the former Duke of Bavaria. They then went to Italy, where they were received by Vincenzo Gonzaga in Mantua. The embassy failed to meet the Doge of Venice, as he declined an interview on the ground that he was meeting an ambassador from the Ottoman Empire.[9] The final portion of their mission took them to Spain, where they met with king Philip III, and obtained seaborne transportation from Portugal to the Strait of Hormuz and Persia.[10] In a final incident however, one of the members of the embassy, a religious mullah, was stabbed to death by a Spaniard in Mérida.[11] After discussions to obtain redress, the embassy set sail for Persia from Lisbon in early 1602.[12]
الأعقاب
The embassy was immediately followed by a new conflict between Persia and the Ottoman Empire, the Ottoman–Safavid War (1603–1618), in which the Persians succeeded partly through the major military reforms and modernizations organized by the Englishman Robert Shirley، شقيق أنتوني شرلي.
وأُرسِلت سفارة فارسية ثانية إلى أوروپا (1609-1615)، بقيادة روبرت شيرلي نفسه، وذهبت إلى كراكوف، پراگ وفلورنسا وروما ومدريد ولندن وعاد إلى فارس عبر سلطنة المغل (الهند).[3]
In 1616, a trade agreement was reached between Shah Abbas and the East India Company and in 1622 "a joint Anglo-Persian force expelled the Portuguese and Spanish traders from the Persian Gulf".[13]
وفي 1624، قاد روبرت شيرلي سفارة أخرى إلى الإنجلترة لإبرام اتفاقيات تجارية.[3]
السفارة الفارسية إلى لويس الرابع عشر حدثت في 1715.
انظر أيضاً
Notes
- ^ أ ب Khair (2005), Other routes, p. 173, ISBN 978-0-253-21821-6, https://books.google.com/books?id=LASiz73_xY0C&pg=PA173
- ^ Le Strange (2004-12-22), Don Juan of Persia, p. 2, ISBN 978-0-415-34488-3, https://books.google.com/books?id=wNxmWxyKX7IC&pg=PA2
- ^ أ ب ت Maquerlot (1996), Travel and drama in Shakespeare's time, p. 17, ISBN 978-0-521-47500-6, https://books.google.com/books?id=nOPIuahJU8QC&pg=PA17
- ^ أ ب Le Strange (2004-12-22), Don Juan of Persia, p. 1, ISBN 978-0-415-34488-3, https://books.google.com/books?id=wNxmWxyKX7IC&pg=PA1
- ^ أ ب ت ث Le Strange, Don Juan of Persia, p. 3
- ^ "The Three Shirleys", The Gentleman's Magazine (November 1844) p.476
- ^ Brothers, Harper (2007), Don Juan, p. 7, ISBN 978-1-4067-6357-7, https://books.google.com/books?id=nyfSt11hVdMC&pg=PA7
- ^ Le Strange, Don Juan of Persia, p. 4
- ^ Le Strange, Don Juan of Persia, p. 6
- ^ Le Strange, Don Juan of Persia, p. 8
- ^ Le Strange, Don Juan of Persia, pp. 8–9
- ^ Le Strange, Don Juan of Persia, p. 9
- ^ Badiozamani (2005-05-29), Iran and America, p. 182, ISBN 978-0-9742172-0-8, https://books.google.com/books?id=NK6_hIN8SOwC&pg=PA182
References
- Guy Le Strange, Juan de Persia Don Juan of Persia: A Shi'ah Catholic 1560-1604 Routledge, 2004 ISBN 0-415-34488-3.
- Don Juan of Persia - A Shi-Ah Catholic 1560-1604 Read Books, 2007 ISBN 1-4067-6357-8.
- Tabish Khair, Martin Leer, Justin D. Edwards, Hanna Ziadeh, Amitav Ghosh Other routes: 1500 years of African and Asian travel writing Indiana University Press, 2005 ISBN 0-253-21821-7.
- Jean-Pierre Maquerlot, Michèle Willems Travel and drama in Shakespeare's time Cambridge University Press, 1996 ISBN 0-521-47500-7.
- Badi Badiozamani, Ghazal Badiozamani Iran and America: Re-Kindling a Love Lost East West Understanding Pr., 2005 ISBN 0-9742172-0-4.
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