التماثل الشكلي

An often-repeated mathematical joke is that topologists cannot tell the difference between a coffee mug and a donut,^[1] since a sufficiently pliable donut could be reshaped to the form of a coffee mug by creating a dimple and progressively enlarging it, while preserving the donut hole in the mug's handle. This illustrates that a coffee mug and a donut (torus) are homeomorphic.

In the mathematical field of topology, a homeomorphism (from Greek roots meaning "similar shape", named by Henri Poincaré),^[2]^[3] also called topological isomorphism, or bicontinuous function, is a bijective and continuous function between topological spaces that has a continuous inverse function. Homeomorphisms are the isomorphisms in the category of topological spaces—that is, they are the mappings that preserve all the topological properties of a given space. Two spaces with a homeomorphism between them are called homeomorphic, and from a topological viewpoint they are the same.

Very roughly speaking, a topological space is a geometric object, and the homeomorphism is a continuous deformation of the object into a new shape. Thus, a square and a circle are homeomorphic to each other, but a sphere and a torus are not. However, this description can be misleading. Some continuous deformations are not homeomorphisms, such as the deformation of a line into a point. Some homeomorphisms are not continuous deformations, such as the homeomorphism between a trefoil knot and a circle. A homeomorphism that is a continuous deformation is a homotopy.

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Definition

A function $f:X\to Y$ between two topological spaces is a homeomorphism if it has the following properties:

$f$ is a bijection (one-to-one and onto),
$f$ is continuous,
the inverse function $f^{-1}$ is continuous ( $f$ is an open mapping).

A homeomorphism is sometimes called a bicontinuous function. If such a function exists, $X$ and $Y$ are homeomorphic. A self-homeomorphism is a homeomorphism from a topological space onto itself. Being "homeomorphic" is an equivalence relation on topological spaces. Its equivalence classes are called homeomorphism classes.

The third requirement, that ${\textstyle f^{-1}}$ be continuous, is essential. Consider for instance the function ${\textstyle f:[0,2\pi )\to S^{1}}$ (the unit circle in $\mathbb {R} ^{2}$ ) defined by ${\textstyle f(\varphi )=(\cos \varphi ,\sin \varphi ).}$ This function is bijective and continuous, but not a homeomorphism ( ${\textstyle S^{1}}$ is compact but ${\textstyle [0,2\pi )}$ is not). The function ${\textstyle f^{-1}}$ is not continuous at the point ${\textstyle (1,0),}$ because although ${\textstyle f^{-1}}$ maps ${\textstyle (1,0)}$ to ${\textstyle 0,}$ any neighbourhood of this point also includes points that the function maps close to ${\textstyle 2\pi ,}$ but the points it maps to numbers in between lie outside the neighbourhood.^[4]

Homeomorphisms are the isomorphisms in the category of topological spaces. As such, the composition of two homeomorphisms is again a homeomorphism, and the set of all self-homeomorphisms ${\textstyle X\to X}$ forms a group, called the homeomorphism group of X, often denoted ${\textstyle {\text{Homeo}}(X).}$ This group can be given a topology, such as the compact-open topology, which under certain assumptions makes it a topological group.^[5]

For some purposes, the homeomorphism group happens to be too big, but by means of the isotopy equivalence relation, one can reduce this group to the group of isotopy classes.

Similarly, as usual in category theory, given two spaces that are homeomorphic, the space of homeomorphisms between them, ${\textstyle {\text{Homeo}}(X,Y),}$ is a torsor for the homeomorphism groups ${\textstyle {\text{Homeo}}(X)}$ and ${\textstyle {\text{Homeo}}(Y),}$ and, given a specific homeomorphism between $X$ and $Y,$ all three sets are identified.^{[مطلوب توضيح]}

Examples

A thickened trefoil knot is homeomorphic to a solid torus, but not isotopic in

\mathbb {R} ^{3}.

Continuous mappings are not always realizable as deformations.

The open interval ${\textstyle (a,b)}$ is homeomorphic to the real numbers $\mathbb {R}$ for any ${\textstyle a<b.}$ (In this case, a bicontinuous forward mapping is given by ${\textstyle f(x)={\frac {1}{a-x}}+{\frac {1}{b-x}}}$ while other such mappings are given by scaled and translated versions of the $tan$ or $arg tanh$ functions).
The unit 2-disc ${\textstyle D^{2}}$ and the unit square in $\mathbb {R} ^{2}$ are homeomorphic; since the unit disc can be deformed into the unit square. An example of a bicontinuous mapping from the square to the disc is, in polar coordinates, $(\rho ,\theta )\mapsto \left({\tfrac {\rho }{\max(|\cos \theta |,|\sin \theta |)}},\theta \right).$
The graph of a differentiable function is homeomorphic to the domain of the function.
A differentiable parametrization of a curve is a homeomorphism between the domain of the parametrization and the curve.
A chart of a manifold is a homeomorphism between an open subset of the manifold and an open subset of a Euclidean space.
The stereographic projection is a homeomorphism between the unit sphere in $\mathbb {R} ^{3}$ with a single point removed and the set of all points in $\mathbb {R} ^{2}$ (a 2-dimensional plane).
If $G$ is a topological group, its inversion map $x\mapsto x^{-1}$ is a homeomorphism. Also, for any $x\in G,$ the left translation $y\mapsto xy,$ the right translation $y\mapsto yx,$ and the inner automorphism $y\mapsto xyx^{-1}$ are homeomorphisms.

Counter-examples

$\mathbb {R} ^{m}$ and $\mathbb {R} ^{n}$ are not homeomorphic for $m \neq n .$
The Euclidean real line is not homeomorphic to the unit circle as a subspace of $\mathbb {R} ^{2}$ , since the unit circle is compact as a subspace of Euclidean $\mathbb {R} ^{2}$ but the real line is not compact.
The one-dimensional intervals $[0,1]$ and $]0,1[$ are not homeomorphic because one is compact while the other is not.

Properties

Two homeomorphic spaces share the same topological properties. For example, if one of them is compact, then the other is as well; if one of them is connected, then the other is as well; if one of them is Hausdorff, then the other is as well; their homotopy and homology groups will coincide. Note however that this does not extend to properties defined via a metric; there are metric spaces that are homeomorphic even though one of them is complete and the other is not.
A homeomorphism is simultaneously an open mapping and a closed mapping; that is, it maps open sets to open sets and closed sets to closed sets.
Every self-homeomorphism in $S^{1}$ can be extended to a self-homeomorphism of the whole disk $D^{2}$ (Alexander's trick).

Informal discussion

The intuitive criterion of stretching, bending, cutting and gluing back together takes a certain amount of practice to apply correctly—it may not be obvious from the description above that deforming a line segment to a point is impermissible, for instance. It is thus important to realize that it is the formal definition given above that counts. In this case, for example, the line segment possesses infinitely many points, and therefore cannot be put into a bijection with a set containing only a finite number of points, including a single point.

This characterization of a homeomorphism often leads to a confusion with the concept of homotopy, which is actually defined as a continuous deformation, but from one function to another, rather than one space to another. In the case of a homeomorphism, envisioning a continuous deformation is a mental tool for keeping track of which points on space X correspond to which points on Y—one just follows them as X deforms. In the case of homotopy, the continuous deformation from one map to the other is of the essence, and it is also less restrictive, since none of the maps involved need to be one-to-one or onto. Homotopy does lead to a relation on spaces: homotopy equivalence.

There is a name for the kind of deformation involved in visualizing a homeomorphism. It is (except when cutting and regluing are required) an isotopy between the identity map on X and the homeomorphism from X to Y.

References

^ Hubbard, John H.; West, Beverly H. (1995). Differential Equations: A Dynamical Systems Approach. Part II: Higher-Dimensional Systems. Texts in Applied Mathematics. Vol. 18. Springer. p. 204. ISBN 978-0-387-94377-0.
^ Poincaré, H. (1895). Analysis Situs. Journal de l'Ecole polytechnique. Gauthier-Villars. OCLC 715734142. Archived from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
Poincaré, Henri (2010). Papers on Topology: Analysis Situs and Its Five Supplements. Translated by Stillwell, John. American Mathematical Society. ISBN 978-0-8218-5234-7.
^ Gamelin, T. W.; Greene, R. E. (1999). Introduction to Topology (2nd ed.). Dover. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-486-40680-0.
^ Väisälä, Jussi (1999). Topologia I. Limes RY. p. 63. ISBN 951-745-184-9.
^ Dijkstra, Jan J. (1 December 2005). "On Homeomorphism Groups and the Compact-Open Topology" (PDF). The American Mathematical Monthly. 112 (10): 910–912. doi:10.2307/30037630. JSTOR 30037630. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 September 2016.

External links

Hazewinkel, Michiel, ed. (2001), "Homeomorphism", Encyclopaedia of Mathematics, Kluwer Academic Publishers, ISBN 978-1556080104

[1] Hubbard, John H.; West, Beverly H. (1995). Differential Equations: A Dynamical Systems Approach. Part II: Higher-Dimensional Systems. Texts in Applied Mathematics. Vol. 18. Springer. p. 204. ISBN 978-0-387-94377-0.

[2] Poincaré, H. (1895). Analysis Situs. Journal de l'Ecole polytechnique. Gauthier-Villars. OCLC 715734142. Archived from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
Poincaré, Henri (2010). Papers on Topology: Analysis Situs and Its Five Supplements. Translated by Stillwell, John. American Mathematical Society. ISBN 978-0-8218-5234-7.

[3] Gamelin, T. W.; Greene, R. E. (1999). Introduction to Topology (2nd ed.). Dover. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-486-40680-0.

[4] Väisälä, Jussi (1999). Topologia I. Limes RY. p. 63. ISBN 951-745-184-9.

[5] Dijkstra, Jan J. (1 December 2005). "On Homeomorphism Groups and the Compact-Open Topology" (PDF). The American Mathematical Monthly. 112 (10): 910–912. doi:10.2307/30037630. JSTOR 30037630. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 September 2016.

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