إيسين

Coordinates: 31°53′06″N 45°16′07″E / 31.88500°N 45.26861°E / 31.88500; 45.26861
For other uses, see إيسين (توضيح).
Isin
Papiermuseum Basel 2008 (1).jpg
Left: Cuneiform clay tablet. Old Babylonian, 1900-1700 BCE.
Right: Sumerian cuneiform "foundation stone". This clay cone was embedded in a wall, and contains the deed of foundation of the city walls of Isin (Tell Bahriyat) by king Ishme-Dagan of Isin (1953-1935 BCE).
إيسين is located in العراق
إيسين
كما يظهر في العراق
الاسم البديلIshan al-Bahriyat
المكانAl-Qādisiyyah Governorate, Iraq
المنطقةMesopotamia
الإحداثيات31°53′06″N 45°16′07″E / 31.88500°N 45.26861°E / 31.88500; 45.26861
النوعSettlement
التاريخ
الفتراتEarly Dynastic, Isin-Larsa, Old Babylonian, Kassite
ملاحظات حول الموقع
تواريخ الحفريات1924, 1973-1989
الأثريونStephen Herbert Langdon, Barthel Hrouda

إيسين ( Isin ؛ سومرية: 𒉌𒋛𒅔𒆠, romanized: I3-si-inki,[1] modern Arabic: Ishan al-Bahriyat) is an archaeological site in Al-Qādisiyyah Governorate, Iraq. Excavations have shown that it was an important city-state in the past.

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تاريخ البحث الأثري

Looters at the site of Isin

Ishan al-Bahriyat was visited by Stephen Herbert Langdon for a day to conduct a sounding, while he was excavating at Kish in 1924.[2] Most of the major archaeological work at Isin was accomplished in 11 seasons between 1973 and 1989 by a team of German archaeologists led by Barthel Hrouda.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] However, as was the case at many sites in Iraq, research was interrupted by the Gulf War (1990-1) and the Iraq War (2003 to 2011). Since the end of excavations, extensive looting is reported to have occurred at the site. Even when the German team began their work, the site had already been heavily looted.


إيسين وجوارها

Isin is located approximately 20 miles (32 km) south of Nippur. It is a tell, or settlement mound, about 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) across and with a maximum height of 8 metres (26 ft).

التاريخ

A praise poem to Iddin-Dagān from the site, currently at متحف اللوڤر

The site of Isin was occupied at least as early as the Early Dynastic period in the middle of the 3rd millennium BC, and possibly as far back as the Ubaid period. While cuneiform tablets from that time were found, the first epigraphic reference to Isin was not until the Ur III period.

When the deteriorating Third Dynasty of Ur (Ur III) finally collapsed at the hands of the Elamites at the end of the third millennium BC, a power vacuum was left that other city-states scrambled to fill. The last king of the Ur Dynasty, Ibbi-Sin, had not the resources nor the organized government needed to expel the Elamite invaders. One of his governmental officials, Ishbi-Erra, relocated from Ur to Isin, another city in the south of Mesopotamia, and established himself as a ruler there. One of Ishbi-Erra's year names reports his defeating Ibbi-Sin in battle.[11]

Although he is not considered part of the Third Dynasty of Ur, Ishbi-Erra did make some attempts at continuing the trappings of that dynasty, most likely to justify his rule.[11] Ishbi-Erra had ill luck expanding his kingdom, however, for other city-states in Mesopotamia rose to power as well. Eshnunna and Ashur were developing into powerful centers. However, he did succeed in repulsing the Elamites from the Ur region. This gave the Isin dynasty control over the culturally significant cities of Ur, Uruk, and the spiritual center of Nippur.

For over 100 years, Isin flourished. Remains of large buildings projects, such as temples, have been excavated. Many royal edicts and law-codes from that period have been discovered. The centralized political structure of Ur-III was largely continued, with Isin's rulers appointing governors and other local officials to carry out their will in the provinces. Lucrative trade routes to the Persian Gulf remained a crucial source of income for Isin.

The exact events surrounding Isin's disintegration as a kingdom are mostly unknown, but some evidence can be pieced together. Documents indicate that access to water sources presented a huge problem for Isin. Isin also endured an internal coup of a sort when Gungunum the royally appointed governor of Larsa and Lagash province, seized the city of Ur. Ur had been the main center of the Gulf trade; thus this move economically devastated Isin. Additionally, Gungunum's two successors Abisare and Sumuel (1905 BCح. 1905 BC and 1894 BC) both sought to cut Isin off from its canals by rerouting them into Larsa. At some point, Nippur was also lost. Isin would never recover. Around 1860 BC, an outsider named Enlil-bani seized the throne of Isin, ending the hereditary dynasty established by Ishbi-Erra over 150 years earlier. [12]

Although politically and economically weak, Isin maintained its independence from Larsa for at least another forty years, ultimately succumbing to Larsa's ruler Rim-Sin I.

After the First Dynasty of Babylon rose to power in the early 2nd millennium and captured Larsa, much significant construction occurred at Isin. This ended with a destruction dated to around the 27th year of the reign of Samsu-iluna, son of Hammurabi, based on tablets found there.

Later, the Kassites who took over in Babylon after its sack in 1531 BC, resumed building at Isin. The final significant stage of activity occurred during the Second Dynasty of Isin at the end of the 2nd millennium, most notably by king Adad-apla-iddina.

Of the at least 256 ruler year names about 75% have been found. Most have the standard format, aside from Bur-Sin who numbered his years. These year names combined with new tablet joins show that there were two additional rulers, Sumu-abum and Ikūn-pī-Išta, slotting in between Erra-imittī and Enlil-bān. The reign of Sumu-abum lasted less than a year.[13]

قائمة حكام إيسين

فترة إيسين-لارسا (ح. 2025 – ح. 1763 ق.م.)

المقالة الرئيسية: Isin-Larsa period
أسرة إيسين الأولى (ح. 2018 – ح. 1792 ق.م.)
المقالة الرئيسية: أسرة إيسين
Seal of Dakiya, son of Isin king Damiq-ilishu, as a high official of Samsu-iluna, after the loss of his father's kingdom.
Ruler Reigned
(Short Chronology)		 Reigned
(Middle Chronology)		 Notes
Ishbi-Erra 1953ح. 1953 2018ح. 2018 Contemporary of Ibbi-Suen of Ur III
Shu-Ilishu 1920ح. 1920 1985ح. 1985 Son of Ishbi-Erra
Iddin-Dagan 1911ح. 1911 1975ح. 1975 Son of Shu-ilishu
Ishme-Dagan 1890ح. 1890 1954ح. 1954 Son of Iddin-Dagan
Lipit-Eshtar 1871ح. 1871 1934ح. 1934 Contemporary of Gungunum of Larsa
Ur-Ninurta 1860ح. 1860 1923ح. 1923 Contemporary of Abisare of Larsa
Bur-Suen 1832ح. 1832 1895ح. 1895 Son of Ur-Ninurta
Lipit-Enlil 1811ح. 1811 1874ح. 1874 Son of Bur-Suen
Erra-imitti 1806ح. 1806 1869ح. 1869
Ikūn-pî-Ištar 1799ح. 1799 1861ح. 1861
Enlil-bani 1798ح. 1798 1861ح. 1861 Contemporary of Sumu-la-El of Babylon
Zambiya 1775ح. 1775 1837ح. 1837 Contemporary of Sin-Iqisham of Larsa
Iter-pisha 1772ح. 1772 1834ح. 1834
Ur-du-kuga 1767ح. 1767 1830ح. 1830
Suen-magir 1764ح. 1764 1826ح. 1826
Damiq-ilishu 1753ح. 1753 1815ح. 1815 Son of Suen-magir
أسرة لارسا (ح. 1792 – ح. 1736 ق.م.)
المقالة الرئيسية: لارسا
Ruler Reigned
(Short Chronology)		 Reigned
(Middle Chronology)		 ملاحظات
Rim-Sin I 1730ح. 1730 1792ح. 1792
Rim-Sin II 1678ح. 1678 1741ح. 1741

الفترة البابلية القديمة (ح. 1763 – ح. 1595 ق.م.)

المقالة الرئيسية: الفترة البابلية القديمة

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أسرة بابل الأولى (ح. 1736 – ح. 1732 ق.م.)
Ruler Reigned
(Short Chronology)		 Reigned
(Middle Chronology)		 ملاحظات
Samsu-iluna 1672ح. 1672 1736ح. 1736
First dynasty of Sealand (ح. 1732 – ح. 1475 ق.م.)
المقالة الرئيسية: First Sealand dynasty
Ruler Reigned
(Short Chronology)		 Reigned
(Middle Chronology)		 ملاحظات
Ilumael 1700 BCح. 1700 BC 1732 BCح. 1732 BC
Itti-ili-nibi 1700 BCح. 1700 BC
Unknown 1683 BCح. 1683 BC
Damqi-ilishu 1677 BCح. 1677 BC
Ishkibal 1641 BCح. 1641 BC
Shushushi 1616 BCح. 1616 BC
Gulkishar 1589 BCح. 1589 BC
Gishen 1580 BCح. 1580 BC
Peshgaldaramesh 1550 BCح. 1550 BC
Ayadaragalama 1545ح. 1545
Akurduana 1517ح. 1517
Melamkurkurra 1491ح. 1491
Ea-gamil 1460 BCح. 1460 BC 1484ح. 1484

الفترة البابلية الوسطى (c. 1595 – c. 626 BC)

المقالة الرئيسية: Middle Babylonian period
أسرة إيسين الثانية (ح. 1153 – ح. 1022 ق.م.)
المقالة الرئيسية: إيسين الثانية
Ruler Reigned
(Short Chronology)		 Reigned
(Middle Chronology)		 Notes
Marduk-kabit-ahheshu 1153ح. 1153
Itti-Marduk-balatu 1135ح. 1135
Ninurta-nadin-shumi 1129ح. 1129
Nebuchadnezzar I 1122ح. 1122
Enlil-nadin-apli 1100ح. 1100
Marduk-nadin-ahhe 1096ح. 1096
Marduk-shapik-zeri 1078ح. 1078
Adad-apla-iddina 1065ح. 1065
Marduk-ahhe-eriba 1041 BCح. 1041 BC
Marduk-zer-X 1041ح. 1041
Nabu-shum-libur 1029ح. 1029

الثقافة والأدب

Cylinder seal of Bur-Suen.

The city lay on the Isinnitum Canal, part of a set of waterways that connected the cities of Mesopotamia. The patron deity of Isin was Nintinuga (Gula) goddess of healing, and a temple to her was built there. The Isin king Enlil-bani reported building a temple to Gula named E-ni-dub-bi, a temple for Sud named E-dim-gal-an-na, a temple E-ur-gi-ra to Ninisina, as well as a temple for the god Ninbgal.[12][14]

Ishbi-Erra continued many of the cultic practices that had flourished in the preceding Ur III period. He continued acting out the sacred marriage ritual each year. During this ritual, the king played the part of the mortal Dumuzi, and he had sex with a priestess who represented the goddess of love and war, Inanna (also known as Ishtar). This was thought to strengthen the king's relationship to the gods, which would then bring stability and prosperity on the entire country.

The Isin kings continued also the practice of appointing their daughters official priestesses of the moon god of Ur.

The literature of the period also continued in the line of the Ur III traditions when the Isin dynasty was first begun. For example, the royal hymn, a genre started in the preceding millennium, was continued. Many royal hymns written for the Isin rulers mirrored the themes, structure, and language of the Ur ones. Sometimes the hymns were written in the first person of a king's voice; other times, they were pleas of ordinary citizens meant for the ears of a king (sometimes an already dead one).

It was during this period that the Sumerian King List attained its final form, though it used many much earlier sources. The very compilation of the List seems to lead up to the Isin Dynasty itself, which would give it much legitimacy in the minds of the people because the dynasty would then be linked to earlier (albeit sometimes legendary) kings.[15]

انظر أيضاً

المراجع

  1. ^ ETCSL. Sumerian King List . Accessed 19 Dec 2010.
  2. ^ Raymond P. Dougherty, An Archæological Survey in Southern Babylonia I, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, no. 23, pp. 15-28, 1926
  3. ^ Excavations in Iraq 1972-73, Iraq, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 192, 1973
  4. ^ Excavations in Iraq 1973-74, Iraq, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 57-58, 1975
  5. ^ Excavations in Iraq 1975, Iraq, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 69-70, 1976
  6. ^ Excavations in Iraq 1977-78, Iraq, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 150, 1979
  7. ^ Excavations in Iraq 1983-84, Iraq, vol. 47, pp. 221, 1985
  8. ^ Excavations in Iraq 1985-86, Iraq, vol. 49, pp. 239-240, 1987
  9. ^ Excavations in Iraq 1987-88, Iraq, vol. 51, pp. 256, 1989
  10. ^ Excavations in Iraq 1989–1990, Iraq, vol. 53, pp. 175-176, 1991
  11. ^ أ ب Vaughn E. Crawford, An Ishbi-Irra Date Formula, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 13-19, 1948
  12. ^ أ ب William W. Hallo, The Last Years of the Kings of ISIN, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 54-72, 1959
  13. ^ de Boer, Rients. "Studies on the Old Babylonian Kings of Isin and Their Dynasties with an Updated List of Isin Year Names" Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie, vol. 111, no. 1, 2021, pp. 5-27.
  14. ^ A. Livingstone, The Isin "Dog House" Revisited, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 54-60, 1988
  15. ^ M. B. Rowton, The Date of the Sumerian King List, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 156-162, 1960

للاستزادة

  • Vaughn Emerson Crawford, Sumerian economic texts from the first dynasty of Isin, Yale University Press, 1954
  • Frayne, D. R, (1998): New light on the reign of Išme-Dagan, ZA 88, 6-44
  • Goetze, A. (1965): Date formula of Iddin-Dagān of Isin, JCS 19, 56
  • Barthel Hrouda, Isan Bahriyat I. D. Ergebnisse d. Ausgrabungen 1973–1974 (Veroffentlichungen der Kommission zur Erschliessung von Keilschrifttexten), In Kommission bei der C.H. Beck, 1977, ISBN 3-7696-0074-6
  • Barthel Hrouda, Isin, Isan Bahriyat II: Die Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen 1975–1978 (Veroffentlichungen der Kommission zur Erschliessung von Keilschrifttexten), In Kommission bei der C.H. Beck, 1981, ISBN 3-7696-0082-7
  • Barthel Hrouda, Isin, Isan Bahriyat III: Die Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen 1983–1984 (Veroffentlichungen der Kommission zur Erschliessung von Keilschrifttexten), In Kommission bei C.H. Beck, 1987, ISBN 3-7696-0089-4
  • Barthel Hrouda, Isin, Isan Bahriyat IV: Die Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen, 1986–1989 (Veroffentlichungen der Kommission zur Erschliessung von Keilschrifttexten), In Kommission bei C.H. Beck, 1992, ISBN 3-7696-0100-9
  • Kaniuth, Kai. "18. Isin in the Kassite Period". Volume 2 Karduniaš. Babylonia under the Kassites 2, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. 492-507
  • M. van de Mieroop, Crafts in the Early Isin Period: A Study of the Isin Craft Archive from the Reigns of Isbi-Erra and Su-Illisu, Peeters Publishers, 1987, ISBN 90-6831-092-5
  • Wilcke, C., Edzard, D. O., Walker, C., Odzuck, S., & Sommerfeld, W. (2018). Keilschrifttexte aus Isin-Išān Baḥrīyāt: Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft unter der Schirmherrschaft der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Bayerische Akademie d. Wissenschaften.


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