النقل في إيران

Major routes and railroads of Iran. Tehran is the hub of Iran's transport and communication system.

إيران لديها نظام طرق طويل ممهد يربط معظم بلداتها وجميع مدنها. في عام 2011، كان لدى الدولة 173,000 kilometres (107,000 mi) من الطرق، تم تمهيد 73% منها.[1] في عام 2008، كان هناك ما يقرب من 100 سيارة ركاب لكل 1000 نسمة.[2]

تعمل القطارات لمسافة 11106 كم (6942 ميل) من مسار السكك الحديدية.[3] ميناء الدخول الرئيسي للبلاد هو بندر عباس على مضيق هرمز. بعد الوصول إلى إيران، يتم توزيع البضائع المستوردة في جميع أنحاء البلاد عن طريق الشاحنات وقطارات الشحن. خط السكة الحديد طهران - بندر عباس، الذي افتتح عام 1995 ، يربط بندر عباس بشبكة السكك الحديدية في آسيا الوسطى عبر طهران و مشهد. تشمل الموانئ الرئيسية الأخرى بندر أنزلي وبندر تركمان على بحر قزوين وخرمشهر وبندر إمام الخميني هلى الخليج العربي.

عشرات المدن بها مطارات تخدم طائرات الركاب والبضائع. تأسست الخطوط الجوية الإيرانية، شركة الطيران الوطنية عام 1962 وتدير الرحلات الداخلية والدولية.

النقل في إيران غير مكلف بسبب دعم الحكومة لسعر البنزين. الجانب السلبي هو سحب كبير على خزائن الحكومة، عدم الكفاءة الاقتصادية بسبب ارتفاع أنماط الاستهلاك المهدرة، خطة تقنين البنزين لعام 2007 في إيران# تهريب الوقود تهريب الوقود مع الدول المجاورة وتلوث الهواء. في عام 2008 ، عمل أكثر من مليون شخص في قطاع النقل، وهو ما يمثل 9% من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي .[4]

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وزارة الطرق والمواصلات

المقالة الرئيسية: Ministry of Roads and Transportation (Iran)

تتولى وزارة الطرق والمواصلات دراسة وتحديد سياسة تسعير النقل. وكذلك إصدار تراخيص تأسيس شركات النقل. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، فإن الوزارة مسؤولة عن تنفيذ سياسات النقل الشاملة والمتكاملة في إيران. اعتبارًا من عام 2016، تشتمل خطط الاستثمار الأجنبي المباشر في قطاع النقل على أكثر من 5،600 كم من الطرق السريعة و 745 كم من الطرق السريعة وما يقرب من 3،000 كم من الطرق الرئيسية.[5] تبلغ قيمة هذه المشاريع وغيرها 25 مليار دولار (لا تشمل مشتريات الطائرات بقيمة 50 مليار دولار أخرى).[5] إيران تقول إنها بحاجة إلى أكثر من 40 مليار دولار لاستكمال 258 مشروع نقل كبير غير مكتمل (2016).[6]


السكة الحديد

Railway system map (2020)
المقالة الرئيسية: Islamic Republic of Iran Railways and Iranian railway industry
  • الإجمالي: 11106 كم[3]

خطة لزيادة الطول الإجمالي للسكك الحديدية من 13500 كم في 2016 إلى 20,000 كم بحلول 2025.[5]

السكك الحديدية المكهربة على بعد 146 كم من تبريز إلى جلفا وتم الانتهاء من مناقصة كهربة طهران - مشهد وفقًا لـكهربة السكك الحديدية في إيران.


ملاحظة: يتم استخدام مسار عريض على الحدود مع أذربيجان جمهورية وتركمانستان التي بها 1٬520 mm (4 ft 11 27⁄32 in) مقياس عريض؛ 41 كم من المقياس القياسي، المسار الكهربائي في خدمة الضواحي في طهران (2007). غالبية النقل في إيران يعتمد على الطرق. تخطط الحكومة لنقل 3.5% من حجم الركاب و 8.5% من حجم الشحن بالسكك الحديدية. كهربة السكك الحديدية في إيران كهربة واسعة النطاق مخطط لها. وفقًا لوزارة البحث والتطوير ، تتوسع شبكة السكك الحديدية بحوالي 500 كم سنويًا.[7]

روابط السكك الحديدية مع الدول المجاورة

في ديسمبر 2014، تم افتتاح خط سكة حديد من إيران إلى تركمانستان وكازاخستان. يمثل افتتاح الخط أول خط سكة حديد مباشر بين إيران وكازاخستان والصين ، وبناءً عليه]] سيكون النقل المباشر للسكك الحديدية بين الصين وأوروبا (مع تجنب روسيا) ممكنًا.[8][9]

أذربيجان - كسر المقياس 1٬435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) / 1٬520 mm (4 ft 11 27⁄32 in) (فقط إلى جمهورية نخجوان الذاتية، مخطط ربطه بأذربيجان المناسبة لبناء ممر روسي - إيراني)

باكستان - كسر المقياس 1٬435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in)/1٬676 mm (5 ft 6 in) -الحلقة المفقودة من بام إلى زاهدان اكتملت عام 2009.

Couplings, brakes and electrification

Rapid transit

المقالة الرئيسية: Rapid transit in Iran, Tehran Metro, Tehran Bus Rapid Transit, Mashhad Urban Railway, Isfahan Metro, and Shiraz Metro
Veresk Bridge

Tehran Metro

The Tehran Metro is a rapid transit system in Tehran carrying 5 million passengers a day and consisting of seven lines that run a total of 200 kilometres (~120 mi) with two further lines under construction.[12] The metro will have a final length of 430 kilometres (270 mi) once all nine lines are constructed by 2028. Metro services run from 5:30 to 23:00 throughout the city and the ticket price is 3,000-8,000 IRR ($0.10-$0.30 USD) and is based on distance of the trip.

Tehran Metro

Tehran Bus Rapid Transit

The Tehran Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) is a rapid transit system serving Tehran which was officially inaugurated in 2008. The BRT has a network of over 150 kilometres, transporting 1.8 million passengers on a daily basis.[13] The BRT has a total of ten lines with a further expansion planned to bring the total length to 300 kilometres. The price of Tehran's BRT is somewhere between 4,000IRR to 9,500IRR ($0.15 to $0.35 USD).

Mashhad Urban Railway

The Mashhad Urban Railway is urban rail line in Mashhad, construction on line one began in 1999 and was opened on 24 April 2011. Line two has also been opened recently and finished construction. Furthermore, four other lines are either being constructed or are planned to be. Mashhad Urban Railway operates its single line from 6:30 to 21:30 daily. It has a daily ridership of 130 000 passengers and has a total length of 24 kilometres (14.9 mi).


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Isfahan Metro

The Isfahan Metro construction of line one commenced in 2001 and was finally opened to the public on 15 October 2015. Line one has a total length of 11 kilometres. The city is planning a second East to West line to serve the city.

Shiraz Metro

The Shiraz Metro is a rapid transit system in Shiraz. Line one was officially inaugurated on 11 October 2014 after being in construction since 2011; the single line has a length of 10.5 kilometres (6.5 mi) and stops at six stations. Line 2 is currently under construction and has a length of 15 kilometres (9.3 mi). The metro currently has a daily ridership of 500 000 passengers with 27 trains in operation.

Tabriz Metro

The Tabriz Metro is a metro system serving the city of Tabriz. The first line was opened on 28 August 2015 with a 7-kilometre length and six stations. There is also a regional commuter line planned to the city of Sahand. Line one runs Northwest from El Goli Station to Ostad Shahriar Station.

Total Length

The total route length of the various Metros is 253 km.

Roadways and automobiles

انظر أيضاً: List of highways in Iran, Iranian automobile industry, and Environmental issues in Iran
  • Total: 172,927 km (2006)[14]
  • Paved: 125,908 km (includes 1,429 km of expressways)
  • Unpaved: 47,019 km

Note: There were more than 11 million vehicles in Iran by 2010 mostly manufactured or assembled locally.[2] As of 2015, 34,000 km of roads provided essential corridors of transportation, while 45,000 km of major roads and 100,000 km of roads connecting villages and rural areas have seen no maintenance and upkeep practices (worth a total of $57 billion).[15] As of 2020, cycling hold less than 1% share of urban transport in Iran.[16]

Road accidents

انظر أيضاً: International rankings of Iran in transport, Drunk driving in Iran, and Traffic police of Iran

Iran ranks 23d worldwide in traffic deaths per 100,000 population per year, with a rate of 24.3, half the rate of the worst country, Eritrea. Iran ranks first worldwide in terms of having the largest number of road accidents with 38,000 deaths and injuries per year. Other sources place the total number of fatalities at 100,000 over the past 6 years or 20,000 per year on average (2008).[4][17]

Transport officials say 46.8 percent of car accidents take place in cities, 21.5 percent outside, 19.5 percent on rural routes, 4.2 percent on urban highways and 4.2 percent on suburban highways.[18] Pedestrians account for 45% of traffic deaths in Tehran.[19]

The high death tolls in car accidents are blamed on high speed, unsafe vehicles, widespread disregard of traffic laws and inadequate emergency services.[20]

Motorcycles account for 50 percent of sound pollution in Tehran and 40-45 percent of accidents.[21]

Waterways

انظر أيضاً: Geography of Iran

There are no major rivers in Iran. Just Karun is navigable which "shallow-draft boats can negotiate from Khorramshahr to Ahvaz, a distance of about 180 km (110 mi)".[22] The Shatt al-Arab is usually navigable by maritime traffic for about 130 km; channel has been dredged to 3 m and is in use.

Pipelines

انظر أيضاً: Ministry of Petroleum of Iran and Petroleum industry in Iran
Iran Gas Trunkline.
  • Condensate 7 km; condensate/gas 12 km; gas 19,246 km; liquid petroleum gas 570 km; oil 7,018 km; refined products 7,936 km (2008)[14]
  • Iran is currently undergoing negotiations with neighboring Pakistan for the construction of an oil and gas pipeline to that country to help integrate their respective economies and solve the energy shortage being faced by Pakistan.

Ports and harbours

انظر أيضاً: Iran Shipping Lines and Foreign direct investment in Iran § Free trade zones and special economic zones
As at 2015, the Kharg oil terminal is handling about 90% of Iran's crude exports.
India-Iran-Afghanistan transport corridor map

The capacity of container loading and unloading in the country's ports is currently at 4.4 million which will increase to 7 million by the end of 2015. Port capacity will increase to 200 million tons in 2015 from 150 million tons in 2010.[23]

All Iranian ports are supervised by the 'PMO', i.e. the 'Port & Maritime Organization', which is part of the Ministry of Roads and Urban Development.[24]

Bandar Abbas, with capacity of 2.5 million TEU in 2010 and 3.3 million TEU in 2016, is in southern-central Iran and handles 90% of the country's container throughput. Bandar Abbas is run by the Shaheed Rajaee Port Authority.[25][5]

Chabahar Port, the southernmost Iranian port, on the Gulf of Oman, a couple dozen kilometers from the Iran - Pakistan border, is being recently expanded and developed partly with Indian public funding, and in connection with the INSTC North-South overland transportation corridor linking Iran with Afghanistan, the Caucasus countries, Turkey and Russia.,,[26][27][28]

    • Major Export Terminals (loading capacity): Kharg Island 5,000,000 bbl/d (790,000 m3/d), Lavan Island 200,000 bbl/d (32,000 m3/d), Neka (Caspian sea) 50,000 bbl/d (7,900 m3/d), Assaluyeh 250,000 bbl/d (40,000 m3/d) gas liquids, Kish Island, Abadan, Bandar-e Eman Khomeyni) and Bandar Mahshahr (latter 2 close-by ports are used mostly by NPC for petrochemicals export).[29]
      • Major Oil/Gas Ports:[29]
        • Kharg Island: is the largest and main export terminal in Iran. Roughly 90% of Iran's exports are sent via Kharg. Kharg's loading system has a capacity of 5.0 million bbl/d. The terminal processes all onshore production (the Iranian Heavy and Iranian Light Blends) and offshore production from the Froozan field (the Froozan Blend). The Kharg terminal includes the main T-jetty, the Sea Island that is located on the west side of Kharg, and the Dariush terminal to the south. Kharg Island relies on storage to ensure even operations, and its current storage capacity is expected to increase to 28 million barrels of oil in 2014.[30]
        • Lavan Island, mostly handles exports of the Lavan Blend sourced from offshore fields. Lavan is Iran's highest-quality export grade and one of Iran's smallest streams. Lavan's production averaged less than 100,000 bbl/d in 2013, but the Lavan facilities have the capacity to process 200,000 bbl/d of crude oil. Lavan has a two-berth jetty, which can accommodate vessels up to 250,000 deadweight tons. Lavan's storage capacity is 5.5 million barrels.[30]
        • Sirri Island: serves as a loading port for the Sirri Blend that is produced in the offshore fields of the same name. The Sirri terminal includes a loading platform equipped with four loading arms that can load tankers from 80,000 to 330,000 deadweight tons. Its storage capacity is 4.5 million barrels.[30]
        • Ras Bahregan.[30]


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Merchant marine

انظر أيضاً: Iran Shipping Lines, National Iranian Tanker Company, and Naval industry in Iran
The International Maritime Organization has 140 member states with Iran ranking among the top 20
  • Total: 76 (2013)[31]
  • By type: bulk carrier 8, cargo 51, chemical tanker 3, container 4, liquefied gas 1, passenger/cargo 3, petroleum tanker 2, refrigerated cargo 2, roll on/roll off 2
  • Foreign-owned: 2 (UAE 2)
  • Registered in other countries: 71 (Barbados 5, Cyprus 10, Hong Kong 3, Malta 48, Panama 5) (2010)[31]
  • Shipping freight (important for liquid natural gas (LNG) exports) will grow by an average of 5.3 percent a year in the 2009–2013.[32]

Over the next two decades, Iran would need 500 new ships, including 120 oil tankers, 40 liquefied natural gas (LNG) carriers and over 300 commercial vessels.[33]

Airports and airlines

المقالة الرئيسية: List of airports in Iran and Airlines of Iran
Airports in Iran.
Iran Air Boeing 747SP at Narita International Airport

Iran handles about 50 million passengers annually (2016).[5] Iran's airports are improving their international connections, and Arak Airport in Markazi province has recently begun to operate international flights, making a total of five such airports in the country, in addition to ten local airports.[34] In May 2007 international flights into the capital, Tehran, were moved to the Imam Khomeini International Airport (IKIA), just outside the city because of capacity constraints at the existing central Mehrabad Airport.

  • Airports: 319 (2013)[31]
  • There are 54 "major" airports in Iran (2008): 8 international, 21 air border, and 25 domestic.[35]
  • Number of flights from airports nationwide reached 31,088 in a month (October 20 – November 20, 2008): 10,510 domestic, 4,229 international and 15,404 transit.[36]
  • Airport capacity for departures and arrivals: 73 million persons (2011)[37]
  • Number of passengers departing and arriving at airports: 40.1 million persons (2011)[37]
  • Share of non-public sector in domestic flights: 60% (2011)[37]
  • Share of non-public sector in international flights: 58.7% (2011)[37]

National airline:

  • Iran Air handles 6 million passengers annually (2016)[5]

Airports – with paved runways

Imam Khomeini International Airport

Total: 140 (2013)[31]

over 3,047 m: 42
2,438 to 3,047 m: 29
1,524 to 2,437 m: 26
914 to 1,523 m: 36
under 914 m: 7 (2013)

Airports – with unpaved runways

Total: 179 (2013)[31]

over 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 135
under 914 m: 32 (2013)

Heliports

Total: 26 (2013)[31]

طريقان دوليان للبضائع

في يوليو 2022، قالت وكالة "أورينت" التركمانية إنّ أحد الطريقين الدوليين المقترحين من قبل تركمانستان لنقل البضائع في إطار الدول الأعضاء في منظمة التعاون الاقتصادي يمرّ عبر قيرغيزستان، وأوزباكستان، وتركمانستان وإيران، بينما يمرّ الطريق الآخر عبر طاجيكستان، وأوزباكستان، وتركمانستان، وإيران وتركيا.

وعُقد في عشق آباد يوم الاثنين 18 تموز/ يوليو مؤتمر عبور البضائع، وحضره ممثلو دول المنطقة. كما تحدثت وكالة “أورينت” في تقرير آخر عن اتفاق بين تركمانستان، إيران وسلطنة عمان على مرور تجريبي للبضائع هذا الأسبوع. وكانت هذه الدول الثلاث قد وقعت عام 2016 مذكرة تفاهم لإنشاء ممر لعبور البضائع.

وبحسب ممثل بنك التنمية الآسيوي في تركمانستان أرتور أندريسياك، فإنّ الغرض من مؤتمر عشق أباد هو تعريف دول المنطقة بخطط تحديث السكك الحديدية في تركمانستان، بمساعدة مالية من هذا البنك.

وكان بنك التنمية الآسيوي قد وفّر سابقاً إمكانية الربط المباشر لخط السكك الحديدية التركمانية من إيران إلى كازاخستان، ومن هناك إلى روسيا، من خلال تجديد جزء من مشاريع السكك الحديدية في تركمانستان، والتي بدأت في عام 2011. ونتيجة لذلك، تضاعف حجم عبور البضائع الأجنبية في هذا البلد، حيث وصل إلى أكثر من سبعة ملايين طن سنوياً.

وعلى مدى العقدين الماضيين، لم تتمكن إيران من تفعيل الممر بين الشمال والجنوب الذي يربط روسيا بالمیاه الخلیجیة، وكذلك الممر بين الشرق والغرب، وهو جزء من مشروع الصين الضخم المسمّى "مبادرة الحزام والطريق".[38]

Transit statistics

انظر أيضاً: Customs, tariffs and smuggling in Iran
Iran's non-oil foreign trade (2011).

People

انظر أيضاً: Tourism in Iran and Human trafficking in Iran
  • In 2011, some 27 million travelers and businessmen passed custom departments.[39]
  • Over five million passengers have been transported via border points mainly Mehran and Bazargan.
  • In 2002, about 70% of visitors arrived by land, about 29% by air and less than 1% by sea[34]

Commodities

انظر أيضاً: Economy of Iran § International trade
  • In 2011, cargoss and commodities from 100 countries have been transported across Iran. Over 10.5 million tons of oil products and non-oil commodities were transited via land (91% via road and 9% via railroad) and marine borders.[39]
  • In 2010, 10 million tons of commodities from 110 countries, worth $31.5 billion, transited through Iran for 82 destinations.[بحاجة لمصدر]
  • In 2009, the value of goods transited was about $25 billion. This figure constitutes seven percent of the GDP.[40]
  • From March 22, 2009 until September 22, 2009 over 3 million tons of goods worth some $11.3 billion were transited through Iran. Regarding the countries of origin, China was first in terms of volume, Turkmenistan ranked second, Uzbekistan came third, Turkey fourth and UAE fifth. Among the destinations, Afghanistan was first, Iraq second, Azerbaijan third, UAE fourth and Turkmenistan ranked fifth.[41]
  • Some 33 million tons of goods and 29 million passengers are transported annually by the rail transportation network, accounting for 9 percent and 11 percent of the whole transportations in the country (2011).[42]
  • Per capita parcel post for each Iranian stands at 15 per annum (2008).[43]
  • One million tons of commodities, fuel and barter have been transited abroad per month (2008).[44]
    • Fuel is transported in Iran by road tankers, tank wagons, tanker ships as well as through pipelines. Nearly 10,000 tankers from 400 private sector companies transport fuel by road. In 2013, nearly 87 billion liters of fuel were transported by Iranian tankers. Iran's tank wagons and ships transported 3 billion liters and 8 billion liters of fuel, respectively.[45]
    • 3.498 million tons of non-oil commodities were transited abroad via Iran during March 20-November 20, 2008 (79% of the commodities were transited by road).[46]

Mode of transport

  • More than 90 percent of the country's imports and exports, particularly in the fisheries and oil sectors, are undertaken through the sea (2009).[47]
  • In 2008, 84% of the transited goods through Iran were transported through roads while the rest was transported via railroad.[48]

Port of entry

انظر أيضاً: Geography of Iran
  • In 2011, Bandar Abbas was the country's most active border in terms of transit (37 percent), followed by Parvizkhan (17 percent), Bazargan (9 percent) and Bashmaq (7 percent).[39]
  • In 2008, some 24 border crossings except Kileh in Sardasht (West Azarbaijan) and Yazdan in Southern Khorasan were active nationwide. Bandar Abbas, contributing 40.8% of transit operations, was considered the most dynamic in terms of transiting cargo. It was followed by Bazargan (16.6 percent), Sarakhs (14.1 percent), Bandar Anzali (9.2 percent) and Pileh-Savar (3.9 percent).[2]

Economics

انظر أيضاً: Economy of Iran
  • Every ton of transit cargo earns $150 for the country and creates 40 jobs.[2] Iran will earn a revenue of US$12 billion when the volume of goods transported through the country reaches 40 million tons annually.[بحاجة لمصدر]

TRACECA

انظر أيضاً: North-South Transport Corridor and Persian Royal Road & Silk Road

In September 2009, Iran formally joined the Transport Corridor Europe – Caucasus – Asia (TRACECA) programme, also known as the "new Silk Road." TRACECA was founded in 1998 with the aim of promoting economic relations, trade and transport communications between Europe, the Caucasus and Asia. This programme consists of the EU and 14 member states (including Iran) from Eastern Europe and the Caucasus. Iran's strategic location means that it is a key transport corridor between Europe and Central Asia.

In August 2010, Iran declared that it "did not sign on to TRACECA project" and said it has been fostering improved transport links through a series of bilateral agreements with neighboring states instead.[بحاجة لمصدر] According to Iran's first Vice-President Mohammad-Reza Rahimi "If all the potential of the country's transit sector is tapped, it can bring in as much revenues as [the] oil [industry]". He also announced that Iran will join China and Europe by rail in the near future.[بحاجة لمصدر]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-03-14. Retrieved 2014-03-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  2. ^ أ ب ت ث iran-daily.com https://web.archive.org/web/20090618004626/http://iran-daily.com/1386/2865/html/economy.htm. Archived from the original on June 18, 2009. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  3. ^ أ ب "Islamic Republic Of Iran Railroads :: راه آهن جمهوري اسلامي ايران". Rai.ir. Archived from the original on 2012-08-15. Retrieved 2012-02-09.
  4. ^ أ ب www.iran-daily.com https://web.archive.org/web/20090603054002/http://www.iran-daily.com/1387/3298/html/economy.htm. Archived from the original on June 3, 2009. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  5. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح "Royal roads". The Business Year. Archived from the original on 4 July 2018. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
  6. ^ "$40b Needed to Complete Transportation Projects in Iran". 21 December 2016. Archived from the original on 11 November 2017. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
  7. ^ "Ministry of R&T". Archived from the original on 2002-03-11.
  8. ^ Kazakh TV (3 December 2014). "Opening of railway corridor 'Kazakhstan-Turkmenistan-Iran'". Archived from the original on 14 August 2019. Retrieved 1 June 2018 – via YouTube.
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External links

Key Organizations
Statistics
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