طاونغ

Coordinates: 27°35′18″N 91°51′55″E / 27.58833°N 91.86528°E / 27.58833; 91.86528
(تم التحويل من Tawang)
هذا المقال هو عن the municipality in India. إذا كنت تريد its namesake district، انظر Tawang district.
طاونگ
Tawang
Town
A view of Tawang Monastery in the Tawang town, Arunachal Pradesh, India
A view of Tawang Monastery in the Tawang town, Arunachal Pradesh, India
طاونگ is located in أروناچل پرادش
طاونگ
طاونگ
Location in Arunachal Pradesh, India
طاونگ is located in الهند
طاونگ
طاونگ
طاونگ (الهند)
الإحداثيات: 27°35′18″N 91°51′55″E / 27.58833°N 91.86528°E / 27.58833; 91.86528
البلد الهند
الولايةأروناتشل پرادش
الضلعضلع طاونغ
الحكومة
 • النوعMunicipal Council
 • الكيانTawang Municipal Council (AR)
المنسوب
3٬048 m (10٬000 ft)
التعداد
 (2011)
 • الإجمالي11٬202
منطقة التوقيتUTC+5:30 (IST)
لوحة السيارةAR-03
الموقع الإلكترونيtawang.nic.in

Tawang is a town and administrative headquarter of Tawang district in the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh.[1][2] It lies on NH-13 section of Trans-Arunachal Highway. The town was once the capital of the Tawang Tract, which is now divided into the Tawang district and the West Kameng district. Tawang continues as the headquarters of the former. Tawang is the number one tourist destination of Arunachal Pradesh.

India occupied Tawang in 1951 and removed Tibetan administration from the area.[3][4] China continues to claim Tawang as its region.[3] It is situated 448 km north-west of state capital Itanagar at an elevation of approximately 3,048 metres (10,000 ft). It lies to the north of the Tawang Chu river valley, roughly 10 miles (16 km) south of the Line of Actual Control with China. It is the site of a famous Gelugpa Buddhist Monastery.

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History

The Monyul region covering Eastern Bhutan and the Tawang tract (Survey of India, 1936)
Birthplace of 6th Dalai Lama, Ugyenling Monastery, near Tawang[5]

Tawang is inhabited by the Monpa people. The Tawang Monastery was founded by the Merak Lama Lodre Gyatso in 1681 in accordance with the wishes of the 5th Dalai Lama, Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso, and has a legend surrounding its name. Ta means "horse" and wang means "chosen". So, the word Tawang means "chosen by horse". As per a legend, the Monastery is believed to have been chosen by a Horse Owned by Mera Lama Lodre Gyatso.[6] The sixth Dalai Lama, Tsangyang Gyatso, was born in Tawang.

Tawang was historically under the control of Tibet. During the 1914 Simla Conference, Tibet and British India signed an agreement delineating their common boundary in the Assam Himalaya region, which came to be known as the McMahon Line. By this agreement, Tibet relinquished several hundred square miles of its territory, including Tawang, to the British. The agreement was not recognized by China.[7] According to Tsering Shakya, the British records show that the Tibetans regarded the border agreed in 1914 as being conditional upon China accepting the Simla Convention. Since the British were unable to get China's acceptance, the Tibetans regarded the MacMahon line "invalid".[7][الحيادية محل نزاع]

The British did not implement the McMahon Line for over two decades, during which Tawang continued to be administered by Tibet. When the British botanist Frank Kingdon-Ward crossed the Sela Pass and entered Tawang in 1935 without permission from Tibet, he was briefly arrested. The Tibetan government lodged a formal complaint against Britain.[8] This drew the attention of the British, who re-examined the Indo-Tibetan border, and attempted to revive the McMahon Line.[8] In November, the British government demanded that Tibet implement the border agreement. This met with resistance from the Tibetan government which implied that China's acceptance of the Simla Convention was a prerequisite to all such concerns.[9] Tibet refused to surrender Tawang, partly because of the importance attached to the Tawang Monastery.[بحاجة لمصدر] In 1938 the British made a move to assert sovereignty over Tawang by sending a small military column under Capt. G.S. Lightfoot to Tawang.[10] The invasion was met with strong resistance from the Tibetan government, a serious protest was lodged against the British Indian government.[بحاجة لمصدر]

After the outbreak of the war between China and Japan in 1941, the government of Assam undertook a number of 'forward policy' measures to tighten their hold on the North East Frontier Agency (NEFA) area, which later became Arunachal Pradesh. In 1944 administrative control was extended over the area of the Tawang tract lying south of the Sela Pass when J.P. Mills set up an Assam Rifles post at Dirang Dzong and sent the Tibetan tax-collectors packing. Tibetan protests were brushed aside. However, no steps were taken to evict Tibet from the area north of the pass which contained Tawang town.[11]

The situation continued after India's independence from Britain but underwent a decisive change in 1950 when Tibet lost its autonomy and was annexed into the newly established People's Republic of China. In February 1951, India sent an official with a small escort and several hundred porters to Tawang and took control of the remainder of the Tawang tract from the Tibetans, removing the Tibetan administration.[12][أ] The Indian efforts were warmly welcomed by the native population as a respite from an oppressive feudal regime. During the Sino-Indian war of 1962, Tawang was briefly under Chinese control, but China voluntarily withdrew its troops at the end of the war, and Tawang returned to Indian administration. But China has not relinquished its claims on most of Arunachal Pradesh including Tawang.[14]


Geography

Tawang district

Tawang town is located approximately 555 kilometres (345 mi) from Guwahati and 320 kilometres (200 mi) from Tezpur. Tawang has an average elevation of 2,669 metres (8,757 ft). Tawang, north of Sela Pass/Tunnel, is in the basin of Tawang Chu.

Climate

The climate is cold in Tawang. In winter, there is much less rainfall in Tawang than in summer. According to Köppen and Geiger, this climate is classified as warm-summer humid continental climate (Dwb). The average temperature in Tawang is 5.5 °C. The average annual rainfall is 3,080 millimetres (121 in).[15]

Climate data for Tawang
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 3.6
(38.5) 		4.2
(39.6) 		6.0
(42.8) 		9.9
(49.8) 		13.1
(55.6) 		15.3
(59.5) 		15.5
(59.9) 		15.7
(60.3) 		14.7
(58.5) 		11.9
(53.4) 		8.2
(46.8) 		5.3
(41.5) 		10.3
(50.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) −2.4
(27.7) 		−1.0
(30.2) 		1.6
(34.9) 		4.8
(40.6) 		8.0
(46.4) 		11.2
(52.2) 		12.1
(53.8) 		11.9
(53.4) 		10.5
(50.9) 		6.7
(44.1) 		2.8
(37.0) 		−0.2
(31.6) 		5.5
(41.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −8.8
(16.2) 		−7.0
(19.4) 		−3.4
(25.9) 		−0.3
(31.5) 		3.0
(37.4) 		7.3
(45.1) 		9.3
(48.7) 		8.9
(48.0) 		6.6
(43.9) 		1.9
(35.4) 		−2.0
(28.4) 		−5.4
(22.3) 		0.8
(33.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 56
(2.2) 		102
(4.0) 		195
(7.7) 		249
(9.8) 		331
(13.0) 		526
(20.7) 		643
(25.3) 		466
(18.3) 		305
(12.0) 		121
(4.8) 		45
(1.8) 		41
(1.6) 		3٬080
(121.3)
Source: [15]

Demographics

As of the 2011 census, Tawang had a population of 11,202.[16]

Tawang Monastery

The 8m tall statue of the Shakyamuni Buddha in the Tawang Monastery

Tawang Monastery was founded by the Mera Lama Lodre Gyatso in accordance to the wishes of the 5th Dalai Lama, Nagwang Lobsang Gyatso. It belongs to the Gelugpa sect and is the largest Buddhist monastery in India. The name Tawang (التبتية: རྟ་དབང་, وايلي: Rta-dbang) means "horse chosen".[17] It is said to be the biggest Buddhist monastery in the world outside of Lhasa, Tibet.[18] It is a major holy site for Tibetan Buddhists as it was the birthplace of the sixth Dalai Lama.[19]

When the 14th Dalai Lama fled from Tibet to escape from the Chinese army, he crossed into India on 30 March 1959 and spent some days at the Tawang Monastery before reaching Tezpur in Assam on 18 April.[20] In 2007, the Dalai Lama acknowledged that both the Tibetan government and Britain recognized the McMahon Line in 1914.[19][21] He visited Tawang on 8 November 2009. About 30,000 people, including those from neighbouring Nepal and Bhutan, attended his religious discourse.[22]

Transportation

Airport

Tawang Air Force Station has an already functional heliport .The Indian Airforce (IAF) has offered the upgraded ALG in Tawang for the operation of civil helicopter and flights for the tourism and UDAN scheme.[23]

The nearest functional civil airports with scheduled flights are the Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport at Guwahati and Salonibari Airport at Tezpur located at a distance of 450 and 325 kilometers, respectively.[24]

Railway

انظر أيضاً: Geostrategic rail lines of India

The nearest existing railway station is at Naharlagun, which is connected to major cities. A broad-gauge railway line connecting Missamari in Assam with Tawang has been proposed and a survey for the line was sanctioned in 2011.[بحاجة لمصدر]

The proposed 166 km long Bhalukpong–Tawang railway link from the existing Bhalukpong railway station to Tawang in Arunachal Pradesh being undertaken as the national project will boost tourism and enhance the national security with faster movement of troops, it will pass through elevations of over 10,000 feet, 80% of the tracks will be through tunnels and the longest tunnel will be 29.48 km long.[25] This link will reduce the existing 285 km Bhalukpong-Tawang road distance by 119 km, and shorten the road distance. As well as the railway, a 2 lane road highway will also be developed along the rail line.[26] Once completed, further extension plans include a 100 km long western spur to Yongphulla Airport (upgraded by India and jointly used by the Indian Army and Bhutan Army)[27] in eastern Bhutan via Yabab in India and Trashigang in Bhutan.

Road

انظر أيضاً: India–China Border Roads

Located on the northernmost end of NH 13 of Trans-Arunachal Highway network, Tawang is 447.5 kilometres (278.1 mi) from state capital Itanagar and is connected with buses run by APSRTC and private services.

Border Roads Organisation (BRO) was tasked in July 2020 to build the strategic road from Lumla west of Tawang in India Trashigang in Bhutan through Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary which will reduce Guwahati to Tawang by 150 km and enable rapid deployment of troops in eastern Bhutan and in Tawang sector of India–China–Bhutan border.[28] This will be an upgrade of the existing Malo Road along Manas River (Dangme Chu River in Bhutanse) to National Highway standards, of this 40 km new winding road the 11 km Khitshang Road–Manlo Road stretch from Duksum on Trashiyangtse–Tashigang Road to Bhutan-India border in the east as well Lumla in India to Bhutan-India border already exists, only 10 km of new road needs to be constructed and the rest will be an upgrade of the existing roads. There are proposals to build more roads to connect eastern Bhutan with western Tawang such as Trashigang–Namshu Road, the Chorten Kora–Zemithang Road, road upgrade in Bhutan to Singye Dzong on Bhutan-China border, and an advance landing ground airstrip near Singye Dzong area along with more helipads in this area.

Sela Tunnel through Sela Pass is an under-construction road tunnel project to ensure all-weather connectivity between Guwahati in Assam and Tawang in Arunachal Pradesh state of India. The tunnel gets its name from 4170 m (13,700 ft) Sela Pass which this tunnel will cut across and reduce the distance between Dirang and Tawang by 10 km. The Government of India announced the funding for construction of all weather transport tunnel in 2018-19 budget.[29] Construction started in Jan/Feb 2019 and ends by December 2022.[30][31] The tunnel which is being constructed by the Border Roads Organisation (BRO) will cut the travel time from the Indian Army's IV Corps headquarter at Tezpur to Tawang by at least 10 km or 1 hour, and it will also help make the NH13 an all-weather road to access Tawang which usually gets disconnected during winter.[30] Pass itself is located at 13,700 feet,[30] but the tunnel will pass through at the height of 10,000 feet. BRO is also improving the road from Sangestar Tso (north of Tawang) to Bum La Pass on India–China Line of Actual Control (disputed parts of McMahon Line).[30] The tenders for construction were floated in 2018, and Prime Minister Narendra Modi laid the foundation stone in Feb 2019 to commence the construction.


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Tourism

Sheets of paper left to dry on individual moulds on the mountain slope near Tawang, Arunachal Pradesh, 1914.

Tawang receives snowfall every year during December–January.[32] There is also a ski lift in town. Tawang is the most famous tourist destination in Arunachal Pradesh. Visitors to Tawang, as is the case with the entire Arunachal Pradesh, require special Inner Line Permit (ILP) issued by the concerned government body and can be obtained from offices based in Kolkata, Guwahati, Tezpur, and New Delhi. Most of the travel from the plains is on a steep hill road journey, crossing Sela Pass at 4,176 metres (13,701 ft). Tourists can travel to Tawang from Tezpur, Assam by road and Tezpur has direct flights from Kolkata. In Oct 2014, a biweekly helicopter service from Guwahati was started by the Arunachal Pradesh government.

Other notable and worth visiting places include: Sela Pass, Bumla, Lumla, Shonga-tser (Madhuri) Lake, PTSO Lake, Zemithang.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The official was Ralengnao Khathing of Manipur, the Assistant Political Officer of the Sela subagency (now West Kameng district). He was accompanied by two platoons of Assam Rifles.[13]

References

  1. ^ Praveen Swami (6 April 2017). "Behind Tawang row, two nations enslaved by history". The Indian Express.
  2. ^ J Michael Cole (27 November 2012). "China's New Passport Sparks Controversy". The Diplomat.
  3. ^ أ ب Wang, Z. (2022). Sino-British Negotiations and the Search for a Post-War Settlement, 1942–1949: Treaties, Hong Kong, and Tibet. Transformations of Modern China. De Gruyter. p. 221. ISBN 978-3-11-070665-9.
  4. ^ Bajpai, K.; Ho, S.; Miller, M.C. (2020). Routledge Handbook of China–India Relations. Taylor & Francis. p. 130. ISBN 978-1-351-00154-0.
  5. ^ "Ugyenling Monastery: Birth Place of the 6th Dalai Lama". Be On The Road. 10 June 2012. Archived from the original on 28 December 2016. Retrieved 2017-04-22.
  6. ^ "Census | Tawang District, Government of Arunachal Pradesh | India" (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 2022-06-13.
  7. ^ أ ب Shakya 1999, p. 279.
  8. ^ أ ب Goldstein 1991, pp. 301–302.
  9. ^ Goldstein 1991, p. 302.
  10. ^ Goldstein 1991, pp. 299–307.
  11. ^ Maxwell 1972, pp. 50–51
  12. ^ Maxwell 1972, p. 66
  13. ^ Manipur remembers man who won Tawang, The Times of India, 13 January 2014.
  14. ^ Maxwell 1972, pp. 384–502.
  15. ^ أ ب "Tawang climate". climate-data.org. Retrieved 2023-07-11.
  16. ^ "Arunachal Pradesh" (PDF). Census of India 2011. Directorate of Census Operations.
  17. ^ "Tawang District: The Land of Monpas". Archived from the original on 10 April 2009.
  18. ^ "Young Buddhist monks lead insular lives in India". Buddhist Channel.
  19. ^ أ ب "Tawang is part of India: Dalai Lama". The Times of India. 4 June 2008. Archived from the original on 24 October 2012.
  20. ^ Richardson 1984.
  21. ^ Jaideep Mazumdar, Loyalty and Its Symbols, OPEN Magazine, 12 November 2009.
  22. ^ Thousands flock to see Dalai Lama in Indian state
  23. ^ "AGL open for civil flights". UNI India. 19 Nov 2018.
  24. ^ "Tawang AFS, Air Force Station Tawang". www.indiamapped.com. Retrieved 18 April 2018.
  25. ^ Nag, Devanjana (3 July 2018). "New Indian Railways line close to China: This railway link to Tawang is coming up at a height of 10,000 feet!". The Financial Express. Retrieved 2020-04-21.
  26. ^ New Indian Railways line close to China: This railway link to Tawang is coming up at a height of 10,000 feet!, Financial Express, 2 July 2018.
  27. ^ "Dantak". Border Roads Organisation. Government of India. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 1 November 2011.
  28. ^ India proposes to build road in Bhutan’s ‘Yeti territory’ which China claimed recently, Economic Times, Jul 15, 2020.
  29. ^ "Sela pass tunnel". Economic Times. 1 Feb 2018.
  30. ^ أ ب ت ث "Sela tunnel construction to start soon". Business Standard. 21 Nov 2018.
  31. ^ "Arunachal's Sela tunnel project to be completed by year-end". Hindustan Times (in الإنجليزية). 2022-05-15. Retrieved 2022-08-24.
  32. ^ "Tourists overjoyed as Tawang receives Seasons's 1st Snowfall". Biharprabha News. Retrieved 14 December 2013.

Bibliography

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