نفق سـِيْ‌كان

Coordinates: 41°18′57″N 140°20′06″E / 41.3157°N 140.3351°E / 41.3157; 140.3351
(تم التحويل من Seikan Tunnel)
Seikan Tunnel
Map of the Seikan Tunnel
نظرة عامة
المكان Beneath the Tsugaru Strait
الاحداثيات 41°18′57″N 140°20′06″E / 41.3157°N 140.3351°E / 41.3157; 140.3351
الحالة Active
بدء هونشو
انتهى هوكايدو
Operation
المالك Japan Railway Construction, Transport and Technology Agency
المشغل JR Hokkaido
Character ركاب وبضائع
التقنية
طول الشاحنة 53.85 كم
  • 23.3 كم تحت البحر
رقم الشاحنات Double track rail tunnel
القياس Dual gauge
Electrified 25 kV AC, 50 Hz
سرعة التشغيل 160 كم/س
  • 210 km/h (130 mph) for a few days in 2020 and 2021[1]
  • 250 km/h (155 mph) geometrically allowed

نفق سـِيْ‌كان ( Seikan Tunnel ؛ يابانية: 青函トンネル, Seikan Tonneru or 青函隧道, Seikan Zuidō) is a 53.85 km (33.46 mi) dual-gauge railway tunnel in Japan, with a 23.3 km (14.5 mi) portion under the seabed of the Tsugaru Strait, which separates Aomori Prefecture on the main Japanese island of Honshu from the northern island of Hokkaido. The track level is about 100 m (330 ft) below the seabed and 240 m (790 ft) below sea level.[2] The tunnel is part of the standard-gauge Hokkaido Shinkansen and the narrow-gauge Kaikyō Line of the Hokkaido Railway Company (JR Hokkaido)'s Tsugaru-Kaikyō Line. The name Seikan comes from combining the on'yomi readings of the first characters of Aomori (青森), the nearest major city on the Honshu side of the strait, and Hakodate (函館), the nearest major city on the Hokkaido side.

The Seikan Tunnel is the world's longest undersea tunnel by overall length (the Channel Tunnel, while shorter, has a longer undersea segment).[3] It is also the second-deepest transport tunnel below the sea level after the Ryfylke Tunnel, a road tunnel in Norway which opened in 2019, and the second longest main-line railway tunnel after the Gotthard Base Tunnel in Switzerland, opened in 2016.[4][5][6]

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التاريخ

Location of the Tsugaru Strait in Japan
1988 Seikan Tunnel 500 yen coin
Train approaching Tappi-Kaitei Station, in July 2008

Connecting the islands Honshu and Hokkaido by a fixed link had been considered since the Taishō period (1912–25), but serious surveying commenced only in 1946, induced by the loss of overseas territory at the end of World War II and the need to accommodate returnees. In 1954, five ferries, including the Tōya Maru, sank in the Tsugaru Strait during a typhoon, killing 1,430 passengers. The following year, Japanese National Railways (JNR) expedited the tunnel feasibility study.[7] Also of concern was the increasing traffic between the two islands. A booming economy saw traffic levels on the JNR-operated Seikan Ferry double to 4,040,000 passengers/year from 1955 to 1965, and cargo levels rose 1.7 times to 6,240,000 tonnes/year. Inter-island traffic forecast projections made in 1971 predicted increasing growth that would eventually outstrip the ability of the ferry pier facility, which was constrained by geographical conditions.[بحاجة لمصدر]

In September 1971, the decision was made to commence work on the tunnel. A Shinkansen-capable cross section was selected, with plans to extend the Shinkansen network.[7] Arduous construction in difficult geological conditions proceeded. Thirty-four workers were killed during construction.[8] On 27 January 1983, Japanese Prime Minister Yasuhiro Nakasone pressed a switch that set off a blast that completed the pilot tunnel. Similarly on 10 March 1985, Minister of Transport Tokuo Yamashita symbolically bored through the main tunnel.[7]

The necessity for the project was questioned at times during construction, as the 1971 traffic predictions were overestimates. Instead of the traffic rate increasing as predicted to a peak in 1985, it peaked earlier in 1978 and then proceeded to decrease. The decrease was attributed to the slowdown in Japan's economy since the first oil crisis in 1973 and to advances made in air transport facilities and longer-range sea transport.[9]

The tunnel was opened on 13 March 1988, having cost a total of ¥1.1 trillion (US$7 billion) to construct, almost 12 times the original budget, much of which was due to inflation over the years.[10] To commemorate the event, a commemorative 500 yen coin depicting the tunnel was issued by the Japan Mint in 1988.[11] Once the tunnel was completed, all railway transport between Honshu and Hokkaido used it. However, for passenger transport, 90% of people use air travel due to the speed and cost. For example, to travel between Tokyo and Sapporo by train takes eight hours (Tokyo station and Shin-Sapporo station), with transfer from Shinkansen to narrow-gauge express train at Hakodate. By air, the journey is 1 hour and 45 minutes, or 3 hours and 30 minutes including airport access times. Deregulation and competition in Japanese domestic air travel has brought down prices on the Tokyo-Sapporo route, making rail more expensive in comparison.[12]

The Hokutosei overnight train service began after the completion of the Seikan Tunnel;[13] a later and more luxurious Cassiopeia overnight train service was often fully booked. Both were withdrawn following the commencement of Hokkaido Shinkansen services (in August 2015 and March 2016 respectively), with freight trains being the only regular service utilising the narrow gauge line since that time.[14][15] JR Hokkaido is exploring the use of "Train on Train" technology to remove the threat that the shock wave created in front of Shinkansen trains traveling at full speed poses to freight trains operating on Japanese standard narrow-gauge track in a tunnel setting. If successful, it will allow the Hokkaido Shinkansen to travel at full speed inside the tunnel in the future.[16]

Shinkansen trains operate through the tunnel to Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto Station in Hakodate, connecting Tokyo and Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto stations in four hours and two minutes, at a maximum speed of 140 km/h (85 mph) within the tunnel and 260 km/h (160 mph) outside it, and 320 km/h (200 mph) to the south of Morioka.[17] It was expected that by 2018 one daily service will be run at 260 km/h (160 mph) through the tunnel. In March 2019, a 160 km/h (99 mph) speed limit inside the tunnel allowed Tokyo-Shin-Hakodate services in 3h58. The final stage is proposed to open to Sapporo Station in 2031 and is expected to shorten the Tokyo-Sapporo rail journey to five hours. The Hokkaido Shinkansen will be operated by JR Hokkaido.


خط زمني للإنشاء

  • 24 April 1946: Geological surveying begins.[7]
  • 26 September 1954: The train ferry Tōya Maru sinks in the Tsugaru Strait.[7]
  • 23 March 1964: Japan Railway Construction Public Corporation is established.[7]
  • 28 September 1971: Construction on the main tunnel begins.[7]
  • 27 January 1983: Pilot tunnel breakthrough.[7]
  • 10 March 1985: Main tunnel breakthrough.[7]
  • 13 March 1988: The tunnel opens.
  • 26 March 2016: Shinkansen services commence operation through the tunnel, regular narrow gauge passenger services through the tunnel cease.[18]

المسح والإنشاء والجيولوجيا

بيانات المرور في مضيق تسوغارو
Year الركاب
(persons/yr)		 البضاعة (طن/س) الوسيلة
1955 2,020,000 3,700,000 عبّارة سـِيْ‌كان [7]
1965 4,040,000 6,240,000 عبّارة سـِيْ‌كان[7]
1970 9,360,000 8,470,000 عبّارة سـِيْ‌كان[7]
1985 9,000,000[t 1] 17,000,000 1971 Forecast[7]
1988 ~3,100,000 — نفق سـِيْ‌كان[12]
1999 ~1,700,000 — نفق سـِيْ‌كان[12]
2001 — >5,000,000 نفق سـِيْ‌كان[12]
2016 2,110,000 — نفق سـِيْ‌كان
(Hokkaido Shinkansen)[19]
  1. ^ This may be a typographical error in the source
مقطع عرضي نمطي للنفق. (1) النفق الرئيسي، (2) نفق الخدمات، (3) pilot tunnel, (4) connecting gallery
Profile diagram of the underwater section of tunnel

Surveying started in 1946 and construction began in 1971. By August 1982, less than 700 metres of the tunnel remained to be excavated. First contact between the two sides was in 1983.[20] The Tsugaru Strait has eastern and western necks, both approximately 20 km (12 mi) across. Initial surveys undertaken in 1946 indicated that the eastern neck was up to 200 metres (656 feet) deep with volcanic geology. The western neck had a maximum depth of 140 metres (459 feet) and geology consisting mostly of sedimentary rocks of the Neogene period. The western neck was selected, with its conditions considered favourable for tunnelling.[21]

The geology of the undersea portion of the tunnel consists of volcanic rock, pyroclastic rock, as well as sedimentary rock of the Neogene period.[22] The area is folded into a nearly vertical syncline, which means that the youngest rock is in the centre of the strait and encountered last. Divided roughly into thirds, the Honshū side consists of volcanic rocks (notably andesite and basalt); the Hokkaido side consists of sedimentary rocks (notably Tertiary period tuff and mudstone); and the centre portion consists of Kuromatsunai strata (Tertiary period sand-like mudstone).[23] Igneous intrusions and faults caused crushing of the rock and complicated the tunnelling procedures.[21]

Initial geological investigation occurred from 1946 to 1963, which involved drilling the sea-bed, sonic surveys, submarine boring, observations using a mini-submarine, as well as seismic and magnetic surveys. To establish a greater understanding, a horizontal pilot boring was undertaken along the line of the service and main tunnels.[21] Tunnelling occurred simultaneously from the northern end and the southern. The dry land portions were tackled with traditional mountain tunnelling techniques, with a single main tunnel.[21] However, for the 23.3-kilometre (14.5 mi) undersea portion, three bores were excavated with increasing diameters respectively: an initial pilot tunnel, a service tunnel, and finally the main tunnel. The service tunnel was periodically connected to the main tunnel with a series of connecting drifts, at 600–1,000-metre (1,969–3,281 ft) intervals.[23] The pilot tunnel serves as the service tunnel for the central five-kilometre portion.[21] Beneath the Tsugaru Strait, the use of a tunnel boring machine (TBM) was abandoned after less than two kilometres (1.2 miles) owing to the variable nature of the rock and difficulty in accessing the face for advanced grouting.[22][21] Blasting with dynamite and mechanical picking were then used to excavate.

الصيانة

A 2002 report by Michitsugu Ikuma described, for the undersea section, that "the tunnel structure appears to remain in a good condition."[24] The amount of inflow has been decreasing with time, although it "increases right after a large earthquake".[24] In March 2018 at 30 years of age, maintenance costs amounted to 30 billion Yen or US$286 million since 1999. Plans are to increase speed and provide mobile communication at the full track.[25]

المنشأ

Initially, only 1٬067 mm (3 ft 6 in) narrow-gauge track was laid through the tunnel, but in 2005 the Hokkaido Shinkansen project started construction which included laying dual gauge track (providing standard gauge track capability) and extending the Shinkansen network through the tunnel. Shinkansen services to Hakodate commenced in March 2016, and are proposed to be extended to Sapporo by 2031. The tunnel has 52 km (32 mi) of continuous welded rail.[26]

Two stations are within the tunnel—Tappi-Kaitei Station and Yoshioka-Kaitei Station. They serve as emergency escape points. In the event of a fire or other disaster, the stations provide the equivalent safety of a much shorter tunnel. The effectiveness of the escape shafts at the emergency stations is enhanced by having exhaust fans to extract smoke, television cameras to help route passengers to safety, thermal (infrared) fire alarm systems, and water spray nozzles.[20] Before the construction of the Hokkaido Shinkansen, both stations contained museums detailing the history and function of the tunnel that could be visited on special sightseeing tours. The museums are now closed and the space provides storage for work on the Hokkaido Shinkansen.[27] The two were the first railway stations in the world built under the sea.[28][29]

  • Entrance to the tunnel from Honshu side. The dual gauge tracks are visible

    Entrance to the tunnel from Honshu side. The dual gauge tracks are visible

  • Yoshioka-Kaitei Station platform in the Seikan Tunnel

    Yoshioka-Kaitei Station platform in the Seikan Tunnel

انظر أيضاً

المراجع

  1. ^ "Hokkaido Shinkansen speeds up to 210 km/H in Seikan Tunnel during the year-end and New Year holidays". World Transit Maps. 5 December 2020.
  2. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 18 October 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  3. ^ "Turkey Building the World's Deepest Immersed Tube Tunnel". Popular Mechanics. Archived from the original on 8 August 2009. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
  4. ^ "Project data – raw construction Gotthard Base Tunnel" (PDF). Lucerne, Switzerland: AlpTransit Gotthard AG. Retrieved 12 May 2016.
  5. ^ "Wer hat die grösste Röhre?" [Who has the longest tube?]. Tages-Anzeiger (graphical animation) (in الألمانية). Zurich, Switzerland. 14 April 2016. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
  6. ^ "Switzerland Is Opening the World's Longest-Ever Rail Tunnel". Bloomberg.com (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). 13 May 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
  7. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س ش Matsuo, S. (1986). "An overview of the Seikan Tunnel Project Under the Ocean". Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology. 1 (3–4): 323–331. doi:10.1016/0886-7798(86)90015-5.
  8. ^ "Japan Opens Undersea Rail Line". St. Louis Post Dispatch. Associated Press. 14 March 1988. p. 6B – via Newspapers.com.
  9. ^ Galloway, Peter (25 February 1981). "Japan's super tunnel a political nightmare". Special to The Globe and Mail. p. 15.
  10. ^ Langmead, Donald; Garnaut, Christine (2001). Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats. ABC-CLIO. p. 301. ISBN 9781576071120. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
  11. ^ "青函トンネル開通記念500円白銅貨幣" [Seikan Tunnel opening commemoration 500 Yen White Copper Coin]. Japan Mint (in اليابانية). Retrieved 29 April 2020.
  12. ^ أ ب ت ث Takashima, S. (2001). "Railway Operators in Japan 2: Hokkaido (pdf)" (PDF). Japan Railway and Transport Review. 28: 58–67. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 January 2006. Retrieved 24 May 2006.
  13. ^ "北斗星" [Hokutosei] (in اليابانية). JR East. Archived from the original on 21 December 2014.
  14. ^ 寝台特急〈北斗星〉ラストラン [Last run of Hokutosei sleeping car limited express]. RM News (in اليابانية). Japan: Neko Publishing Co. Ltd. 24 August 2015. Retrieved 2 September 2015.
  15. ^ 寝台特急“カシオペア”運転終了 ["Cassiopeia" sleeper services end]. Japan Railfan Magazine Online (in اليابانية). Japan: Koyusha Co., Ltd. 21 March 2016. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
  16. ^ 独自の研究開発 人と物流 高速化に活路 [Own R&D leading to increased speed]. Hokkaido Shimbun (in اليابانية). Japan: The Hokkaido Shimbun Press. 20 December 2008. Retrieved 30 September 2009.
  17. ^ "東京―新函館４時間10分 北海道新幹線、16年春開業". Nihon Keizai Shimbun. 16 April 2014. Retrieved 16 April 2014.
  18. ^ "Passengers on Aomori to Hokkaido bullet train enjoy smooth, speedy ride". Mainichi Daily News (in الإنجليزية). 26 March 2016. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
  19. ^ "国土交通省鉄道輸送統計年報（平成19年度）". Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
  20. ^ أ ب Morse, D. (May 1988). "Japan Tunnels Under the Ocean". Civil Engineering. 58 (5): 50–53.
  21. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح Tsuji, H., Sawada, T. and Takizawa, M. (1996). "Extraordinary inundation accidents in the Seikan undersea tunnel". Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Geotechnical Engineering. 119 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1680/igeng.1996.28131.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  22. ^ أ ب Paulson, B. (1981). "Seikan Undersea Tunnel". Journal of the Construction Division. 107 (3): 509–525. doi:10.1061/JCCEAZ.0000983.
  23. ^ أ ب Kitamura, A. & Takeuchi, Y. (1983). "Seikan Tunnel". Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. 109 (1): 25–38. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(1983)109:1(25).
  24. ^ أ ب Ikuma, M. (2005). "Maintenance of the undersea section of the Seikan Tunnel". Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology. 20 (2): 143–149. doi:10.1016/j.tust.2003.10.001.
  25. ^ Abe, Hiroaki c.s. (27 March 2018). "At 30, undersea tunnel requires maintenance, need for speed". The Asahi Shimbun. Retrieved 29 September 2018.
  26. ^ "Seikan Tunnel Museum". 記念館案内 青函トンネル記念館 公式ホームページ. Archived from the original on 1 مايو 2006. Retrieved 8 مايو 2006.
  27. ^ "March 2006". jrtr.net. Retrieved 24 May 2006.
  28. ^ قالب:Teishajo
  29. ^ "World's first undersea station ends operation". NHK. Archived from the original on 11 نوفمبر 2013.

وصلات خارجية

أرقام قياسية
سبقه
Daishimizu Tunnel 		أطول نفق
1988–2016 		تبعه
Gotthard Base Tunnel

قالب:Hokkaidō transit

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