زاكسه-كوبورگ وگوتا

(تم التحويل من Saxe-Coburg and Gotha)
For other uses, see House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.
دوقية زاكسه-كوبورگ وگوتا

Herzogtum Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha
1826–1918
علم زاكسه-كوبورگ وگوتا
العلم
{{{coat_alt}}}
الدرع
النشيد: Heil unserem Herzog, heil
"Hail to our Duke, hail"
The Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (red) within the German Empire
The Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (red) within the German Empire
العاصمةGotha
(northern part)
Coburg (southern part)
اللغات المشتركةGerman (Central Thuringian)
الحكومةملكية دستورية
Duke 
• 1826–1844
Ernest I
• 1844–1893
Ernest II
• 1893–1900
Alfred
• 1900–1918
Charles Edward
التاريخ 
• تأسست
1826
18 نوفمبر 1918
العملة
سبقها		 تلاها
Armoiries Saxe2.svg Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
Blason Duché de Saxe-Altenbourg.svg Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
Free State of Coburg
Republic of Gotha
Free State of Gotha

زاكسه-كوبورگ وگوتا ( Saxe-Coburg and Gotha ؛ ألمانية: Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha), or Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (ألمانية: Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha [ˈzaksn̩ ˈkoːbʊʁk ˈɡoːtaː]), was an Ernestine, Thuringian duchy ruled by a branch of the House of Wettin, consisting of territories in the present-day states of Thuringia and Bavaria in Germany.[1] It lasted from 1826 to 1918. In November 1918, Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, was forced to abdicate. In 1920, the northern part of the duchy (since 1918 the Free State of Gotha; culturally and linguistically Thuringian) was merged with six other Thuringian free states to form the Free State of Thuringia: Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (until 1918 a grand duchy), Saxe-Altenburg and Saxe-Meiningen (until 1918 duchies), Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (until 1918 principalities), as well as the People's State of Reuss (until 1918 the principalities of Reuss-Gera and Reuss-Greiz). The southern part of the duchy (since 1918 the Free State of Coburg; culturally and linguistically Franconian), as southernmost of the Thuringian states, was the only one which, after a referendum, became part of the Free State of Bavaria.[2]

The name Saxe-Coburg-Gotha also refers to the family of the ruling House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, which played many varied roles in the dynastic and political history of Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries. In the early part of the 20th century, before the First World War, it was the family of the sovereigns of the United Kingdom, Belgium, Portugal, Bulgaria, and Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. In 1910, the Portuguese king was deposed, and the same thing occurred in Saxe-Coburg-Gotha in 1918 and in Bulgaria in 1946. اعتبارا من 2022, branches of the family still reign in Belgium, the United Kingdom, and the other Commonwealth realms. The former Tsar of Bulgaria, Simeon II (reigned 1943–46), kept his surname while serving as the Prime Minister of Bulgaria from 2001 to 2005.

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التاريخ

Ducal standard of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

The Duchy was born when the arbitration of the King of Saxony, Frederick Augustus, produced the Treaty of Hildburghausen on 12 November 1826 for the Gothaische Teilung (Gothan Division), the extensive rearrangement of the Ernestine duchies. After the extinction of the Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg line, the Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen exchanged his Duchy for that of Saxe-Altenburg. The Saxe-Meiningen line became Saxe-Hildburghausen and got from Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld the Saalfelder territories as well as the District of Themar and the places of Mupperg, Mogger, Liebau and Oerlsdorf. The Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld received for that the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg, Districts of Königsberg and Sonnefeld from Saxe-Hildburghausen, and the properties of Callenberg and Gauerstadt from Saxe-Meiningen.

By then, the Principality of Lichtenberg, on the Nahe River, had already been a part of the Duchy of Coburg for ten years. Ernest III, the sovereign of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, had received it in 1816 from the Congress of Vienna for providing assistance to the Allies in their war against France. But, because of the great distance from Coburg and of the unrest caused by the Hambach Festival, the Duke sold the Principality in 1834 to Prussia.

The Thuringian states and their capitals until 1918
Free states 1918-1920; united as Thuringia since 1920
Ernestine duchies
(Ernestines → House of Wettin)
  Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (Gotha, Coburg)
  Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (Weimar)
  Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg (Altenburg)
  Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen (Meiningen)
Reussian principalities
(House of Reuss → Vögte (advocates) of Weida, Gera and Plauen)
  Principality of Reuss-Gera (Gera)
  Principality of Reuss-Greiz (Greiz)
United as People's State of Reuss (Gera) 1919-1920
Schwarzburgian principalities
(House of Schwarzburg)
  Principality of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (Rudolstadt)
  Principality of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (Sondershausen)
Surrounding states and their capitals
  Kingdom of Prussia (Berlin), Province of Saxony (Magdeburg), Region of Erfurt (Erfurt)
  Kingdom of Prussia, Province of Hesse-Nassau (Kassel), Region of Kassel (Kassel)
  Kingdom of Prussia, Province of Saxony, Region of Merseburg (Merseburg)
  Kingdom of Bavaria (Munich)
  Kingdom of Saxony (Dresden)
Not in the German Empire
  Austria-Hungary (Vienna), Cisleithania (Vienna), Kingdom of Bohemia (Prague)

The newly created Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha was initially a double duchy, ruled by Ernest III as Duke Ernest I in a personal union,[3] but with only one vote in the Bundesrat. The opportunity to unify the two duchies in 1826 was missed. After the Staatsgrundgesetz (House laws) of 1852, the duchies were bound in a political and real union.[3][4] They were then a quasi-federal unitary state.[5][6] Later attempts to merge the duchies failed in 1867 because the Landtag of Gotha did not want to assume the higher state debts of Coburg and in 1872 because of the questions about the administration of the whole union.

The Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha received on 3 May 1852 a national constitution, which had taken substantial parts of the fundamental rights from the Constitution of the National Assembly in Frankfurt. It also joined the German Zollverein in 1834, the North German Confederation in 1866 and the German Empire in 1871. At the Bundesrat in Berlin, where it had a seat, it kept its agents but, since 1913, like most of the other Thuringian states, it had to defer to the Grand Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen for the representation.

Ernest I died in 1844. His elder son and successor, Ernest II, ruled until his own death in 1893. Because he had died childless, the throne of the two duchies would have passed to his late brother Prince Albert's male descendants. But Prince Albert was the husband of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and his eldest son, Edward, the Prince of Wales, was already her heir apparent. Besides, he was prohibited by the Constitutions of both duchies from inheriting the throne if there were other eligible male heirs.[7] But he had already renounced his claim in favour of his next brother, Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh. So Alfred became the next Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.

Republic of Saxe-Gotha then Free State of Saxe-Gotha
Free State of Coburg
Enclave of the Free State of Saxe-Coburg, Königsberg in Bavaria
The Principality of Lichtenberg, (1816–1834)

Alfred's only son, also named Alfred, died in 1899, so when Duke Alfred died in 1900 he was succeeded by his nephew the Duke of Albany, the 16-year-old son of Queen Victoria's youngest son, Leopold, as Duke Alfred's next brother Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and his son Prince Arthur of Connaught had renounced their own claims to the succession. Reigning as Duke Carl Eduard, Charles Edward, because of his age, began under the Regency of Prince Ernst von Hohenlohe-Langenburg until he came of age in 1905. The new Duke also continued to use his British title, the Duke of Albany. But, because he chose to side with the Germans against the British in the First World War, he was stripped of his British titles in 1919.[8]

After the November Revolution ended the monarchy in 1918, the two duchies became two different and independent states, the Free State of Coburg, and the Republic of Gotha, later renamed the Free State of Gotha. Their leaders believed, however, that their new countries were not economically viable, so they began to search for possible mergers. Eventually, a referendum was held on 30 November 1919 and the decision was made. On 1 May 1920, the Free State of Gotha merged with the new State of Thuringia, and the Free State of Coburg followed two months later, on 1 July 1920, by uniting with the Free State of Bavaria.


السياسة

In the German Empire, the Duchy had only one vote in the Bundesrat and two votes (for the two Duchies of Coburg and Gotha) in the Reichstag.[9]

Each Duchy had its own Landtag, elected every four years by male taxpayers over 25 years of age. Only males 30 years or older were eligible to stand for the elections. The Coburger assembly had 11 members and its twin in Gotha had 19. The assemblies met every year but, every two years, they would combine, alternatively in Gotha and Coburg, for the matters and questions that involve both Duchies.[10]

For both duchies, however, there was a Ministry of State in Gotha but Coburg and Gotha had their own subordinate and almost independent ministries. The Minister of State directed Gotha's Ducal ministry but, for both Duchies, he was responsible for the state affairs, the economical and commercials policies, the judiciary and the conduct of Imperial laws. In Coburg, for state matters as such as community services, police duties, support of the state church, and education, as well as management of assets and finances, and also, until 1891, court matters, the local authorities could not interfere with the decisions from Gotha.

The finances of both Duchies remained basically disconnected. But, in their management, a distinction was always made between the Crown revenue from the domains and the State revenue from taxes and duties. Every four years, a common budget, especially in the financial dealings with the German Empire, was made, even if it interfered with the local and national operations of the two Duchies. Grants from the state budgets of both Duchies were made in the ratio of 7 to 3 between Gotha and Coburg.

Because of its size and finances, the Duchy did not have ambassadors but it did have trade consuls. They were for trade with Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Brazil, Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, France, Great Britain, Italy, Mexico, Peru, Portugal, Prussia, Russia, Spain, Switzerland, and Turkey.[9] The United States had its own consul in Coburg from 1897 to 1918.[11]

During the American Civil War, Ernst Raven was assigned to the position of consul in the state of Texas. He applied to the Confederate Government for a diplomatic exequatur on 30 July 1861 and was accepted.[12]

العسكرية

Before 1867, the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha had its own Army. But, on 26 June 1867, because of a treaty signed in 1866 with Prussia, its Army was added, for defending and recruiting purposes, to the 6th Thuringian Infantry Regiment No. 95 of the 22nd Division of the XIth Army Corps. Three battalions of the 6th Thuringian were assigned to Gotha (No. 1), Hildburghausen (No. 2) and Coburg (No. 3) but the Corps headquarters was in Kassel.[13] Unlike Prussia, where military service was mandatory, Saxe-Coburg and Gotha filled its quota in the Imperial Army with the draft.[14]

متفرقات

The capitals of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha were Coburg and Gotha. By 1914 the area and populations of the two duchies were:[15]

Duchy Area Population
km2 sq mi
Saxe-Coburg 562 217 74,818
Saxe-Gotha 1,415 546 182,359
Total 1,977 763 257,177

There are two residences in Gotha and Coburg. Therefore, the whole ducal court, including the Court Theater, had to move twice a year: from Gotha to Coburg for the summer, from Coburg to Gotha for the winter.[9] For the Court Theater, two almost identical buildings had to be built in 1840 in Gotha (destroyed in the Second World War) and Coburg (now the Coburg State Theater) and thereafter maintained at the same time. In addition to the residential castles, Friedenstein in Gotha and Ehrenburg in Coburg, the Ducal family also used the Schloss Reinhardsbrunn in Gotha as well as the Rosenau and Callenberg castles in Coburg and the hunting lodge Greinburg Castle, Grein, Austria (the latter two still today owned by the ducal branch of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha).

Only the Duchy of Gotha, along with nearby Duchies of Saxe-Meiningen and Saxe-Altenburg and especially the Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach – was able to be one of the sponsoring states of the University of Jena. Coburg did not have its own university. It did not have its court of law, either. Gotha had its own court of law while Coburg had to go to Meiningen for the legal administration.

الحاكم

The children of the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in 1917: Princess Sibylle and Prince Hubertus

ألقاب وأساليب سيد البيت الحاكم

According to the Staatsgrundgesetz (House laws) of the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the full title of the Duke was:[16]

Wir, Ernst, Herzog zu Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha, Jülich, Cleve und Berg, auch Engern und Westphalen, Landgraf in Thüringen, Markgraf zu Meißen, gefürsteter Graf zu Henneberg, Graf zu der Mark und Ravensberg, Herr zu Ravenstein und Tonna usw.

Translation: We, Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Jülich, Cleves and Berg, also Angria and Westphalia, Landgrave in Thuringia, Margrave of Meissen, Princely Count of Henneberg, Count of the Mark and Ravensberg, Lord of Ravenstein and Tonna, et cetera.

ألقاب وأساليب أعضاء البيت الآخرين

The use of Ducal and Princely titles may be restricted if the marriage conflicts with the requirements of the Staatsgrundgesetz or if a member of the House renounces his claims for himself and his descendants.[16]

دوقات زاكسه-كوبورگ وگوتا (1826–1918)

Coat of arms of Saxe-Coburg
and Gotha
Heraldic shield of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

رؤوس بيت زاكسه-كوبورگ وگوتا (1918–الحاضر)

انظر أيضاً: House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha


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وزراء الولايات من زاكسه-كوبورگ وگوتا (1824–1919)

  • 1824–1840 Christoph Anton Ferdinand von Carlowitz
  • 1840–1840 Dietrich [Carl August] Freiherr von Stein (first time)
  • 1840–1846 Georg Ferdinand von Lepel
  • 1846–1849 Dietrich [Carl August] Freiherr von Stein (second time)
  • 1849–1888 Camillo Freiherr von Seebach
  • 1888–1891 Gisbert von Bonin
  • 1891–1900 المنصب شاغر
  • 1900–1905 [Philipp Hermann] Otto von Hentig
  • 1905–1914 Ernst [Friedrich Hermann] von Richter
  • 1914–1919 Hans Barthold von Bassewitz

Sانظر أيضاً

المراجع

  1. ^ For a fascinating short history, see Davies, Norman, "Vanished Kingdoms: The Rise and Fall of States and Nations," at 539-573 (2012, Penguin Books)(ISBN 9780143122951).
  2. ^ Winterbottom, Derek (31 July 2016). The Grand Old Duke of York: A Life of Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany 1763 1827. Pen and Sword. p. 181. ISBN 978-1473845800.
  3. ^ أ ب (in ألمانية) Erdmann, Coburg, Bayern und das Reich 1918–1923, p. 2–3
  4. ^ (in ألمانية) Hess, Ulrich. Geschichte Thüringens 1866 bis 1914 [History of Thuringen, 1866 to 1914] (Vienna: Verlag Hermann Böhlaus Nachfolger, 1991), ISBN 3-7400-0077-5, p. 223
  5. ^ (in ألمانية) Dressel, Die Entwicklung von Verfassung und Verwaltung in Sachsen-Coburg 1800–1826 im Vergleich, p. 532
  6. ^ (in ألمانية) Jellinek, Georg, Die Lehre von den Staatenverbindungen [The Theory of the Unifications of States] (Berlin: Verlag von O. Haering 1882), p. 208 ff.
  7. ^ (in ألمانية) Sander, Harold. "II.1.4 Prinz Albert", Das Haus von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha 1826 bis 2001, page 86: "Der zukünftige König von England und der vorraussichtliche englische Thronfolger sind von der von Regierung im Herzogtum ausgeschlossen" ["The future King of England and the presumptive British Heir to the Throne are excluded from the government in the Duchy"]
  8. ^ Fitzroy, Almeric. Clerk of the Privy Council, "The Titles Deprivation Act, 1917", The London Gazette, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, England, 28 March 1919, Issue No 31255, page 4000
  9. ^ أ ب ت Robinson, Janet and Joe Robinson, Handbook of Imperial Germany (Bloomington, Indiana: AuthorHouse, 2009), page 87
  10. ^ Martin, Frederick, ed., The Statesman's Yearbook: A Statistical, Genealogical, and Historical Account of the States and Sovereigns of the Civiised World for the Year 1866 (London and Cambridge: MacMillan and Co., 1866) page 173
  11. ^ Lawrence Kestenbaum, “U.S. consul officials in Germany”, The Political Graveyard, retrieved 10 December 2013.
  12. ^ 58th Congress, 2nd Session, Senate Document No. 234, Journal of the Congress of the Confederate States of America, 1861–1865, Volume 5 (Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1905), page 422
  13. ^ (in ألمانية) "Militar", Das Deutsche Schutzgebiete: Herzogtum Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha [The German Protectorates: The Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha]
  14. ^ Martin, Fredrick, ed., The Statesman's Yearbook 1866, page 174. "... the finances of the duchy do not allow the maintenance of a large force, the troops required for actual service are drawn by conscription, in the form of ballot."
  15. ^ (in ألمانية) Sander, Harold, “I.11 Herzogtum Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha”, Das Haus von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha 1826 bis 2001, page 27
  16. ^ أ ب (in إنگليزية and ألمانية) Velde, François, "House Laws of the Saxe-Coburg and Gotha", posted 17 June 2008, Heraldica: Topics: Royalty, http://www.heraldica.org/topics/royalty/HGSachsen-CG.htm, retrieved 10 December 2013. The original source was: Paul Posener, Die staatsverfassungen des Erdballs; unter Mitwirkung von Gelehrten und Staatsmännern [The State Constitutions of the World, With Participation of Scholars and Statesmen]. (Charlottenburg: Fichtner, 1909).

ببليوگرافيا

  • Dressel, Carl-Christian H., Die Entwicklung von Verfassung und Verwaltung in Sachsen-Coburg 1800–1826 im Vergleich(The Development and Comparison of the Constitution and Administration of Saxe-Coburg 1880 – 1826) (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 2007), ISBN 978-3-428-12003-1, Subscription required. (in ألمانية)
  • Erdmann, Jürgen, Coburg, Bayern und das Reich 1918–1923 (Coburg, Bavaria and the Empire 1918–1923), Coburg, Druckhaus und Vesteverlag A. Rossteutscher, 1969, (Coburger Heimatkunde und Landesgeschichte Reihe 2, 22 (Coburger Studies of State and Local History Series 2, Nr 22), ZDB-ID 1151614-8) (simultaneously: University of Würzburg, Dissertation, 1969: Coburg in den Anfangsjahren der Weimarer Republik 1918–1923 (Coburg in the Beginning of the Weimar Republic Years 1918–1923)) (in ألمانية)
  • Homann, Johann B[aptist]., Die Herzogtümer Gotha, Coburg und Altenburg 1729. Historische Karte (The Duchies of Gotha, Coburg and Altenburg 1729. Historical Maps), Tabula Geographica Principatus Gotha, Coburg, Altenburg (Geographical Maps of the Principalities of Gotha, Coburg and Altenburg 1729), Bad Langensalza, Verlag Rockstuhl, 1999, (reprint), ISBN 3-929000-78-4. (in ألمانية)
  • Niclas, Thomas, Das Haus Sachsen-Coburg – Europas späte Dynastie (The House of Saxe-Coburg – Europe's Last Dynasty), Stuttgart, Kohlhammer Verlag, 2003, ISBN 3-17-017243-3. (in ألمانية)
  • Sandner, Harold, Das Haus von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha 1826 bis 2001 (The House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 1826 to 2001), Coburg, Neue Presse GmbH, 2004. ISBN 3-00-008525-4. (in ألمانية)

وصلات خارجية

قالب:Ernestine duchies

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