قانون وقف القرصنة على الإنترنت

(تم التحويل من SOPA)
قانون وقف القرصنة على الإنترنت
Stop Online Piracy Act
Great Seal of the United States.
العنوان الكامل "لتعزيز الإزدهار، الإبداع، روح المبادرة، والإبتكار، عن طريق مكافحة سرقة حقوق الملكية الأمريكية، ولأهداف أخرى." —H.R. 3261[1]
الاختصار SOPA
الاسم الدارج مشروع قانون رقم 3261
الذِكر
التقنين
التاريخ التشريعي
  • قـُدِّم في مجلس النواب الأمريكي كـ H.R. 3261 من قِبل لامار سميث (R-TX) بتاريخ 26 أكتوبر 2011
  • لعناية اللجنة من: اللجنة القضائية في مجلس النواب
التعديلات الرئيسية
لا يوجد
قضايا أمام المحكمة العليا ذات صلة
لا يوجد

قانون وقف القرصنة على الإنترنت (SOPA)، ويعرف أيضا بمشروع قانون رقم 3261، هو مشروع قانون أقترح على مجلس النواب الأمريكي في 26 أكتوبر 2011، عن طريق النائب لامار سميث رئيس اللجنة القضائية بالمجلس ومجموعة من الداعمين له مكونة من 12 نائب. القانون، في حال تمريره، سوف يزيد من قدرة إنفاذ القانون الأمريكي الخاص وأصحاب حقوق التأليف والنشر في مواجهة القرصنة على الإنترنت فيما يخص المواد المنشورة ذات حقوق ملكية فكرية ووالسلع المزورة.[2] والقانون المقترح من قبل اللجنة القضائية بالمجلس، بُني على قانون مشابه وهو قانون حماية عنوان الآي پي لعام 2008 ومشروع قانون مجلس الشيوخ الذي يحمل نفس الاسم.[3]

القانون سوف يخول وزارة العدل الأمريكية (وزارة العدل)، وكذلك أصحاب حقوق التأليف والنشر، بالسعي إلى اصدار أوامر قانونية ضد المتهمين بإنتهاك المواقع وتمكين أو تسهيل التعدي على حقوق المؤلفين. اعتمادا على من طلبات أوامر من المحكمة ، يمكن أن تشمل الإجراءات منع شبكات الاعلان على شبكة الانترنت من الدفع الميسرة مثل PayPal بال من التعامل مع الموقع المخالفة ؛ ومنع محركات البحث من ربط مثل هذه المواقع والتي تتطلب من مقدمي خدمات الإنترنت منع الوصول لمثل هذه المواقع. سيجعل مشروع القانون التدفق غير المسموح به من جناية لمحتوى حقوق الطبع والنشر . مشروع القانون يعطي أيضا حصانة لخدمات الإنترنت التي تتخذ طوعا إجراءات ضد المواقع المخصصة المتعدية ، في حين جعلها مسؤلة عن الأضرار لأى صاحب حق التأليف الذي يشوه عمدا من موقع يخصص للمخالفة .[4]

يدعي مؤيدو القانون أنه سوف يحمي سوق حقوق الملكية الفكرية والصناعات المشابهة، الأعمال ومصادر الدخل، وأنه من الضروري تعزيز إنفاذ قوانين حقوق التأليف والنشر، خاصة ضد المواقع الإلكترونية الأجنبية.[5] واستشهدوا بالتسوية التي قام بها گوگل بمبلغ 500 مليون دولار مع وزارة العدال لدوره في استهداف المستهلكين الأمريكيين لقيامه بالإعلان عن وصفات طبية من صيدليات كندية.[6]

يقول المعارضون أن انتهاك القانون للتعديل الأول،[7] وهو الرقابة على الإنترنت،[8] سوف تصيب الإنترنت بالشلل،[9] وسوف يهدد المبلغ عن الجرائم والأنشطة الأخرى المتعلقة بحرية التعبير.[7][10] وقد بدأت عدد من المعارضين القيام بعدد من حركات الاحتجاج، منها البدء في حملات واسعة، مقاطعة الشركات المدعمة للتشريع، وخطط لقطع الخدمة ستقوم بها شركة الإنترنت الكبرى بالتزامن مع جلسة الكونگرس المقرر عقدها لمناقشة القانون.

عقدت اللجنة القضائية جلسات مناقشة القانون في 16 نوفمبر و15 ديسمبر 2011. وسوف تستأنف جلساتها في يناير 2012.[11]

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المحتوى

سوف يخول القانون لوزارة العدل الأمريكية طلب إصدار أوامر قضائية للمواقع الإلكترونية خارج نطاق القضاء الأمريكي بتهمة التعدي على حقوق التأليف والنشر، أو تمكين أو تسهيل التعدي على تلك الحقوق.[4] بعد إصدار الأوامر القضائية، يمكن للمدعي العام الأمريكي طلب US-directed موفرو خدمة الإنترنت، شبكات الإعلانات، and payment processors وقف التعامل مع المواقع المتهمة بإنتهاك على قوانين الملكية الفكرية. ويمكن للمدعي العام أيضا منع محركات البحث عن إظهار روابط هذه المواقع.[12]

وينص القانون أيضا على منهج ذو خطوتين لأصحاب الملكية الفكرية لطلب الحماية عند تضررهم عن طريق أحد المواقع الإلكترونية. أولا يجب على أصحاب حقوق الملكية التنويه، بالكتابة، عن طرق الدفع المرتبطة وشبكات الإعلانات التي تحدد الموقع، والتي، بدورها، يجب أن ترسل هذا الإشعار وتقوم بقطع خدمات تلك المواقع المحددة حتى يرسل هذا الموقع إخطار يوضح فيه عدم حدوث إنتهاكات لحقوق التأليف والنشر. في الخطوة الثانية يمكن لأصحاب الملكية الفكرية رفع injunctive relief ضد مشغل الموقع، حال تقديمه الرد على الإخطار، أو عند فشل خدمات الإعلانات في قطع الخدمة عند عدم استلام الرد على الاخطار.[12]

The bill provides immunity from liability to the ad and payment networks that comply with this Act or that take voluntary action to cut ties to such sites. Any copyright holder who knowingly misrepresents that a website is dedicated to infringement would be liable for damages.[4] The second section increases the penalties for streaming video and for selling counterfeit drugs, military materials or consumer goods. The bill would increase the penalties for unauthorized streaming of copyrighted content [for uploaders, downloaders, or hosts? مطلوب توضيح] and other intellectual property offenses.[12]

At the end of October co-sponsor Representative Bob Goodlatte (R-VA), chairman of the House Judiciary Committee's Intellectual Property sub-panel, told The Hill that SOPA is a rewrite of the Senate's bill that addresses some tech industry concerns, noting that under the House version of the legislation copyright holders won't be able to directly sue intermediaries like search engines to block infringing websites and would instead need a court's approval before taking action against third parties.[13]


الأهداف

حماية الملكية الفكرية لصناعي المحتوى

According to Rep. Goodlatte, "Intellectual property is one of America's chief job creators and competitive advantages in the global marketplace, yet American inventors, authors, and entrepreneurs have been forced to stand by and watch as their works are stolen by foreign infringers beyond the reach of current U.S. laws. This legislation will update the laws to ensure that the economic incentives our Framers enshrined in the Constitution over 220 years ago—to encourage new writings, research, products and services— remain effective in the 21st century's global marketplace, which will create more American jobs."[14]

Rights-holders see intermediaries—the companies who host, link to, and provide e-commerce around the content—as the only accessible defendants.[15]

Sponsor Rep. John Conyers (D-MI) said, "Millions of American jobs hang in the balance, and our efforts to protect America's intellectual property are critical to our economy's long-term success."[14] Smith added, "The Stop Online Piracy Act helps stop the flow of revenue to rogue websites and ensures that the profits from American innovations go to American innovators."[14]

The Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) representative who testified before the committee said that the motion picture and film industry supported two million jobs and 95,000 small businesses.[16]

الحماية من العقاقير المزيفة

Pfizer spokesman John Clark testified that patients could not always detect cleverly forged websites selling drugs that were either mis-branded or simply counterfeit.[17]

RxRights, a consumer advocacy group, issued a statement saying that Clark failed "to acknowledge that there are Canadian and other international pharmacies that do disclose where they are located, require a valid doctor's prescription and sell safe, brand-name medications produced by the same leading manufacturers as prescription medications sold in the U.S."[18] They had earlier said that SOPA "fails to distinguish between counterfeit and genuine pharmacies" and would prevent American patients from ordering their medications from Canadian pharmacies online.[19]

Bill sponsor Smith accused Google of obstructing the bill, citing its $500 million settlement with the DOJ on charges that it allowed ads from Canadian pharmacies, leading to illegal imports of prescription drugs.[6] Shipment of prescription drugs from foreign pharmacies to customers in the US typically violates the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act and the Controlled Substances Act.[20]

التأثير على حرية التعبير على الإنترنت

On TIME's Techland blog, Jerry Brito wrote, "Imagine if the U.K. created a blacklist of American newspapers that its courts found violated celebrities' privacy? Or what if France blocked American sites it believed contained hate speech?"[21] Similarly, the Center for Democracy and Technology warned, "If SOPA and PIPA are enacted, the US government must be prepared for other governments to follow suit, in service to whatever social policies they believe are important—whether restricting hate speech, insults to public officials, or political dissent."[22]

Laurence H. Tribe, a Harvard University professor of constitutional law, released an open letter on the web stating that SOPA would “undermine the openness and free exchange of information at the heart of the Internet. And it would violate the First Amendment.”[7][23]

The AFL-CIO's Paul Almeida, arguing in favor of SOPA, has stated that free speech was not a relevant consideration, because "Freedom of speech is not the same as lawlessness on the Internet. There is no inconsistency between protecting an open Internet and safeguarding intellectual property. Protecting intellectual property is not the same as censorship; the First Amendment does not protect stealing goods off trucks."[24]

البلدان الاستبدادية

According to the Electronic Frontier Foundation, proxy servers, such as those used during the Arab Spring, can also be used to thwart copyright enforcement and therefore may be outlawed by the act.[25]

John Palfrey, co-director of the Berkman Center for Internet & Society, expressed disagreement with the use of his research findings to support SOPA. He wrote that "SOPA would make many [DNS] circumvention tools illegal," which could put "dissident communities" in autocratic countries "at much greater risk than they already are." He added, "The single biggest funder of circumvention tools has been and remains the U.S. government, precisely because of the role the tools play in online activism. It would be highly counter-productive for the U.S. government to both fund and outlaw the same set of tools.[26]

Marvin Ammori has stated the bill might make The Tor Project illegal. Funded by the State Department the Tor Project creates encryption technology used by dissidents in repressive regimes (that consequently outlaw it). Ammori says that the US Supreme Court case of Lamont v. Postmaster General 381 U.S. 301 (1965) makes it clear that Americans have the First Amendment right to read and listen to such foreign dissident free speech, even if those foreigners themselves lack an equivalent free speech right (for example under their constitution or through Optional Protocols under the United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights).[27]

التأثير على المواقع الإلكترونية

مواقع تستضيف محتوى المستخدمين

Opponents have warned that SOPA would have a negative impact on online communities. Journalist Rebecca MacKinnon argued in an op-ed that making companies liable for users' actions could have a chilling effect on user-generated sites such as YouTube. "The intention is not the same as China’s Great Firewall, a nationwide system of Web censorship, but the practical effect could be similar," she says.[28] The Electronic Freedom Foundation (EFF) warned that websites Etsy, Flickr and Vimeo all seemed likely to shut down if the bill becomes law.[29] Policy analysts for New America Foundation say this legislation would enable law enforcement to take down an entire domain due to something posted on a single blog, arguing, "an entire largely innocent online community could be punished for the actions of a tiny minority."[30]

Additional concerns include the impact on common Internet functions such as linking or access data from the cloud. EFF claimed the bill would ban linking to sites deemed offending, even in search results[31] and on services such as Twitter.[32] Christian Dawson, Chief Operating Officer (COO) of Virginia-based hosting company ServInt, predicted that the legislation would lead to many cloud computing and Web hosting services moving out of the US to avoid lawsuits.[33] The Electronic Frontier Foundation have stated that the requirement that any site must self-police user generated content would impose significant liability costs and explains "why venture capitalists have said en masse they won’t invest in online startups if PIPA and SOPA pass."[34]

Proponents of the bill countered these claims, arguing that filtering is already common. Michael O'Leary of the MPAA testified on November 16 that the act's effect on business would be more minimal, noting that at least 16 countries already block websites, and that the Internet still functions in those countries.[35] MPAA Chairman Chris Dodd noted that Google figured out how to block sites when China requested it.[36] Some ISPs in Denmark, Finland, Ireland and Italy blocked The Pirate Bay after courts ruled in favor of music and film industry litigation, and a coalition of film and record companies has threatened to sue British Telecom if it does not follow suit.[37] Maria Pallante of the US Copyright Office said that Congress has updated the Copyright Act before and should again, or "the U.S. copyright system will ultimately fail." Asked for clarification, she said that the US currently lacks jurisdiction over websites in other countries.[35]

إضعاف تعهدات "الملاذ الآمن"

The 1998 Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) includes the Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act, that provides a "safe harbor" for websites that host content. Under that provision, copyright owners who felt that a site was hosting infringing content are required to request the site to remove the infringing material within a certain amount of time.[38][39][40] SOPA would bypass this "safe harbor" provision by placing the responsibility for detecting and policing infringement onto the site itself, and allowing judges to block access to websites "dedicated to theft of U.S. property."[41]

According to critics of the bill such as the Center for Democracy and Technology and the Electronic Frontier Foundation, the bill's wording is vague enough that a single complaint about a site could be enough to block it, with the burden of proof resting on the site. A provision in the bill states that any site would be blocked that "is taking, or has taken deliberate actions to avoid confirming a high probability of the use of the U.S.-directed site to carry out acts that constitute a violation." Critics have read this to mean that a site must actively monitor its content and identify violations to avoid blocking, rather than relying on others to notify it of such violations.[29][42]

Law professor Jason Mazzone wrote, "Damages are also not available to the site owner unless a claimant 'knowingly materially' misrepresented that the law covers the targeted site, a difficult legal test to meet. The owner of the site can issue a counter-notice to restore payment processing and advertising but services need not comply with the counter-notice."[43]

Goodlatte stated, "We're open to working with them on language to narrow [the bill's provisions], but I think it is unrealistic to think we're going to continue to rely on the DMCA notice-and-takedown provision. Anybody who is involved in providing services on the Internet would be expected to do some things. But we are very open to tweaking the language to ensure we don't impose extraordinary burdens on legitimate companies as long as they aren't the primary purveyors [of pirated content]."[44][45]

O'Leary submitted written testimony in favor of the bill that expressed guarded support of current DMCA provisions. "Where these sites are legitimate and make good faith efforts to respond to our requests, this model works with varying degrees of effectiveness," O'Leary wrote. "It does not, however, always work quickly, and it is not perfect, but it works."[16]


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الأعمال المرتبطة بالإنترنت

An analysis in the information technology magazine eWeek stated, "The language of SOPA is so broad, the rules so unconnected to the reality of Internet technology and the penalties so disconnected from the alleged crimes that this bill could effectively kill e-commerce or even normal Internet use. The bill also has grave implications for existing U.S., foreign and international laws and is sure to spend decades in court challenges."[46]

Art Bordsky of advocacy group Public Knowledge similarly stated, "The definitions written in the bill are so broad that any US consumer who uses a website overseas immediately gives the US jurisdiction the power to potentially take action against it."[47]

On October 28, 2011, the EFF called the bill a "massive piece of job-killing Internet regulation," and said, "This bill cannot be fixed; it must be killed."[48]

Gary Shapiro, CEO of the Consumer Electronics Association, spoke out strongly against the bill, stating, "The bill attempts a radical restructuring of the laws governing the Internet," and that "It would undo the legal safe harbors that have allowed a world-leading Internet industry to flourish over the last decade. It would expose legitimate American businesses and innovators to broad and open-ended liability. The result will be more lawsuits, decreased venture capital investment, and fewer new jobs."[49]

Lukas Biewald, founder of CrowdFlower, stated, "It'll have a stifling effect on venture capital... No one would invest because of the legal liability."[50]

Booz & Company on November 16 published a Google-funded study finding that almost all of the 200 venture capitalists and angel investors interviewed would stop funding digital media intermediaries if the bill became law. More than 80 percent said they would rather invest in a risky, weak economy with the current laws than a strong economy with the proposed law in effect. If legal ambiguities were removed and good faith provisions in place, investing would increase by nearly 115 percent.[51]

As reported by David Carr of The New York Times in an article critical of SOPA and PIPA, Google, Facebook, Twitter and other companies sent a joint letter to Congress, stating "We support the bills’ stated goals – providing additional enforcement tools to combat foreign ‘rogue’ Web sites that are dedicated to copyright infringement or counterfeiting. However, the bills as drafted would expose law-abiding U.S. Internet and technology companies to new uncertain liabilities, private rights of action and technology mandates that would require monitoring of Web sites.”[23][52] Smith responded, saying, the article "unfairly criticizes the Stop Online Piracy Act," and, "does not point to any language in the bill to back up the claims. SOPA targets only foreign Web sites that are primarily dedicated to illegal and infringing activity. Domestic Web sites, like blogs, are not covered by this legislation." Smith also said that Carr incorrectly framed the debate as between the entertainment industry and high-tech companies, noting support by more than "120 groups and associations across diverse industries, including the United States Chamber of Commerce."[53]

مستخدمون يقومون بتحميل محتوى غير قانوني

Lateef Mtima, director of the Institute for Intellectual Property and Social Justice at Howard University School of Law, expressed concern that users who upload copyrighted content to sites could potentially be held criminally liable themselves, saying, "Perhaps the most dangerous aspect of the bill is that the conduct it would criminalize is so poorly defined. While on its face the bill seems to attempt to distinguish between commercial and non-commercial conduct, purportedly criminalizing the former and permitting the latter, in actuality the bill not only fails to accomplish this but, because of its lack of concrete definitions, it potentially criminalizes conduct that is currently permitted under the law."[54]

An aide to Rep. Smith said, "This bill does not make it a felony for a person to post a video on YouTube of their children singing to a copyrighted song. The bill specifically targets websites dedicated to illegal or infringing activity. Sites that host user content—like YouTube, Facebook, and Twitter—have nothing to be concerned about under this legislation."[54]

In January 2012, bloggers claimed that Smith's own website had apparently used a copyright protected image without attributing it to the photographer who took it, with Time noting, "It doesn’t seem like a huge violation, but that’s the point; if SOPA passes, who knows how minor infractions like this will be handled."[55][56]

شبكات الإنترنت

في ورقة مقدمة من مركز الديمقراطية والتكنولوجيا تزعم أن القانون "يستهدف موقع الويب بأكمله حتى لو كان يستضيف جزء صغير أو روابط بعض من محتواها يتعدى على حقوق الملكية."[39]

حسب أ. م. ريلي من "إندستري ليدرز ماگازين"، فإن قانون وقف القرصنة على الإنترنت، culpability for distributing copyright material is extended to those who aid the initial poster of the material. For companies that use virtual private networks (VPN) لتأسيس شبكة تبدو أنها داخلية لكنها في واقع الأمر تمتلك العديد من المكاتب والموظفين في البلاد، any of these offsite locations that initiate sharing of copyright material could put the entire VPN and hosting company at risk of violation.[57]

Answering similar criticism in a CNET editorial, Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) head Cary Sherman wrote, "Actually, it's quite the opposite. By focusing on specific sites rather than entire domains, action can be targeted against only the illegal subdomain or Internet protocol address rather than taking action against the entire domain."[58]

التأثير على برمجيات تصفح الإنترنت

أعربت مؤسسة الحدود الإلكترونية عن قلقها من أن مشروعات البرامج مفتوحة المصدر (FLOSS) التي تساعد في عمليات القرصنة على الإنترنت يمكن أن تواجه مشكلات خطيرة حال تطبيق القانون وقف القرصنة على الإنترنت.[59] وكان القلق الكبير من جانب متصفح الويب فايرفوكس، [25] الذي يمتلك ملحق اختياري، MAFIAAFire Redirector، الذي يقوم بإعادة تحويل المستخدمين إلى المواقع الجديدة للنطاقات التي صادرتها الحكومة الأمريكية.[60] في مايو 2011، رفضت موزيلا طلب من وزارة الأمن القومي لحذف ملحق MAFIAAFire من مواقعها الإلكترونية، متساءلة عما إذا كان قد أعلن من قبل عن عدم قانونية هذا البرنامج.[61][62]

تأثيرات محتملة

كتب، إدوارد ج. بلاك، الرئيس والمدير التنفيذي لمؤسسة صناعة الحاسوب والاتصالات، في هوفينگتون پوست "من المفارقات، في الوقت الذي يجب أن يتم فعل شي لمواجهة مواقع القرصنة الفعلية، والتي تعود للظهور بعد ساعات من وقفها، بأسماء مختلفة، if their numeric web addresses aren't public even sooner. أي شخص يعرف أو يمتلك عنوان موقع الوب يمكنه الوصول إلى الموقع المخالف."[63]

جاء في إفتتاحية في سان خوسيه مركوري-نيوز، "Imagine the resources required to parse through the millions of Google and Facebook offerings every day looking for pirates who, if found, can just toss up another site in no time."[64]

John Palfrey of the Berkman Center for Internet & Society commented, "DNS filtering is by necessity either overbroad or underbroad; it either blocks too much or too little. Content on the Internet changes its place and nature rapidly, and DNS filtering is ineffective when it comes to keeping up with it."[26]

قضايات تقنية

Deep-packet inspection and privacy

According to Markham Erickson, head of NetCoalition, which opposes SOPA, the section of the bill that would allow judges to order internet service providers to block access to infringing websites to customers located in the United States would also allow the checking of those customers' IP address, a method known as IP blocking. Erickson has expressed concerns that such an order might require those providers to engage in "deep packet inspection," which involves analyzing all of the content being transmitted to and from the user, raising new privacy concerns.[65][66]

Policy analysts for New America Foundation say this legislation would "instigate a data obfuscation arms race" whereby by increasingly invasive practices would be required to monitor users' web traffic resulting in a "counterproductive cat-and-mouse game of censorship and circumvention would drive savvy scofflaws to darknets while increasing surveillance of less technically proficient Internet users."[30]

نظام أسماء النطاق

معظم خوادم نظام أسماء النطاقات (DNS)، غالبا ما تكافئ دليل الهاتف، وتحتاج متصفحات الترجمة إلى أسماء النطاقات وأرقام الأي پي للدخول إلى الحاسوب أو الشبكة. يطلب القانون الأصلي من هذه الخوادم وقف الإشارة إلى طلبات أسماء النطاقات التي تنتهك حقوق الملكية بهدف تحديد أرقام الأي پي الخاصة بهم. DNS is robust by design against failure and requires that a lack of response is met by inquiries to other DNS servers.[67]

اعترض أندرو لي، المدير التنفيذي لESET أمريكا الشمالية، قائلا أنه في الوقت الذي يطلب القانون من موفري خدمات الإنترنت التحقق من نظام أسماء النطاقات للمواقع، فإن هذا من شأنه أن يقوض نزاهة نظام أسماء النطاقات.[68]

حسب داڤيد اولڤيتچ، رئيس أوپن دي إن إس ومقرها سان فرانسيسكو، فإن تمرير قانون وقف القرصنة على الإنترنت يمكن أن يحض الأمريكيين على تغيير موفري خدمات نظام أسماء النطاقات في البلدان الأخرى التي تقدم روابط مشفرة، ويمكن أن يدفع موفري الخدمة بالولايات المتحدة، مثل أوپن دي إن إس نفسها إلى الإنتقال إلى بلدان أخرى مثل جزر كايمان.[69]

في نوفمبر 2011، an anonymous top-level domain, .bit, was launched outside of ICANN control, as a response to the perceived threat from SOPA, although its effectiveness (as well as the effectiveness of other alternative DNS roots) remains unknown.[70]

On January 12, 2012, Sen. Patrick Leahy (D-VT), Chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee overseeing PIPA,[71][72] and House sponsor Lamar Smith announced[73] that provisions related to DNS redirection would be pulled from their respective bills.[74][75]


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

أمن الإنترنت

في الورقة البيضاء التي أعدها العديد من خبراء أمن الإنترنت، ومنهم ستڤ كروكر ودان كامينسكي، جاء فيها، "من وجهة النظر التشغيلية، a resolution failure from a nameserver subject to a court order and from a hacked nameserver would be indistinguishable. Users running secure applications have a need to distinguish between policy-based failures and failures caused, for example, by the presence of an attack or a hostile network, or else downgrade attacks would likely be prolific."[76]

ملحقات تأمين نظام أسماء النطاق

Stewart Baker, former first Assistant Secretary for Policy at the Department of Homeland Security and former General Counsel of the National Security Agency, stated that SOPA would do "great damage to Internet security"[67] by undermining Domain Name System Security Extensions (DNSSEC), a proposed security upgrade for DNS, since a browser must treat all redirects the same, and must continue to search until it finds a DNS server (possibly overseas) providing untampered results.[67] On December 14, 2011 he wrote that SOPA was "badly in need of a knockout punch" due to its impact on security and DNS:[67]

from the [Attorney General]’s point of view, the browser’s efforts to find an authoritative DNS server will look like a deliberate effort to evade his blocking order. The latest version of SOPA will feed that view. It allows the AG to sue “any entity that knowingly and willfully provides ... a product ... designed by such entity or by another in concert with such entity for the circumvention or bypassing of” the AG’s blocking orders. It’s hard to escape the conclusion that this provision is aimed squarely at the browser companies. Browsers implementing DNSSEC will have to circumvent and bypass criminal blocking, and in the process, they will also circumvent and bypass SOPA orders.

DNSSEC is a set of protocols developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) for ensuring internet security. A white paper by the Brookings Institution noted, "The DNS system is based on trust," adding that DNSSEC was developed to prevent malicious redirection of DNS traffic, and that "other forms of redirection will break the assurances from this security tool."[77]

On November 17, Sandia National Laboratories, a research agency of the U.S. Department of Energy, released a technical assessment of the DNS filtering provisions in the House and Senate bills, in response to Representative Zoe Lofgren's (D-CA) request. The assessment stated that the proposed DNS filtering would be unlikely to be effective, would negatively impact internet security, and would delay full implementation of DNSSEC.[78][79]

On November 18, House Cybersecurity Subcommittee chair Dan Lungren stated that he had "very serious concerns" about SOPA's impact on DNSSEC, adding, "we don't have enough information, and if this is a serious problem as was suggested by some of the technical experts that got in touch with me, we have to address it."[80]

الشفافية في إنفاذ القانون

Brooklyn Law School professor Jason Mazzone warned, "Much of what will happen under SOPA will occur out of the public eye and without the possibility of holding anyone accountable. For when copyright law is made and enforced privately, it is hard for the public to know the shape that the law takes and harder still to complain about its operation."[43]

المدعمون

المشرعون

المقالة الرئيسية: قائمة المشرعين المدعمين لقانون وقف القرصنة على الإنترنت
النائب لامار سميث (R-TX)

قانون وقف القرصنة على الإنترنت الذي أقترحه النائب لامار سميث (R-TX) والذي حظى بتأييد كل من؛ هوارد بيرمان (D-CA)، مارشا بلاكبرن (R-TN)، ماري بونو ماك (R-CA)، ستڤ چابوت (R-OH)، جون كونيرز (D-MI)، تد ديوتش (D-FL)، إلتون گالگلي (R-CA)، بوب گودلات (R-VA)، تيموثي گريفين (R-AR)، دنيس أ. روس (R-FL)، أدام سكيف (D-CA) ولي تيري (R-NE). في 16 يناير 2012، وصل عددهم إلى 31 مؤيد.[81]

شركات ومنظمات

المقالة الرئيسية: قائمة الشركات الداعمة لقانون وقف القرصنة على الإنترنت

حظى القانون بتأييد واسع من المنظمات التي تعتمد على حقوق التأليف، منها موشون پيكتشر أسوسيشن أوف أمريكا، ريكوردينگ إندستري أسوسيشن أوف أمريكا، ماكميلان الأمريكية، ڤياكوم، وعدة شركات واتحادات في مجال صناعة الكابلات، الأفلام، الموسيقى. وشمل المؤيدون الشركات التي تعتمد على العلامات التجارية مثل نايكه، ولوريال وأكوشنت كومپاني.[82][83]

وأيد كل من اتحاد المنظمات الصناعية والغرفة التجارية الأمريكية قانون وقف القرصنة على الإنترنت، كما أشادت العديد من المؤسسات الصناعية بالتشريع.

في يونيو 2011، بدأ مايك ماك كوري وزير الإعلام السابق في عهد الرئيس بيل كلينتون ومارك ماك كينون المستشار في عهد الرئيس جورج دبليو بوش الشركاء في شركة بيزنيس پابليك، بحملة كان قد بدأها ما كوري في وقت مبكر في العمل على مكافحة تشريع حيادية الشبكات. McCurry represented SOPA/PIPA in Politico as a way to combat theft on-line,[84] drawing a favorable comment from the MPAA.[85] On the 15th, McCurry and Arts + Labs co-chair McKinnon sponsored the "CREATE – A Forum on Creativity, Commerce, Copyright, Counterfeiting and Policy" conference with members of Congress, artists and information-business executives.[86]

في 22 سبتمبر 2011، قامت أكثر من 350 شركة ومنظمة منها إن بي سي يونيڤرسال، فايزر, شركة فورد للسيارات, رڤلون, إن بي إيه، وماكميلان الأمريكية—وإرساله إلى الكونگرس لتشجيعه على إصدار التشريع.[82][83] Fightonlinetheft.com, a website of The Coalition Against Counterfeiting and Piracy (a project of the United States Chamber of Commerce Global Intellectual Property Center,[87]) cites a long list of supporters including these and the Fraternal Order of Police, the National Governors Association, the U.S. Conference of Mayors, the National Association of Attorneys General, the Better Business Bureau, and the National Consumers League.[88][89]

On November 22 the CEO of the Business Software Alliance (BSA) said, "valid and important questions have been raised about the bill." He said that definitions and remedies needed to be tightened and narrowed, but "BSA stands ready to work with Chairman Smith and his colleagues on the Judiciary Committee to resolve these issues."[90][91]

On December 22, Go Daddy, the world's largest domain name registrar, stated that it supported SOPA.[92] Go Daddy then rescinded its support, its CEO saying, "Fighting online piracy is of the utmost importance, which is why Go Daddy has been working to help craft revisions to this legislation—but we can clearly do better. It's very important that all Internet stakeholders work together on this. Getting it right is worth the wait. Go Daddy will support it when and if the Internet community supports it."[93]

In January 2012, the Entertainment Software Association announced support for SOPA.[94] Some association members expressed opposition to SOPA.[95]

المعارضون

المشرعون

أبدت نانسي پلوسي زعيمة الأقلية في مجلس النواب الأمريكي، معارضتها للقانون، كما عارضه النواب دارل إيسا والمرشح الرئاسي رون پول، الذين انضموا إلى تسعة من الديمقراطيين في التوقيع على خطاب قاموا بتوجيهه إلى الأعضاء الأخرون في مجلس النواب للتحذير من أن القانون المقترح سوف يتسبب في "an explosion of innovation-killing lawsuits and litigation."[96] "Issa said the legislation is beyond repair and must be rewritten from scratch," reported The Hill.[97] أعلن إيسا ولوفگرن عن تقديم تشريع بخصوص "عملية إنفاذ قانون حقوق التأليف والنشر إقتداءا بتحقيقات التعدي على براءات الإختراع الصادرة عن لجنة التجارة الدولية الأمريكية."[33] Politico referred to support as an "election liability" for legislators.[98] Subsequently proponents began hinting that key provisions might be deferred with opponents stating this was inadequate.[99][100]

في 14 يناير 2012، في رد فعل لإدارة اوباما على عريضة قدمت ضد القانون، أعلنت بأنها لن تدعم تشريعات تؤدي إلى الرقابة على الإنترنت، إضعاف الإبتكار، تقليل أمن الإنترنت، لكنها تشجع "جميع الأطراف العاملة معا من أجل تمرير تشريع يمد المدعون وأصحاب حقوق الملكية الفكرية بأدوات قانونية جديدة لمحاربة القرصنة على الإنترنت الآتية من جهات خارج الولايات المتحدة، والتعهد بالوفاء لجميع المبادئ المبينة أعلاه."[101][102][103][104]

شركات ومنظمات

احتجاج ويكيبيديا الإنجليزية على قانون قانون وقف القرصنة على الإنترنت وقانون حماية الملكية الفكرية، 18 يناير 2012.
الصفحة الرئيسية لمؤسسة الجبهة الإلكترونية وعليها شعار يوم مناهضة الرقابة الأمريكية

يشمل المعارضون گوگل، ياهو، يوتيوب، فيسبوك، تويتر، إيه أو إل، لينكد إن، إي‌باي، موزيلا فايرفوكس، روبلوكس، ريديت،[105] مؤسسة ويكي ميديا،[106] ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان مثل مراقبون بلا حدود،[107] مؤسسة الجبهة الإلكترونية (EFF)، الاتحاد الأمريكي للحريات المدنية، هيومان رايتس واتش.[108]

أظهر معمل كاسپرسكي من أبرز شركات أمن الإنترنت، معارضته للقانون "وقرر وقف عضويتها في تحالف البرمجيات التجاريةBSA."[109]

في 13 ديسمبر 2011، أظهر المفكر الليبرالي جوليان سانشيز من معهد كاتو معارضة قوية للقانون قائلا في حين أن النسخة المعدلة "trims or softens a few of the most egregious provisions of the original proposal... the fundamental problem with SOPA has never been these details; it’s the core idea. The core idea is still to create an Internet blacklist..."[110]

The Library Copyright Alliance (including the American Library Association) objected to the broadened definition of "willful infringement" and the introduction of felony penalties for noncommercial streaming infringement, stating that these changes could encourage criminal prosecution of libraries.[111]

On November 22, Mike Masnick of Techdirt called SOPA "toxic"[99] and published a detailed criticism[112] of the ideas underlying the bill, writing that "one could argue that the entire Internet enables or facilitates infringement," and saying that a list of sites compiled by the entertainment industry included the personal site of one of their own artists, 50 Cent, and legitimate internet companies. The article questioned the effect of the bill on $2 trillion in GDP and 3.1 million jobs, with a host of consequential problems on investment, liability and innovation.[113] Paul Graham, the founder of venture capital company Y Combinator opposed the bill, and banned all SOPA-supporting companies from their "demo day" events. "If these companies are so clueless about technology that they think SOPA is a good idea," he asks, "how could they be good investors?"[114] Prominent pro-democracy movement, Avaaz.org started a petition in protest over SOPA and so far has got over 1.2 million signatures worldwide. [115]

The Center for Democracy and Technology maintains a list of SOPA and PIPA opponents consisting of the editorial boards of The New York Times, the Los Angeles Times, 34 other organizations and hundreds of prominent individuals.[116]

Zynga Game Network, creator of Facebook games Texas HoldEm Poker and FarmVille, wrote to the sponsors of both bills highlighting concerns over the effect on "the DMCA's safe harbor provisions ... [which] ... have been a cornerstone of the U.S. Technology and industry's growth and success," and opposing the bill due to its impact on "innovation and dynamism."[117]

آخرون

Computer scientist Vint Cerf, one of the founders of the Internet, now Google vice president, wrote to Smith, saying "Requiring search engines to delete a domain name begins a worldwide arms race of unprecedented 'censorship' of the Web," in a letter published on CNet.[118][119]

On November 18, 2011, the European Union Parliament adopted by a large majority a resolution that "stresses the need to protect the integrity of the global Internet and freedom of communication by refraining from unilateral measures to revoke IP addresses or domain names."[120][121]

On December 15, 2011, a second hearing was scheduled to amend and vote on SOPA. Many opponents remained firm even after Smith proposed a 71-page amendment to the bill to address concerns. NetCoalition, which works with Google, Twitter, eBay and Facebook, appreciated that Smith was listening, but says it nonetheless could not support the amendment. Issa stated that Smith’s amendment, "retains the fundamental flaws of its predecessor by blocking Americans' ability to access websites, imposing costly regulation on Web companies and giving Attorney General Eric Holder's Department of Justice broad new powers to police the Internet."[122]

In December 2011, film and comics writer Steve Niles spoke out against SOPA, commenting, "I know folks are scared to speak out because a lot of us work for these companies, but we have to fight. Too much is at stake."[123][124]

In January 2012, novelist, screenwriter and comics writer Peter David directed his ire at the intellectual property pirates whose activities he felt provoked the creation of SOPA. While convinced that the then-current language of SOPA would go too far in its restricting free expression, and would likely be scaled down, David argued that content pirates, such as the websites that had posted his novels online in their entirety for free downloads, as well as users who supported or took advantage of these activities, could have prevented SOPA by respecting copyright laws.[125]

حركات احتجاجية

Mozilla's SOPA protest, displayed in Firefox on November 16, 2011

On November 16, 2011, Tumblr, Mozilla, Techdirt, the Center for Democracy and Technology were among many Internet companies that protested by participating in American Censorship Day. They displayed black banners over their site logos with the words "STOP CENSORSHIP."[126]

In December 2011, Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales initiated discussion with editors regarding a potential knowledge blackout, a protest inspired by a successful campaign by the Italian-language Wikipedia to block the Italian DDL intercettazioni bill, terms of which could have infringed the encyclopedia's editorial independence. Editors and others[127] mulled interrupting service for one or more days as in the Italian protest, or alternatively presenting site visitors with a blanked page directing them to further information before permitting them to complete searches.[128][129] As a result, the English-language Wikipedia will be blacked out for 24 hours on January 18.[130]

Markham Erickson, executive director of NetCoalition, told Fox News that “a number of companies have had discussions about [blacking out services]” last week[131] and discussion of the option spread to other media outlets.[132]

In January 2012, Reddit announced plans to black out its site for twelve hours on January 18, as company co-founder Alexis Ohanian announced he was going to testify to Congress. "He’s of the firm position that SOPA could potentially 'obliterate' the entire tech industry," Paul Tassi wrote in Forbes. Tassi also opined that Google and Facebook would have to join the blackout to reach a sufficiently broad audience.[133] Other prominent sites that are reported to be participating in the January 18 blackout are Cheezburger Sites,[134] Mojang,[135] Major League Gaming,[136] and Boing Boing.[137]

Wider protests have been considered and in some cases committed to by major internet sites, with high profile bodies such as Google, Facebook, Twitter, Yahoo, Amazon, AOL, Reddit, Mozilla, LinkedIn, IAC, eBay, PayPal, Wordpress and Wikimedia being widely named as "considering" or committed to an "unprecedented"[138] internet blackout on January 18, 2012.[138][139][140][141]

التاريخ التشريعي

جلسة استماع 16 نوفمبر

At the House Judiciary Committee hearing, there was concern among some observers that the set of speakers who testified lacked technical expertise. Technology news site CNET reported "One by one, each witness—including a lobbyist for the Motion Picture Association of America—said they weren't qualified to discuss... DNSSEC."[80] Adam Thierer, a senior research fellow at the Mercatus Center, similarly said, "The techno-ignorance of Congress was on full display. Member after member admitted that they really didn't have any idea what impact SOPA's regulatory provisions would have on the DNS, online security, or much of anything else."[142]

Lofgren stated, “We have no technical expertise on this panel today.” She also criticized the tone of the hearing, saying, “It hasn’t generally been the policy of this committee to dismiss the views of those we are going to regulate. Impugning the motives of the critics instead of the substance is a mistake.”[143]

Lungren told Politico's Morning Tech that he had "very serious concerns" about SOPA's impact on DNSSEC, adding "we don't have enough information, and if this is a serious problem as was suggested by some of the technical experts that got in touch with me, we have to address it. I can't afford to let that go by without dealing with it."[144]

Gary Shapiro, CEO of the Consumer Electronics Association, who had wanted to testify but was not invited, stated, "The significant potential harms of this bill are reflected by the extraordinary coalition arrayed against it. Concerns about SOPA have been raised by Tea Partiers, progressives, computer scientists, human rights advocates, venture capitalists, law professors, independent musicians, and many more. Unfortunately, these voices were not heard at today's hearing."[49]

An editorial in Fortune wrote, "This is just another case of Congress doing the bidding of powerful lobbyists—in this case, Hollywood and the music industry, among others. It would be downright mundane if the legislation weren't so draconian and the rhetoric surrounding it weren't so transparently pandering."[145]

جلسة استماع 15 ديسمبر

Since its introduction, a number of opponents to the bill have expressed concerns. The bill was presented for markup by the House Judiciary Committee on December 15.

An aide to Smith stated that "He is open to changes but only legitimate changes. Some site[s] are totally capable of filtering illegal content, but they won’t and are instead profiting from the traffic of illegal content.”[146]

تقييم الفوائد

بعد اليوم الأول من جلسة الاستماع، رفض أكثر من 20 مذكرة اعتراض، منها واحدة قدمها إيسا والخاصة بالأحكام التي تستهدف محركات البحث وموفرو خدمة الإنترنت. ذكرت مجلة پي سي ورلد أن الحصول على 22–12 صوت ضد مذكرات الاعتراض يمكن أن يوفر دعما قويا لمشروع القانون المقدم من قبل اللجنة.[147]

وفي اليوم التالي أرجأت اللجنة الاتفاق على مواصلة النقاش لأوائل 2012.[11][148] أعلن سميث عن خطة لرفع الحكم الذي يلزم موفري خدمة الإنترنت بمنع الدخول لمواقع أجنبية محددة.[75] في 15 يناير 2011، قال إيسا أنه سوف يحصل على تأكيدات من النائب إريك كانتور بأن القانون لن يخضع للتصويت حتى الوصول للإجماع. [149]

التصويت على قانون حماية الملكية الفكرية المتربط، 24 يناير

يخطط هاري ريد زعيم الأغلبية في مجلس الشيوخ لإحضار نسخة لمجلس الشيوخ من التشريع (قانون حماية الملكية الفكرية]] أو پيپا) للتصويت عليه في 24 يناير. رفض ريد طلب ستة من السنتارات للتأجيل، قائلا "هذا الموضوع بالغ الأهمية بما لا يدع مجالا للتأجيل."[150]

انظر أيضا

المصادر

  1. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة house
  2. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة washingtonpost
  3. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة house1
  4. ^ أ ب ت خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة pcworld
  5. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة SOPA (Stop Online Piracy Act) debate: Why are Google and Facebook against it?
  6. ^ أ ب خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة lamar
  7. ^ أ ب ت Tribe, Laurence H. (December 6, 2011). "THE "STOP ONLINE PIRACY ACT" (SOPA) VIOLATES THE FIRST AMENDMENT". Scribd. Retrieved January 10, 2012.
  8. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة albanesius
  9. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Will Online Piracy Bill Combat 'Rogue' Web Sites or Cripple the Internet?
  10. ^ أ ب Hayley Tsukayama (December 20, 2011). "SOPA online piracy bill markup postponed". The Washington Post.
  11. ^ أ ب ت "Bill Summary by Congressional Research Service". Thomas – Library of Congress. October 26, 2011. Archived from the original on December 19, 2011. Retrieved November 21, 2011.
  12. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة thehill
  13. ^ أ ب ت خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة HousePress
  14. ^ "Rights and Wronged". The Economist. November 26, 2011. Retrieved December 19, 2011.
  15. ^ أ ب خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة CNET-Hollywood
  16. ^ Testimony of John P. Clark; House Judiciary Committee Hearing; November 16, 2011; Pg. 3
  17. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة dosodisclose
  18. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة nocanada
  19. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة because
  20. ^ Jerry Brito (November 7, 2011). "Congress's Piracy Blacklist Plan: A Cure Worse than the Disease?". Time. Retrieved December 28, 2011.
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