مارشا بلاكبرن

"Senator Blackburn" redirects here. For other uses, see Senator Blackburn (توضيح).
مارشا بلاكبرن
Marsha Blackburn
Marsha Blackburn, official photo, 116th Congress.jpg
Official portrait, 2019
سناتور الولايات المتحدة
عن Tennessee
تولى المنصب
January 3, 2019
يخدم with Bill Hagerty
سبقهBob Corker
عضو of the U.S. مجلس النواب
عن Tennessee's 7th district
في المنصب
January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2019
سبقهEd Bryant
خلـَفهMark Green
Member of the Tennessee Senate
from the 23rd district
في المنصب
January 12, 1999 – January 3, 2003
سبقهKeith Jordan
خلـَفهJim Bryson
Executive Director of the Tennessee Film, Entertainment, and Music Commission
في المنصب
February 1995 – June 1997
الحاكمDon Sundquist
سبقهDancy Jones
خلـَفهAnne Pope
تفاصيل شخصية
وُلِد
Mary Marsha Wedgeworth

6 يونيو 1952 (العمر 72 سنة)
Laurel, Mississippi, U.S.
الحزبRepublican
الزوج
Chuck Blackburn
​
(m. 1975)​
الأنجال2
الإقامةBrentwood, Tennessee, U.S.
التعليمMississippi State University (BS)
الموقع الإلكترونيSenate website
Marsha Blackburn on data privacy concerns in tech regulation
Recorded January 20, 2022

Mary Marsha Blackburn (née Wedgeworth; born June 6, 1952) is an American politician and businesswoman serving as the senior United States senator from Tennessee. Blackburn was first elected to the Senate in 2018. A member of the Republican Party, Blackburn was a state senator from 1999 to 2003 and represented دائرة الكونگرس رقم 7 بولاية Tennessee in the United States House of Representatives from 2003 to 2019, during which time the National Journal rated her among the House's most conservative members.

On November 6, 2018, Blackburn became the first woman to be elected to the U.S. Senate from Tennessee, defeating Democratic former Tennessee Governor Phil Bredesen. Blackburn became the state's senior senator in January 2021 upon the retirement of Senator Lamar Alexander. A supporter of the Tea Party movement, Blackburn is a staunch backer of former president Donald Trump.

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Early life and education

Black and white photograph of a young woman with 1960s style hair poses for the camera with a smile and her right hand under her chin
Marsha Wedgeworth as a junior at Northeast Jones High School in 1969

Marsha Wedgeworth was born in Laurel, Mississippi, to Mary Jo (Morgan) and Hilman Wedgeworth, who worked in sales and management.[1] She placed fourth during a beauty pageant in high school.[2]

Blackburn attended Mississippi State University on a 4-H scholarship, earning a Bachelor of Science in home economics in 1974.[3][4][5][6] Blackburn was a member of the Chi Omega sorority, the Sigma Alpha Epsilon Little Sisters of Minerva (an auxiliary to a male fraternity) and was elected both as secretary and president of the Associated Women Students at Mississippi State University, wherein she worked to advance social issues through the AWS Zero Population Growth and the AWS venereal disease programs.[7][8][9]


السيرة المبكرة والنشاط السياسي

In 1973, before graduating from college, Blackburn worked as a sales manager for the Times Mirror Company. From 1975 to 1978, she worked in the Castner Knott Division of Mercantile Stores, Inc. In 1978, she became the owner of Marketing Strategies, a promotion-event management firm. As of 2016, Blackburn continued to run this business.[5]

Blackburn was a founding member of the Williamson County Young Republicans.[6] She was chair of the Williamson County Republican Party from 1989 to 1991.[6][10][11] In 1992, she ran for Congress in Tennessee's 6th congressional district, losing to incumbent Bart Gordon, and was a delegate to the 1992 Republican National Convention.[6] In 1995, Blackburn was appointed executive director of the Tennessee Film, Entertainment, and Music Commission by Tennessee governor Don Sundquist, holding that post through 1997.[12][6][13]

Blackburn was a member of the Tennessee Senate from 1998 to 2003, and rose to be minority whip.[14][4] In 2000, she took part in the effort to prevent the passage of a state income tax bill.[6]

مجلس النواب الأمريكي

Blackburn and Donald Rumsfeld at Fort Campbell in 2004
Blackburn with former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in 2007

Redistricting after the 2000 Census moved Blackburn's home from the 6th district into the 7th district, and created a gerrymandered district that stretched "in reptilian fashion" for 200 miles from eastern Memphis to southwest Nashville.[15][6] In 2002, Blackburn ran in the Republican primary for this congressional seat. Of the four main candidates, she was the only one from the Nashville suburbs. The other three (Mark Norris, David Kustoff, and Brent Taylor) were all from Memphis or its suburbs. Blackburn was endorsed by the conservative Club for Growth.[16] The three Memphians split the vote in that area, and she won the primary by nearly 20 percentage points.[17]

In the general election, Blackburn defeated Democratic nominee Tim Barron with 70% of the vote.[18] She was the fourth woman elected to Congress from Tennessee, and the first woman elected to Congress from Tennessee who did not succeed her husband.[19] She was reelected seven times.[20]

Tenure

Blackburn served in the U.S. House of Representatives from 2003 to 2019.[21] During her House tenure, the National Journal rated her among the House's most conservative members.[6]

In November 2007, Blackburn unsuccessfully ran for Republican conference chair.[22][23][24] She was a senior advisor on Mitt Romney's 2008 presidential campaign, before resigning her position in the Romney campaign and endorsing Fred Thompson for president.[25][26] Blackburn was an assistant whip in Congress from 2003 to 2005, as well as deputy whip from 2005.[27][28][29][30]

Blackburn with Eric Cantor, Mike Pence, and Cynthia Lummis at a press conference in 2010

Committee assignments

Rep. Blackburn's official portraits, ح. 2011 and ح. 2016

مجلس الشيوخ الأمريكي

انتخابات 2018

المقالة الرئيسية: 2018 United States Senate election in Tennessee
Final results by county
Final results by county in 2018:
Blackburn with William Barr in 2019

In October 2017, Blackburn announced her candidacy for the Senate seat being vacated by Bob Corker. In her announcement, she said that House Republicans were frustrated with Senate Republicans, who they believed acted like Democrats on important issues, including Obamacare.[35][36] In the announcement, Blackburn called herself a "hardcore, card-carrying Tennessee conservative", said she was "politically incorrect", and noted with pride that liberals had called her a "wingnut".[37] She dismissed compromise and bipartisanship, saying "No compromise, no apologies."[37] She also said that she carried a gun in her purse.[37] On August 2, Blackburn received 610,302 votes (84.48%) in the Republican primary, winning the nomination.[38]

Blackburn during the 116th Congress

Blackburn largely backed President Donald Trump's policies,[39][40] including a U.S.–Mexico border wall,[41] and shared his opinion of National Football League national anthem protests.[42] Trump and Vice President Mike Pence endorsed her. During the campaign, Blackburn pledged to support Trump's agenda and suggested that Bredesen would not.[43]

Blackburn's congressional campaign logo, used during the 2018 election

For most of the campaign, polls showed the two candidates nearly tied. But after Brett Kavanaugh's Supreme Court confirmation hearings, Blackburn pulled ahead. Some believe the hearings mobilized Republican voters in the state,[44] even though Democrats won the House. Blackburn won the election with 54.7% of the vote to Bredesen's 43.9%, an unexpectedly large margin. She carried all but three counties in the state (Davidson, Shelby, and Haywood), the most counties ever won in an open Senate election in Tennessee.[45]


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مسيرتها بمجلس الشيوخ

بلاكبرن في Turning Point USA 2019

Blackburn was sworn in as a U.S. senator on January 3, 2019. She is the first woman in history to represent Tennessee in the U.S. Senate.[46] Upon the retirement of Senator Lamar Alexander in 2021, Blackburn became the senior U.S. senator from Tennessee.[47]

Committee assignments[48]

المواقف السياسية

Blackburn is a Tea Party Republican.[49] She has been called staunchly conservative,[37][50][51][52] and has sometimes attended functions of, and met with leaders of, far-right groups.[53] She has called herself "a hard-core, card-carrying Tennessee conservative."[54]

GovTrack estimated Blackburn to be the most ideologically conservative member of the Senate in the 2019 legislative year.[55]

الإجهاض وأبحاث الخلايا الجذعية

Blackburn opposes abortion and sought to overturn Roe v. Wade.[56][57][37] In 2013, she was chosen to manage debate on a bill promoted by House Republicans that would have prohibited abortions after 22 weeks' gestation, with limited exceptions for rape or incest.[58] She replaced the bill's prior sponsor, U.S. Representative Trent Franks, after Franks made controversial and dubious statements.[59][60]

In 2015, Blackburn led a panel that investigated the Planned Parenthood undercover video controversy, in which anti-abortion activists published a video purporting to show that Planned Parenthood illicitly sold fetal tissue. Subsequent investigations into Planned Parenthood found no evidence of fetal tissue sales or of wrongdoing,[61] but in 2017, when Blackburn announced that she was running for Senate, she ran a controversial advertisement saying that she "fought Planned Parenthood and we stopped the sale of baby body parts".[61][62][63] In 2015, Blackburn claimed that 94% of Planned Parenthood's business revolves around abortion services, which FactCheck.org found to be "wrong".[64]

In March 2016, Blackburn chaired the Republican-led Select Investigative Panel, a committee convened to "explore the ethical implications of using fetal tissue in biomedical research".[65] Democrats on the panel characterized the probe as a politically motivated witch hunt.[65]

Birth certificate bill

In 2009, Blackburn sponsored legislation requiring presidential candidates to show their birth certificates. The bill was in response to conspiracy theories, commonly known as "birther" theories, that alleged that Barack Obama was not born in the United States. Her spokesperson said that Blackburn did not doubt that Obama was an American citizen.[66][67]

China

Blackburn meeting with President of Taiwan Tsai Ing-wen in Taipei, August 2022

In December 2020, Blackburn posted, "China has a 5,000-year history of cheating and stealing. Some things will never change..." on her Twitter account.[68][69] The European Union bureau chief for China's state-owned China Daily, Chen Weihua, responded by tweeting, "This is the most racist and ignorant US Senator I have seen. A lifetime bitch".[70][69] In what appeared to be a thinly veiled reference to Chen, Blackburn asserted in response that the U.S. would "not bow down to sexist communist thugs". One of Chen's tweets was, with an apparently sarcastic comment, retweeted by Republican Senator Marco Rubio.[71] The Chinese American rights group Tennessee Chinese American Alliance protested Blackburn's comments as insulting to people of Chinese descent.[72]

In August 2022, Blackburn led a congressional delegation to Taiwan, where she met with Taiwanese President Tsai Ing-wen. Her delegation was the third such delegation to visit Taiwan following Speaker Nancy Pelosi's visit early that month. During her visit, Blackburn voiced support for Taiwan, calling it an "independent nation" and a "country", and also supported further U.S.-Taiwan relations and combating the "New Axis of Evil", which she defines as Iran, Russia, and North Korea, led by China. China claims Taiwan as part of its territory and condemns most visits by U.S. lawmakers.[73][74][75][76]

In July 2023, Blackburn criticized the movie Barbie for "bending to Beijing to make a quick buck" after it was alleged the film contained a map of the world displaying the nine-dash line, a territorial claim by China to the South China Sea that the international community rejects. In a statement addressing like criticisms, Warner Bros., Barbie's production company, said the map was a "child-like crayon drawing . . . not intended to make any type of statement".[77]

Climate change

Blackburn rejects the scientific consensus on climate change. In a 2014 debate with science communicator Bill Nye, Blackburn rejected the science and urgency of the issue, claiming that there is "no consensus" in the scientific community about the causes of climate change.[78]

Contraception and the right to privacy

In March 2022, Blackburn called Griswold v. Connecticut, a landmark Supreme Court decision holding that the Constitution protects the liberty of married couples to buy and use contraceptives without government restriction, "constitutionally unsound" as a ruling that "gave the court permission to bypass our system of checks and balances".[79]

Donald Trump

Blackburn strongly supports Donald Trump.[50]

In November 2016, Blackburn joined Trump's presidential transition team as vice chair.[80] She was a staunch supporter of his, and backed most of his policies and proposals.[37][40][54] She nominated him for a Nobel Peace Prize for his negotiations with North Korea.[54][81] Vox speculated that Blackburn's ties to Trump, who won Tennessee in the 2016 election by 26 points, helped boost her Senate candidacy.[82]

Blackburn speaking at the Republican National Convention in 2016
Blackburn and President Donald Trump waving at Nashville Rally in 2018

During Trump's first Senate impeachment trial, Blackburn left the chamber for a television interview.[83] She also garnered attention by reading a book during the proceedings.[84] Blackburn spent time during the trial to tweet about Alexander Vindman, calling him unpatriotic for allegedly "badmouth[ing] and ridicul[ing]" the U.S. in front of Russia.[85][86] In November 2019, #MoscowMarcia started trending on Twitter after Blackburn tweeted allegations against Vindman on her Twitter account.[87] The Week characterized her tweet as a "conspiratorial smear".[88] In her post, she wrote "Vindictive Vindman is the 'whistleblower's' handler".[89] The tweet was in reference to Vindman, a decorated army official and Purple Heart veteran, who became a central figure in Trump's impeachment proceedings in Congress after testifying he heard Trump pressure the president of Ukraine to investigate the son of one of his chief political rivals, former Vice President Joe Biden.[90]

After Biden won the 2020 United States presidential election, Blackburn supported Trump's false claims of victory and raised funds to support the Trump campaign's effort to overturn the election results in court.[91] In an interview on November 20, she briefly called Biden the "president-elect", but later retracted this as a mistake.[91] On January 2, 2021, Blackburn and 10 other Republican senators announced that they would vote to oppose certification of the results of the election on January 6, the joint session of Congress in which the certification of a presidential election occurs, citing false allegations of widespread election fraud, irregularities, and unconstitutional changes to voting laws and voting restrictions. But after a mob of Trump supporters violently stormed Capitol Hill that day, she voted to certify the results of the election.[92][93][94]

In May 2021, Blackburn abstained from voting on the creation of the January 6 commission.[95]


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Education

In 2021, when President Biden proposed universal pre-K for 3- and 4-year-olds and subsidized child care for low- and middle-income families, Blackburn likened the proposal to the communist policies of the Soviet Union.[96] She also falsely claimed that the Biden administration proposed to put children in pre-K even if their parents did not want to send them there.[97]

Fiscal policy

Blackburn was among the 31 Senate Republicans who voted against final passage of the Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023, which raised the U.S. debt ceiling.[98]

Guns

After the 2018 Thousand Oaks shooting on November 7, 2018, which resulted in 12 deaths, Blackburn responded to a question about the shooting in a Fox News interview by saying, "how do we make certain that we protect the Second Amendment and protect our citizens? We've always done that in this country. Mental health issues need to be addressed."[99]

In March 2023, California Governor Gavin Newsom criticized Blackburn for accepting over $1 million in campaign donations from the National Rifle Association of America and voting against gun control measures, including the Bipartisan Safer Communities Act, which passed in 2022.[100]

Health care and pharmaceuticals

Blackburn opposed the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare), saying upon its passage, "freedom dies a little bit today."[37][101] She supported efforts to repeal the legislation.[102] In 2017, while arguing for its repeal, Blackburn falsely said that two of its popular provisions (protections for people with preexisting conditions and allowing adult children to be on their parents' health plans until they're 26) "were two Republican provisions which made it into the bill."[103] In her declaration that she would run for the Senate in 2018, she said that the failure to repeal the ACA was "a disgrace".[104]

At October 2013 congressional hearings on the ACA, Blackburn said the website healthcare.gov violated HIPAA and health information privacy rights. The next day, when a CNN interviewer pointed out that the only health-related question the site asked was "do you smoke?", Blackburn repeated her criticism of the site for violating privacy rights.[105]

According to The New York Times in 2017, Blackburn's best-known legislation was her co-sponsorship of a bill that revised the legal standard the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) had used to establish that "a significant and present risk of death or serious bodily harm that is more likely than not to occur", rather than the previous tougher standard of "imminent danger", before suspending the manufacturer's opioid drug shipments.[106][54] The legislation passed the House and the Senate unanimously, but was criticized in internal Justice Department documents and by the DEA's chief administrative law judge as hampering DEA enforcement actions against drug distribution companies engaging in black-market sales.[106] Joe Rannazzisi, who had led the DEA's Office of Diversion Control, said he informed Blackburn's staffers what the effects of a 2016 law she co-sponsored would be. Blackburn said her bill had "unintended consequences", but Rannazzisi said they should have been anticipated. He said that during a July 2014 conference call he told congressional staffers the bill would cause more difficulties for the DEA if it pursued corporations that were illegally distributing such drugs.[107] Blackburn and Representative Tom Marino, the main co-sponsor of her House bill, sent a letter requesting an Office of Inspector General investigation about Rannazzisi, saying he tried to intimidate Congress in the July conversation. Rannazzisi said he was removed from his DEA position in August 2015.[107]

Immigration

Blackburn supported Trump's 2017 executive order imposing a temporary travel and immigration ban barring citizens of seven Muslim-majority countries from entering the U.S.[108] She has often expressed support of Trump's immigration policy, especially his plan to greatly expand the Mexico–United States barrier.[109] In March 2021, Blackburn visited the southern border of the United States with several other Republican senators; she accused President Biden of encouraging a surge of illegal immigration.[110]

LGBT rights

Blackburn opposes same-sex marriage[37][111] and in 2004 and 2006 voted for proposed constitutional amendments to ban it.[112] Of the Supreme Court's 2015 decision in Obergefell v. Hodges, Blackburn said, "Despite this decision, no one can overrule the truth about what marriage actually is—a sacred institution between a man and a woman."[113] In 2010, she voted against repealing the military's Don't Ask, Don't Tell policy.[114]

During her tenure as a representative, Blackburn sought to remove Kevin Jennings, a gay man who worked in the United States Department of Education, saying that Jennings "has played an integral role in promoting homosexuality and pushing a pro-homosexual agenda in America’s schools".[115]

In 2013, Blackburn voted to reauthorize the Violence Against Women Act in the House,[116] but voted against the Senate's version of the act, which expanded VAWA to apply to people regardless of sexual orientation.[112] She argued that increasing the number of targets for VAWA funding would "dilute the money that needs to go into the sexual assault centers, domestic abuse centers, [and] child advocacy centers",[117] and said VAWA ought to remain focused on supporting women's shelters and facilitating law enforcement against crimes against women, rather than addressing other groups or issues.[118]

Blackburn voted against the Employment Non-Discrimination Act to ban discrimination against LGBT employees.[112] In August 2019, she co-signed an amicus brief to the U.S. Supreme Court arguing that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 does not prohibit employment discrimination based upon sexual orientation or gender identity.[119][120]

SafeSport

In October 2021, Blackburn requested feedback from gymnast Aly Raisman and others on the structural failures of Olympic sport sexual abuse investigations, writing, "This was a systemic failure, and every single person in authority who turned a blind eye to your abuse must be held accountable". She sent the United States Center for SafeSport a letter demanding answers to questions posed during a Senate Judiciary Committee hearing on sex offender Larry Nassar.[121]

Supreme Court nominations

On October 26, 2020, Blackburn voted to confirm Amy Coney Barrett to the Supreme Court of the United States. Barrett was confirmed by a vote of 52-48.[122] Blackburn wore a mask that read "Grin and Barrett" to the Senate vote.[123]

On March 22, 2022, during the confirmation hearings for Supreme Court nominee Ketanji Brown Jackson, Blackburn asked Jackson to define the word "woman". "'I can’t—' Jackson replied. 'You can’t?' Blackburn said. 'Not in this context. I’m not a biologist,' Jackson said. 'The meaning of the word woman is so unclear and controversial that you can’t give me a definition?' Blackburn asked."[124][125] On April 7, 2022, the Senate voted 53-47 to confirm Jackson to the Supreme Court; Blackburn voted against Jackson's confirmation.[126]

Tech policy and antitrust

Blackburn has advocated increased regulation of technology companies and criticized alleged anti-conservative bias on major platforms.[127] In June 2018, she published an op-ed arguing for greater oversight and restrictions on tech companies that sparked a vocal backlash among Google employees.[128] During a 2020 Commerce Committee hearing in which she claimed that tech companies stifle free speech, Blackburn asked Google chief Sundar Pichai about the employment status of an employee who had criticized her.[129][127][130]

In the 117th United States Congress, Blackburn introduced the bipartisan Open App Markets Act alongside Senators Richard Blumenthal and Amy Klobuchar. The legislation is intended to curb Apple and Google, the operators of the App Store and Google Play, from engaging in anti-competitive behavior in app markets.[131][132] Blackburn also worked with Blumenthal to introduce children's online child safety legislation, known as the Kids Online Safety Act (KOSA).[133]

Telecommunications policy

Blackburn opposes net neutrality in the United States, calling it "socialistic".[37][134] She opposes municipal broadband initiatives that aim to compete with Internet service providers.[135][136] She supported bills that restrict municipalities from creating their own broadband networks, and wrote a bill to prevent the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) from preempting state laws that blocked municipal broadband.[137][138]

In 2017, Blackburn introduced to the House a measure to dismantle an Obama-administration online privacy rule that the FCC adopted in October 2016.[139] Her measure, which was supported by broadband providers but criticized by privacy advocates, repealed the rule that required broadband providers to obtain consumers' permission before sharing their online data, including browsing histories.[139][140] The measure passed the House in a party-line vote in March 2017, after a similar measure passed the Senate the same week.[139] She subsequently proposed legislation that expanded the requirement to include internet companies as well as broadband providers.[141] As of 2017, Blackburn had accepted at least $693,000 in campaign contributions from telecom companies.[142][143]

Women's rights

In 2009, Blackburn voted against the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act and the Paycheck Fairness Act.[144]

Personal life

Blackburn is married to Chuck Blackburn.[6] They live in Brentwood, a suburb of Nashville in Williamson County,[29] and have two children.[6] She is a Presbyterian and a member of Christ Presbyterian Church.[33]

Blackburn is a member of The C Street Family, a prayer group that includes members of Congress.[145] She is a former member of the Smithsonian Libraries Advisory Board.[29]

Blackburn is the author of The Mind of a Conservative Woman: Seeking the Best for Family and Country. The book was published on September 1, 2020, by Worthy Books.[146]

Electoral history

دائرة الكونگرس رقم 6 بولاية Tennessee : 1992 results[147]
Year Democratic Votes Pct Republican Votes Pct 3rd Party Party Votes Pct
1992 Bart Gordon 120,177 57% Marsha Blackburn 86,289 41% H. Scott Benson Independent 5,952 3% *

*Write-in and minor candidate notes: In 1992, write-ins received 10 votes.

دائرة الكونگرس رقم 7 بولاية Tennessee : Results 2002–2016[147][148][149]
Year Democratic Votes Pct Republican Votes Pct 3rd Party Party Votes Pct
2002 Tim Barron 51,790 26% Marsha Blackburn 138,314 71% Rick Patterson Independent 5,423 3% *
2004 (no candidate) Marsha Blackburn 232,404 100%
2006 Bill Morrison 73,369 32% Marsha Blackburn 152,288 66% Kathleen A. Culver Independent 1,806 1% *
2008 Randy Morris 98,207 31% Marsha Blackburn 214,214 69%
2010 Greg Rabidoux 54,341 25% Marsha Blackburn 158,892 72% J.W. Stone Independent 6,319 3% *
2012 Credo Amouzouvik 61,050 24% Marsha Blackburn 180,775 71% Howard Switzer Green 4,584 2% *
2014 Daniel Cramer 42,280 26.8% Marsha Blackburn 110,534 69.9% Leonard Ladner Independent 5,093 3.2%
2016 Tharon Chandler 65,226 23.5% Marsha Blackburn 200,407 72.2% Leonard Ladner Independent 11,880 4.3%
*Write-in and minor candidate notes: In 2002, write-ins received 31 votes. In 2006, James B. "Mickey" White received 898 votes; William J. Smith received 848 votes; John L. Rimer received 710 votes, and Gayl G. Pratt received 663 votes.
2018 United States Senate election in Tennessee[150]
الحزب المرشح الأصوات % ±%
جمهوري Marsha Blackburn 1,227,483 54.71% -10.18%
Democratic Phil Bredesen 985,450 43.92% +13.51%
Independent Trudy Austin 9,455 0.42% N/A
Independent Dean Hill 8,717 0.39% N/A
Independent Kris L. Todd 5,084 0.23% N/A
Independent John Carico 3,398 0.15% N/A
Independent Breton Phillips 2,226 0.10% N/A
Independent Kevin Lee McCants 1,927 0.09% N/A
إجمالي الأصوات 2,243,740 100% N/A
جمهوري احتفاظ

See also

References

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  2. ^ Perks, Ashley (September 15, 2008). "Understanding the beauty-queen politician". Archived from the original on September 1, 2017. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  3. ^ Mississippi State University (October 9, 1974). "Reveille". Mississippi State University – via Internet Archive.
  4. ^ أ ب The Marsha Blackburn Collection web page Archived يوليو 16, 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Mississippi State University Congressional and Political Research Center; retrieved December 5, 2013.
  5. ^ أ ب "Mississippi State University Libraries: Congressional and Political Research Center: Collections: The Marsha Blackburn Collection". Library.msstate.edu. Archived from the original on September 3, 2016. Retrieved February 26, 2017.
  6. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر Baker, Jackson, Marsha Blackburn – Beacon of the Right Archived ديسمبر 10, 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Memphis Magazine, July 2011; retrieved December 6, 2013.
  7. ^ https://archive.org/details/reveille671972miss/page/216/mode/1up?view=theater 1972 Reveille Yearbook, Mississippi State University.
  8. ^ https://archive.org/details/reveille671972miss/page/275/mode/1up?q=Wedgeworth&view=theater 1972 Reveille Yearbook, Mississippi State University.
  9. ^ https://archive.org/details/reveille691974miss/page/403/mode/1up?view=theater&q=Wedgeworth 1972 Reveille Yearbook, Mississippi State University.
  10. ^ "RollCall.com – Member Profile – Rep. Marsha Blackburn, R-Tenn". media.cq.com. Archived from the original on May 3, 2018. Retrieved May 2, 2018.
  11. ^ East, Jim; Sickler, Cletus (April 4, 1989). "GOP elects 1st chairwoman". The Tennessean (in الإنجليزية). p. 2-B. Retrieved June 16, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  12. ^ Parsons, Clark (April 24, 1995). "Roll 'em: Tennessee's new film commissioner, Marsha Blackburn, shines a spotlight on growth". The Tennessean. p. 1D, 2D. Retrieved June 8, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  13. ^ "Tennessee gets a new film commissioner". Nashville Scene. June 26, 1997. Archived from the original on May 20, 2018. Retrieved May 20, 2018.
  14. ^ "Representative Marsha Wedgeworth Blackburn (R-Tennessee, 7th) – Biography". Archived from the original on September 12, 2017. Retrieved February 26, 2017.
  15. ^ Davis, Kent (January 12, 2010). "2011 Redistricting TN". TN Precinct Project. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011. Retrieved June 3, 2017.
  16. ^ Bianca Phillips, Final Report on Tennessee Elections Archived مارس 8, 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Memphis Flyer, August 1, 2002; retrieved March 7, 2016.
  17. ^ 2002 Tennessee Congressional and Statewide Primary Results Archived مارس 14, 2016 at the Wayback Machine, D.C.'s Political Report; retrieved March 7, 2016.
  18. ^ "Rep. Marsha Blackburn, R-Tenn". Roll Call. Archived from the original on May 3, 2018. Retrieved May 2, 2018.
  19. ^ "Marsha Blackburn Named 2016 'Woman of the Year'" Archived أغسطس 3, 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Williamson Herald, March 4, 2016.
  20. ^ "Marsha Blackburn". www.britannica.com. Retrieved August 20, 2023.
  21. ^ "Senator Marsha Blackburn". Akron Beacon Journal. Retrieved August 20, 2023.
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External links

Wikiquote-logo.svg اقرأ اقتباسات ذات علاقة بمارشا بلاكبرن، في معرفة الاقتباس.
مجلس شيوخ تنسي
سبقه
Keith Jordan 		Member of the Tennessee Senate
from the 23rd district
1999–2003 		تبعه
Jim Bryson
مجلس النواب الأمريكي
سبقه
Ed Bryant 		Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Tennessee's 7th congressional district
2003–2019 		تبعه
Mark Green
مناصب حزبية
سبقه
Bob Corker 		Republican nominee for U.S. Senator from Tennessee
(Class 1)
2018 		آخر شاغل للمنصب
مجلس الشيوخ الأمريكي
سبقه
Bob Corker 		U.S. Senator (Class 1) from Tennessee
2019–present
خدم بجانب: Lamar Alexander, Bill Hagerty 		الحالي
ترتيب الأولوية في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية
سبقه
Cindy Hyde-Smith
بصفته United States Senator from Mississippi 		Order of precedence of the United States
as United States Senator from Tennessee
since January 3, 2019 		تبعه
Mike Braun
بصفته United States Senator from Indiana
United States senators by seniority
75th 		تبعه
Kyrsten Sinema

قالب:United States senators from Tennessee قالب:TN-FedRep

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