مقاطعات فرنسا

(تم التحويل من Provinces of France)
Map of the provinces of France in their final form in 1789, shortly before they were abolished the following year.

The Kingdom of France was organised into provinces until the National Constituent Assembly adopted a more uniform division into departments (départements) and districts in late 1789.[1] The provinces continued to exist administratively until 21 September 1791.[1]

The provinces of France were roughly equivalent to the historic counties of England. They came into their final form over the course of many hundreds of years, as many dozens of semi-independent fiefs and former independent countries came to be incorporated into the French royal domain. Because of the manner in which the provinces evolved, each had its own sets of feudal traditions, laws, taxation systems and courts; the system represented an impediment to effective administration of the entire country from Paris. During the early years of the French Revolution, in an attempt to centralise the administration of the whole country and to remove the influence of the French nobility over the country, the entirety of the province system was abolished and replaced by the system of departments in use today.

In some cases, several modern regions or departments share names with the historic provinces; their borders may cover roughly the same territory.

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قائمة المقاطعات السابقة في فرنسا

The list below shows the major provinces of France at the time of their dissolution during the French Revolution. Capital cities are shown in parentheses. Bold indicates a city that was also the seat of a judicial and quasi-legislative body called either a parlement (not to be confused with a parliament) or a conseil souverain (sovereign council). In some cases, this body met in a different city from the capital.

Provinces of royal France superimposed by modern administrative boundaries and the names of current regions
Provinces of France in 1789 relative to the modern borders of France
Note: The Comtat Venaissin (annexed 1791), Mulhouse (annexed 1798), Montbéliard (annexed 1816), Savoy and Nice (annexed 1860), as well as small portions of other provinces were not part of the Kingdom of France.
  1. Île-de-France (Paris)
  2. Berry (Bourges)[2]
  3. Orléanais (Orléans)[3]
  4. Normandy (Rouen)[4]
  5. Languedoc (Toulouse)[5]
  6. Lyonnais (Lyon)
  7. Dauphiné (Grenoble)[6]
  8. Champagne (Troyes)[7]
  9. Aunis (La Rochelle)
  10. Saintonge (Saintes)[8]
  11. Poitou (Poitiers)[9]
  12. Guyenne and Gascony (Bordeaux)[10]
  13. Burgundy (Dijon)[11]
  14. Picardy (Amiens)[12]
  15. Anjou (Angers)
  16. Provence (Aix-en-Provence)[13]
  17. Angoumois (Angoulême)[14]
  18. Bourbonnais (Moulins)
  19. Marche (Guéret)[15]
  20. Brittany (Rennes)[16]
  21. Maine (Le Mans)[17]
  22. Touraine (Tours)[18]
  23. Limousin (Limoges)[19]
  24. Foix (Foix)
  25. Auvergne (Clermont-Ferrand)[20]
  26. Béarn (Pau)
  27. Alsace (Strasbourg, conseils souverains in Colmar)[21]
  28. Artois (Arras)[22]
  29. Roussillon (Perpignan)[23]
  30. Flanders and Hainaut (Lille, conseils souverains in Douai)
  31. Franche-Comté (Besançon)[24]
  32. Lorraine and Barrois (Nancy); Trois-Évêchés (Three Bishoprics within Lorraine): Metz, Toul and Verdun[25]
  33. Corsica (Ajaccio, conseils souverains in Bastia)
  34. Nivernais (Nevers)[26]

Areas that were not part of the Kingdom of France, though they are currently parts of Metropolitan France:


Arms

انظر أيضاً: Armorial of France

Partial display of historical provincial arms:

Alençon 15. Anjou 28. Artois 2. Berry 13. Burgundy 20. Brittany 8.Champagne 7. Dauphiné 24. Foix
Alençon Anjou Artois Berry Burgundy Brittany Champagne Dauphiné Foix
12. Gascony Gévaudan 5. Languedoc 32. Lorraine 21. Maine 19. Marche 4. Normandy 37. Savoy 22. Touraine Valois
Gascony Gévaudan Languedoc Lorraine Maine Marche Normandy Savoy Touraine Valois

References

  1. ^ أ ب Legay, Marie-Laure (2003). "La fin du pouvoir provincial (4 août 1789-21 septembre 1791)". Annales historiques de la Révolution française (332): 25–53. doi:10.4000/ahrf.821. ISSN 0003-4436.
  2. ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Berry" . دائرة المعارف البريطانية. Vol. 3 (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 809. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  3. ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Orléanais" . دائرة المعارف البريطانية. Vol. 20 (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 281. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  4. ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Normandy" . دائرة المعارف البريطانية. Vol. 19 (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 749. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  5. ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Languedoc" . دائرة المعارف البريطانية. Vol. 16 (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 179. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  6. ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Dauphiné" . دائرة المعارف البريطانية. Vol. 7 (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 851. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  7. ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Champagne" . دائرة المعارف البريطانية. Vol. 5 (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 829. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  8. ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Saintonge" . دائرة المعارف البريطانية. Vol. 24 (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 34. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  9. ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Poitou" . دائرة المعارف البريطانية. Vol. 21 (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 899. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  10. ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Gascony" . دائرة المعارف البريطانية. Vol. 21 (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 494–495. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  11. ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Burgundy" . دائرة المعارف البريطانية. Vol. 4 (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 821. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  12. ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Picardy" . دائرة المعارف البريطانية. Vol. 21 (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 576. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  13. ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Provence" . دائرة المعارف البريطانية. Vol. 22 (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 503. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  14. ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Angoumois" . دائرة المعارف البريطانية. Vol. 2 (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 42. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  15. ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Marche (France)" . دائرة المعارف البريطانية. Vol. 17 (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 689–690. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  16. ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Brittany" . دائرة المعارف البريطانية. Vol. 4 (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 617. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  17. ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Maine (province)" . دائرة المعارف البريطانية. Vol. 17 (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 433. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  18. ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Touraine" . دائرة المعارف البريطانية. Vol. 27 (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 102–103. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  19. ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Limousin" . دائرة المعارف البريطانية. Vol. 16 (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 701. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  20. ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Auvergne" . دائرة المعارف البريطانية. Vol. 3 (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 49. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  21. ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Alsace" . دائرة المعارف البريطانية. Vol. 1 (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 755. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  22. ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Artois" . دائرة المعارف البريطانية. Vol. 2 (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 698. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  23. ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Roussillon" . دائرة المعارف البريطانية. Vol. 23 (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 780. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  24. ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Franche-Comté" . دائرة المعارف البريطانية. Vol. 10 (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 931. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  25. ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Lorraine" . دائرة المعارف البريطانية. Vol. 17 (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 9. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  26. ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Nièvre" . دائرة المعارف البريطانية. Vol. 19 (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 673. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)

Further reading

  • Les Provinces de la France by le Vicomte Olivier de Romanet, la Nouvelle Librairie Nationale, 1913.
  • Les Provinces au XVIIIe et leur division en départements de la France by Charles Berlet, Bloud, second edition, 1913.

See also

قالب:Historic provinces of France

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