أوسكمان

Coordinates: 49°59′N 82°37′E / 49.983°N 82.617°E / 49.983; 82.617
(تم التحويل من Oskemen)
Oskemen
Öskemen, Өскемен (in قزخ)
Усть-Каменогорск (in روسية)
From the top, View over Oskemen, New Mosque of Oskemen, Palace of Culture
علم Oskemen
Flag
الختم الرسمي لـ Oskemen
الشعار
Oskemen is located in قزخستان
Oskemen
Oskemen
Location in Kazakhstan
الإحداثيات: 49°59′N 82°37′E / 49.983°N 82.617°E / 49.983; 82.617
Countryكازاخستان كازاخستان
RegionEast Kazakhstan Region
Founded1720
Incorporated (city)1868
الحكومة
 • AkimZhaksylyk Omar
المساحة
 • الإجمالي540 كم² (210 ميل²)
المنسوب
283 m (928 ft)
التعداد
 (2013)
 • الإجمالي346٬127
 • الكثافة640/km2 (1٬700/sq mi)
منطقة التوقيتUTC+6 (ALMT)
Postal code
F0*****[1]
مفتاح الهاتف+7 7232
لوحة السيارةF, 16
الموقع الإلكترونيwww.oskemen.kz
"Kamenogorsk" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Kamennogorsk.

Oskemen (بالقزخية: Өскемен النطق (المساعدة·معلومات)) or Ust-Kamenogorsk (روسية: Усть-Каменого́рск) is the administrative center of East Kazakhstan Region of Kazakhstan. Population: 303,720 (نتائج تعداد 2009);[2] 310,950 (نتائج تعداد 1999).[2]

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Name

The city has two official names.[3] In the Kazakh language, its name is Өскемен/Öskemen and in the Russian language it is known as Усть-Каменогорск. Both names appear on the seal of the city.[4]


History

The city was founded in 1720 at the confluence of the Irtysh and Ulba rivers as a fort and trading post named Ust-Kamennaya.[5] It was established according to the order of the Russian Emperor Peter the Great, who sent a military expedition headed by major Ivan Vasilievich Likharev in the search of Yarkenda gold. Likharev’s expedition directed up the Irtysh River to Zaysan Lake. There, at the confluence of the Ulba and the Irtysh rivers the new fortress was laid – the Ust-Kamennaya Fortress. The Ust-Kamennaya Fortress appeared on the map of the Russian Empire, the very southern end of the Irtysh line.[6] In 1868 the city became the capital of the Semipalatinsk Oblast. It was the site of Georgy Malenkov's 30-year internal exile, during which he managed a local hydroelectric plant.[7]

One of the main industrial enterprises, the Ulba Metal Works (UMW) which produced and still produces uranium products, was kept entirely secret despite it employing thousands of workers. An explosion at the UMW's beryllium production line in 1990 led to the diffusion of a highly toxic beryllium-containing "cloud" over the city. The health effects of this incident are not entirely known, partly because the incident was kept secret by the Soviet authorities.[8]

In 2017, the Ulba Metallurgical Plant was inaugurated by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as the home of the Low Enriched Uranium (LEU) bank - which serves as a supply mechanism of last resort for IAEA member states.[9] The LEU bank is a physical stock of 90 metric tons of LEU hexaflouride, enough uranium to power a large city for three years.[10] The facility was wholly funded by IAEA member states and other contributions for a total of $150 million. This is expected to cover costs for 20 years.[11] Responsibility for safety, security, and safeguarding falls under the responsibilities of local authorities in Osmeken.[12]

Economy

The city developed into a major mining and metallurgical center during the Soviet period. Processing of non-ferrous metals, especially uranium, beryllium, tantalum, copper, lead, silver and zinc remain important.[13] It is a center for the construction industry producing manufactured housing and ferroconcrete articles. The post-war industrial history of the city is very closely intertwined with the Soviet nuclear bomb project, and the city was therefore kept closed to outsiders.

The number of enterprises in Oskemen is very high relative to the number of people living there. There are about 169 firms according to the data from 2002.[14] Most of them are industrial firms, working in mining and processing of raw materials, mostly heavy metals.

  • Kazzinc is a major fully integrated zinc producer with considerable copper, precious metals and lead credits. The company was established in 1997 through the merger of Eastern Kazakhstan's three main non-ferrous metal companies - Ust-Kamenogorsk Lead and Zinc Combinate, Leninogorsk Polymetallic Combinate and Zyryanovsk Lead Combinate. The company continues to develop seeking to have its stable position among the world's five lowest cost zinc producers. Apart from zinc it produces on a large-scale lead, silver, copper, and many more.[15]
  • Titanium-Magnesium plant specializes in production and selling nonferrous metals.[16]
  • Ulba metallurgical plant produces hi-tech uranium, beryllium and tantalum products for the needs of atomic engineering, electronics, metallurgical and other spheres of operation. The company is among the leaders in production of their specific goods.[17]
  • Apart from the mining and processing companies, there are numerous thermoelectric power stations and about five hydropower plants concentrated around the Ust-Kamenogorsk region of Eastern Kazakhstan.

The highest lock in the world is the Oskemen Lock[18] and lies at Ablaketka where it allows river traffic to pass around a hydroelectric dam on the Irtysh river. It has a drop of more than 40m.[19]

A new car plant owned jointly by AvtoVAZ and Azia Avto, which will produce 120,000 cars a year, will be opened in 2016.[20]

Higher education

المقالة الرئيسية: List of universities in Kazakhstan § Oskemen

Culture

The city has three cinemas (although during the Soviet era, there were a lot more), three museums, and a drama theater with Russian and Kazakh (since 2000) troupes.

Sport

Boris Alexandrov Sports Palace serves as home arena to the ice hockey club HC Torpedo (officially Kazzinc-Torpedo, commonly referred to as Torpedo Ust-Kamenogorsk). Torpedo’s men’s representative team plays in the Supreme Hockey League (VHL), of which it was a founding member, and the women’s representative team plays in the Kazakh Women's Ice Hockey League. The men’s farm team, Altay-Torpedo, competes in the Kazakhstan Hockey Championship and the men’s under-20 team, Altay, plays in the Eastern Conference of the Junior Hockey League (MHL). Torpedo is the alma mater of NHL players Nik Antropov, Vitali Kolesnik, Evgeni Nabokov, Alexander Perezhogin, and Konstantin Pushkaryov.

The football club FC Vostok Oskemen was a founding member of the Kazakhstan Premier League and currently plays in the Kazakhstan First Division. The team’s home ground is Vostok Stadium.

Oskemen hosted the national rink bandy championship in 2014 and the national amateur bandy championship in 2018.[21][22]

Religion

Russian Orthodox Church
Mosque in Oskemen

With ethnic Russians comprising the demographic majority of the population, Orthodox Christianity is the dominant religion of Oskemen. There are 32 religious unions, presenting 15 religious confessions, including Muslim, Christian, and non-traditional religions. There are 21 cultural buildings in the city: among them Orthodox Christian churches and mosques.[23] However, in 2017 a court fined and banned Oskemen's New Life Protestant Church for singing religious songs at a summer camp.[24]

Transport

The city has an international airport, Oskemen Airport.

Oskemen's tram system has 4 lines.

Intercity bus service is available at two bus stations. The most extensive network, with more than 35 lines, is at the railway station, which is located by the Sports Palace on Novoshkolnaya Street. From this station, buses not only serve cities within Kazakhstan, but also Russian cities such as Krasnoyarsk. The route network at the second station covers a smaller area with 17 lines.

Climate

Oskemen has a continental climate with (Köppen climate classification Dfb) intermittent precipitation. The coldest months are November through March. Record low temperatures range from −49 °C in January to 4 °C in July, and record highs range from 8 °C in January to 43 °C in July.

Climate data for Öskemen
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 8.0
(46.4) 		15.0
(59.0) 		22.0
(71.6) 		31.9
(89.4) 		38.0
(100.4) 		37.5
(99.5) 		41.0
(105.8) 		42.8
(109.0) 		38.6
(101.5) 		29.3
(84.7) 		22.7
(72.9) 		11.9
(53.4) 		42.8
(109.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −9.8
(14.4) 		−7.0
(19.4) 		0.4
(32.7) 		13.9
(57.0) 		21.6
(70.9) 		26.2
(79.2) 		27.8
(82.0) 		26.7
(80.1) 		20.6
(69.1) 		12.3
(54.1) 		0.6
(33.1) 		−6.8
(19.8) 		10.5
(51.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) −15.3
(4.5) 		−13.3
(8.1) 		−5.5
(22.1) 		7.0
(44.6) 		14.1
(57.4) 		19.2
(66.6) 		20.5
(68.9) 		18.2
(64.8) 		12.3
(54.1) 		5.4
(41.7) 		−4.7
(23.5) 		−11.6
(11.1) 		3.9
(39.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −20.4
(−4.7) 		−19.2
(−2.6) 		−11.0
(12.2) 		0.5
(32.9) 		6.9
(44.4) 		12.5
(54.5) 		14.2
(57.6) 		11.4
(52.5) 		4.6
(40.3) 		−0.2
(31.6) 		−9.1
(15.6) 		−16.3
(2.7) 		−2.2
(28.1)
Record low °C (°F) −47.2
(−53.0) 		−44.6
(−48.3) 		−40
(−40) 		−26.1
(−15.0) 		−7.3
(18.9) 		−1.3
(29.7) 		1.3
(34.3) 		−0.7
(30.7) 		−8.9
(16.0) 		−21.5
(−6.7) 		−42.8
(−45.0) 		−42.2
(−44.0) 		−47.2
(−53.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 24
(0.9) 		24
(0.9) 		28
(1.1) 		33
(1.3) 		38
(1.5) 		41
(1.6) 		63
(2.5) 		33
(1.3) 		27
(1.1) 		42
(1.7) 		46
(1.8) 		34
(1.3) 		433
(17)
Source: Pogoda.ru.net[25]


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Ecology

As expected in a city with a lot of heavy industry, the atmosphere of the city holds the by-products of the heavy metals production: nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, Zn, Cd, Cl, As, C, Be, phenol, benzol, NaOH, NH3, radioactivity etc. in general there are about 170 polluting components found in the city.[14]

There are 3 impact points that are influenced in Oskemen. The atmosphere is hit most. With a poor urban ventilation (the average percentage of calm 48%),[14] with a large number of vehicles and stationary sources relevance of air pollution in Oskemen is not in doubt. The concentration of harmful substances in the air is increasing each year because of the nature of the companies which are looking for increases in the production and profits. As usual, the pollution is enhanced by the low quality of car fuels and an increase in the number of cars. As a result of all this, Oskemen is often recognized as one of the most polluted regional centers of Kazakhstan.

The most polluted rivers of the Republic are those flowing through the territory of the East Kazakhstan region, where the highest index of surface water pollution is observed in the mining areas and enrichment of polymetallic ores.[14] Mostly the water is affected through the industrial wastes and the storages of waste. Contamination of the water with lead, selenium, cadmium, nitrates spreads on many kilometers as a consequence of which a few drinking water intakes in the Western part of the city are closed or to be closed.

The soil close to the industry territories holds the solid wastes of the firms and becomes less suitable for planting. An increasing number of industrial waste requires a large area for the storage of waste.[14]

As a result of large production of uranium and presence of other radioactive elements such thorium, radon or radioactive dust the radioactive background of the city is remarkable with the zones of radioactive anomaly which are spread around the city.[14]

Oskemen is known to be the leader in Kazakhstan by the number of people having respiratory problems and the diseases of immune system. The statistics show that the most frequent diseases are respiratory diseases and urogenital system diseases. In the last years, the number of people having cancer has been also increasing.

Economy

In the 1950s, the heavy industrial economy began to develop in the city. In 1959 a mechanical workshop for boilers and tools was built in the city. Today, the city has a large machine-building plant, automobile plant and metallurgical plant.

Twin towns – sister cities

انظر أيضاً: List of twin towns and sister cities in Kazakhstan

Oskemen is twinned with:

People

See also

References

  1. ^ "Почтовые индексы УСТЬ-КАМЕНОГОРСК ГОРОД, Казахстан. Поиск индекса по адресу". bizgid.kz.
  2. ^ أ ب "Население Республики Казахстан" (in Russian). Департамент социальной и демографической статистики. Retrieved 8 December 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  3. ^ "oskemen.vko.gov.kz / ГлавнаяОпросы". oskemen.vko.gov.kz. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
  4. ^ "Ust-Kamenogorsk city, Kazakhstan overview, history, photos". aboutkazakhstan.com. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
  5. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica on-line
  6. ^ "Информация о городе". www.oskemen.kz. Archived from the original on September 23, 2009. Retrieved January 25, 2011.
  7. ^ "RUSSIA: The Quick & the Dead". TIME. July 22, 1957. Archived from the original on November 1, 2011. Retrieved August 1, 2010.
  8. ^ Rich, Vera (1990). "'Years of neglect' led to beryllium blast". New Scientist (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Archived from the original on 2021-09-10. Retrieved 2022-08-09.
  9. ^ "IAEA LEU Bank Becomes Operational with Delivery of Low Enriched Uranium". www.iaea.org (in الإنجليزية). 2019-10-17. Retrieved 2023-08-17.
  10. ^ "IAEA LEU Storage Facility to open in Kazakhstan in mid-August: Minister". akipress.com. Retrieved 2023-08-17.
  11. ^ "IAEA buys uranium for LEU Bank : Uranium & Fuel - World Nuclear News". world-nuclear-news.org. Retrieved 2023-08-17.
  12. ^ "IAEA Low Enriched Uranium (LEU) Bank". www.iaea.org (in الإنجليزية). 2016-04-13. Retrieved 2023-08-17.
  13. ^ "Oskemen Travel Guide". Caravanistan (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 2019-11-27.
  14. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح "About the ecological situation of the environment of the city of Oskemen". www.greensalvation.org. March 20, 2002. Retrieved April 10, 2016.
  15. ^ "About us". www.kazzinc.com. n.d. Retrieved April 11, 2016.
  16. ^ "Ust-Kamenogorsk Titanium Magnesium Plant JSC (UTMK)". www.kase.kz. n.d. Retrieved April 11, 2016.
  17. ^ "Company purposes". www.ulba.kz. n.d. Retrieved April 10, 2016.
  18. ^ Ryszard, Daniel; Paulus, Tim (2018). Lock Gates and Other Closures in Hydraulic Projects. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 672. ISBN 9780128096130.
  19. ^ "Latest". Waterways World. Retrieved August 1, 2010.
  20. ^ "120 тысяч казахстанских авто в год будут производить в Усть-Каменогорске". 11 November 2013.
  21. ^ "На чемпионате РК по ринк-бенди команда ЗКО заняла первое место". timeskz.kz. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
  22. ^ "В ВКО завершился чемпионат РК по хоккею". Prosports.kz.
  23. ^ "Domestic policy". www.oskemen.kz. April 19, 2001. Retrieved January 25, 2011.
  24. ^ Release International Magazine Nov/Dec 2017
  25. ^ "Климат Усть-Каменогорска - Погода и климат" (in الروسية). Retrieved Jan 2, 2022.
  26. ^ "Есть ли побратимы у Актау и других городов Казахстана". tumba.kz (in الروسية). Tumba. 2019-05-04. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  27. ^ "США, Испания и Китай: в каких еще странах у Барнаула есть города-побратимы?". tolknews.ru (in الروسية). Tolk. 2020-10-31. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  28. ^ ""新疆维吾尔自治区友城介绍". xinjiang.gov.cn (in الصينية). Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. 2012-08-09. Retrieved 2020-07-14.
  29. ^ "Евгений Чебатков: фото, биография, фильмография, новости - Вокруг ТВ".
  30. ^ "Евгений Чебатков".


49°59′N 82°37′E / 49.983°N 82.617°E / 49.983; 82.617

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