ملكية جامايكا

(تم التحويل من Monarchy of Jamaica)
هذا المقال هو عن ملكية جامايكا . إذا كنت تريد معلومات عن البلدان الأخرى التي تشترك في نفس الشخص مثل الملك، انظر عالم الكومنولث.
ملك جامايكا
Queen Jamaica
Coat of Arms of Jamaica.svg
شعار جامايكا
الحالي
King Charles III (July 2023).jpg
تشارلز الثالث
since 8 سبتمبر 2022
التفاصيل
الأسلوبHis Majesty
الوريث الباديوليام، أمير ويلز
أول عاهلإليزابث الثانية
التشكيل6 أغسطس 1962
سياسة جاميكا
Coat of Arms of Jamaica.svg
السلطة التنفيذية
السلطة التشريعية
الانتخابات
السلطة القضائية
التقسيمات الادارية
العلاقات الخارجية

الملكية في جامايكا هي نظام دستوري للحكم يكون فيه الملك الوراثي هو صاحب السيادة ورئيس دولة جامايكا.[1] يمكن أيضًا استخدام المصطلحات Crown in Right of Jamaica ، أو Her Majesty in Right of Jamaica ، أو The Queen in Right of Jamaica للإشارة إلى السلطة التنفيذية الكاملة لحكومة جامايكا. على الرغم من أن تاج جامايكا له جذوره في التاج البريطاني ، فقد تطور ليصبح مؤسسة جامايكية مميزة ، ممثلة برموزها الفريدة.

The Crown today primarily functions as a guarantor of continuous and stable governance and a nonpartisan safeguard against the abuse of power. While some powers are exercisable only by the sovereign, most of the monarch's operational and ceremonial duties are exercised by his representative, the governor-general of Jamaica. Over the years, the Crown of Jamaica has evolved to become a distinctly Jamaican institution, represented by its own unique symbols.

منذ عقد 1970، كان هناك نقاش في جامايكا حول استبدال الملكية بجمهورية. وقد أعرب رئيس الوزراء الحالي، أندرو هولنس، عن نيته أن تُجري الحكومة استفتاءً حول الموضوع في 2025.

التاريخ

A 1940 Jamaican 10-shilling banknote featuring King George VI
طابع بريد جامايكي من سنة 1956، يصور الملكة إليزابث الثانية

In 1655, a British expedition under Admiral Sir William Penn and General Robert Venables captured Jamaica and they began expelling the Spanish, a task that was accomplished within five years. Spain recognized British sovereignty over Jamaica in the Treaty of Madrid (1670).[2] The Royal African Company was formed in 1672 with a monopoly of the British slave trade, and from that time Jamaica became one of the world's busiest slave markets. Jamaica also became one of Britain's most-valuable colonies in terms of agricultural production.[3]

A limited form of local government was introduced with the creation of the House of Assembly of Jamaica in 1664; however, it represented only a tiny number of rich plantation owners.[4] The British Parliament abolished the transatlantic slave trade in 1807, and Parliament subsequently approved an emancipatory act that gave all enslaved people in British colonies their freedom by 1838. In 1866, the island was declared a crown colony. Its newly appointed governor, Sir John Peter Grant, helped reorganise the colony, including establishing a police force, reformed judicial system, medical service, public works department, and government savings bank.[3]

The constitution of 1944 established a House of Representatives, whose members were elected by universal adult suffrage.[3] After attempting in 1958 a federation with other West Indian colonies, Jamaica continued as a self-governing colony of the United Kingdom, until the passage of the Jamaica Independence Act in 1962. Jamaica thus became a sovereign state and independent constitutional monarchy with Queen Elizabeth II as head of state and Queen of Jamaica.[5]

Front page of The Daily Gleaner تعلن استقلال جامايكا

The Queen's sister, Princess Margaret, represented her at the independence celebrations in August 1962. On 7 August, the Princess opened the first parliament of independent Jamaica, on behalf of the Queen. The Queen also sent a personal message to Jamaicans in which she welcomed the newly-independent country into the Commonwealth, and said: "I am sure that your country, which has already given an example to the world of how people of many varied origins and traditions may live together in harmony, will have a vital contribution to make to the cause of fuller cooperation, understanding and tolerance far beyond the immediate area of the world in which it is situated".[6]


تطور الملكية المشارَكة

In the lead-up to Jamaican independence in 1962, the Parliament of Jamaica established a cross-party joint select committee to prepare a new constitution. The committee received several submissions calling for Jamaica to become a republic, which it "heard politely, but rejected unceremoniously".[7] Both major party leaders in Jamaica in the lead-up to independence (Alexander Bustamante of the Jamaica Labour Party و نورمان مانلي of the People's National Party) were opposed to Jamaica becoming a republic.[8]

The Jamaica Labour Party, led by Alexander Bustamante, affirmed its loyalty to the monarchy in the party's constitution, which sought to instil "in the hearts of the people reverence for God, loyalty to the Queen and respect for lawful constituted authority".[8][9]

I make no apology for the fact that we did not embark upon any original or novel exercise in constitutional building... Let us not make the mistake of describing as colonial institutions which are part and parcel of the heritage of this country. If we have any confidence in our own individuality and our own personality, we would absorb these things and incorporate them into own use as part of the heritage we are not ashamed of. I am not ashamed of any institution which exists in this country merely because it derives from England.[10]

نورمان مانلي، 1962

أبدى نورمان مانلي إعجابه بالدستورية البريطانية وشرح الموقف الذي اتخذته اللجنة المشتركة للبرلمان الجامايكي في 1962. جادل مانلي أن التنظيم المؤسساتي للبلد يجب أن يعكس التاريخ الدستوري للمستعمرة وبريطانيا نفسها. This was seen as Manley's strong endorsement of the Westminster system as a whole, and that the Queen should be retained in the Constitution as a symbol of continuity. Upon independence, Jamaica opted to retain the monarchy as a leading, and deeply entrenched institution in the constitution.[8]

Law professor Stephen Vasciannie has suggested that the decision to retain the monarchy at independence was due to several factors, including a desire for continuity and stability, a desire to demonstrate the maturity required for independence, the popularity of the royal family amongst Jamaicans, and tendencies towards Anglophilia among the political elites.[8]

الجوانب الدولية والمحلية

للمزيد من المعلومات: Commonwealth realm § The Crown in the Commonwealth realms

لدى جامايكا نفس الملك مثل دول الكومنولث الأخرى. وكل دولة ذات سيادة ومستقلة عن تلك الدول، ما يعني أن النظام الملكي الجامايكي له طابع منفصل ومشترك، وبالتالي لم يعد النظام الملكي مؤسسة بريطانية حصرية، على الرغم من أنه غالبًا ما يطلق عليها ملكية بريطانية (باللغتين القانونية والعامة) لأسباب تاريخية وسياسية وتوافقية. وفي جميع شؤون دولة جامايكا تقدم النصيحة للملك فقط من قبل وزراء التاج الجامايكيين. وبموجب قانون استقلال جامايكا لعام 1962، لا يمكن لأي حكومة بريطانية أو أي دولة أخرى تقديم المشورة للملك في الأمور المتعلقة بجامايكا.

بالنظر إلى هذه الترتيبات، يُعتبر من المستحيل أن يستقبل ملك جامايكا سفيرًا من أي دولة يكون ملكًا لها أو يرسل سفيرًا إليها. وبدلاً من ذلك، تطورت ممارسة إرسال المندوبين الساميين، حيث يجري إرسال الشخص ليكون ممثلاً لأحد حكومات الكومنولث عند حكومة أخرى من حكوماته.

اللقب والأسلوب

التمويل

لا يستمد الملك من خزائن جامايكا إلا الدعم في أداء واجباته عندما يكون في جامايكا أو يتصرف كملك جامايكا في الخارج؛ ولا يدفع الجامايكيون أي أموال للملك، سواء من أجل الدخل الشخصي أو لدعم المساكن الملكية خارج جامايكا. وهذا ينطبق بالمثل على أفراد العائلة المالكة الآخرين. في العادة، تدفع أموال الضرائب فقط التكاليف المرتبطة بالحاكم العام في ممارسة صلاحيات التاج، بما في ذلك السفر والأمن والإقامة والمكاتب والاحتفالات وما شابه.

الخلافة

تخضع الخلافة للبكر المطلق لأحكام الخلافة في قانون التاج لعام 2013، وكذلك قانون التسوية لعام 1701، ووثيقة الحقوق لعام 1689. ويقصر هذا التشريع الخلافة على الابن الطبيعي (أي غير المتبنى)، من نسل صوفي ناخبة هانوفر، وينص على أن الملك لا يمكن أن يكون رومانيًا كاثوليكيًا، ولا متزوجًا من أحد الرومان الكاثوليك، ويجب أن يتبع كنيسة إنجلترا عند تولي العرش. ولا تزال هذه القوانين الدستورية، التي تنطبق على جامايكا، تحت سيطرة البرلمان البريطاني، من خلال اعتماد النظام الأساسي وستمنستر، وافقت كل من المملكة المتحدة وجامايكا على عدم تغيير قواعد الخلافة دون موافقة وإجماع من الدول الأخرى، ما لم يترك أحد الأطراف صراحة العلاقة الملكية المشتركة؛ وتنطبق الحالة بشكل مماثل في جميع المجالات الأخرى، والتي جرى تشبيهها بمعاهدة بين هذه البلدان. وبالتالي فإن خط الخلافة في جامايكا لا يزال مطابقًا لخط الخلافة في المملكة المتحدة.

للمزيد من المعلومات: Succession to the Jamaican throne
Charles, Prince of Wales, is the heir apparent to the Jamaican throne.

تجسيد الدولة

Royal Standard of Jamaica
للمزيد من المعلومات: The Crown


للمزيد من المعلومات: The Crown
I don't regard The Queen as Queen of England, she is Queen of Jamaica, and then by accident, she is Queen of England.[11]

Governor-General Kenneth O. Hall, 2002

The sovereign is regarded as the personification, or legal personality, of the Jamaican state. Therefore, the state is referred to as His Majesty in Right of Jamaica.[12] As such, the monarch is the owner of all state lands (called Crown land),[13] buildings and equipment (called Crown property),[14][15] and the copyright for all government publications (called Crown copyright).[16] Government officials are also employed by the Crown, as are the governor-general, the prime minister, judges, members of the Jamaica Defence Force, and police officers.[17] Many officials were once required by law to recite an oath of allegiance to the monarch before taking their posts, however the oaths were amended in 2002, removing mention of the monarch.[18][19] Nonetheless, under the Jamaican Nationality Act, new Jamaican citizens have to take an oath or affirmation of allegiance to the Jamaican monarch, his heirs and successors.[20] The current oath is:[21]

"I, (name), do swear that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to His Majesty King Charles the Third, His Heirs and Successors according to the Laws of Jamaica and that I will faithfully observe the laws of Jamaica and fulfil my duties as a citizen of Jamaica. So help me God."

الدور الدستوري والامتياز الملكي

My husband and I are happy to be visiting Jamaica again. We have pleasant recollections of our previous visit and look forward to meeting many people here and to enjoying the hospitality and natural beauty of your country of which you are justly proud.[22]

Elizabeth II of Jamaica, Speech from the Thone at the Jamaican Parliament, 5 March 1966

The Constitution of Jamaica gives the country a similar parliamentary system of government to the other Commonwealth realms, wherein the role of the monarch and governor-general is both legal and practical, but not political. The Crown is regarded as a corporation, in which several parts shared the authority of the whole, with the sovereign as the person at the centre of the constitutional construct,[23] meaning all powers of the state are constitutionally reposed in the monarch.[24] As head of state, the sovereign is at the apex of the Jamaican Order of Precedence.[25]

The constitution requires most of the sovereign's domestic duties to be performed by the governor-general, appointed by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister of Jamaica.[26]

All institutions of government act under the sovereign's authority; the vast powers that belong to the Jamaican Crown are collectively known as the Royal Prerogative. Parliamentary approval is not required for the exercise of the Royal Prerogative; moreover, the consent of the Crown is must before either of the houses of parliament may even debate a bill affecting the sovereign's prerogatives or interests.

التنفيذي

One of the main duties of the Crown is to appoint a prime minister, who thereafter heads the Cabinet of Jamaica and advises the monarch or governor-general on how to execute their executive powers over all aspects of government operations and foreign affairs.[27] The monarch's, and thereby the viceroy's role is almost entirely symbolic and cultural, acting as a symbol of the legal authority under which all governments and agencies operate, while the Cabinet directs the use of the Royal Prerogative, which includes the privilege to declare war, maintain the King's peace, and direct the actions of the Jamaica Defence Force, as well as to summon and prorogue parliament and call elections.[28] However, the Royal Prerogative belongs to the Crown and not to any of the ministers, though it might have sometimes appeared that way,[23] and the constitution allows the governor-general to unilaterally use these powers in relation to the dismissal of a prime minister, dissolution of parliament, and removal of a judge in exceptional, constitutional crisis situations.[29]

The flag of the Jamaican Governor-General featuring St Edward's Crown

There are also a few duties which are specifically performed by the monarch, such as appointing the governor-general.[30]

The governor-general, to maintain the stability of government, appoints as prime minister the individual most likely to maintain the support of the House of Representatives.[31] The sovereign is informed by his viceroy of the acceptance of the resignation of a prime minister and the swearing-in of a new prime minister and other members of the ministry, he remains fully briefed through regular communications from his Jamaican ministers, and he holds regular audiences with them whenever possible.[32] Members of various executive agencies and other officials are also appointed by the Crown. The appointment of privy councillors,[33] senators,[34] and Supreme Court justices also falls under the Royal Prerogative.[35]


الشؤون الخارجية

U.S. Ambassador to Jamaica Donald R. Tapia presenting his credentials to Governor-General Sir Patrick Allen, 2019

The Royal Prerogative further extends to foreign affairs: the governor-general ratifies treaties, alliances, and international agreements. As with other uses of the Royal Prerogative, no parliamentary approval is required. However, a treaty cannot alter the domestic laws of Jamaica; an Act of Parliament is necessary in such cases. The governor-general, on behalf of the monarch, also accredits Jamaican High Commissioners and ambassadors and receives diplomats from foreign states.[36] In addition, the issuance of passports falls under the Royal Prerogative and, as such, all Jamaican passports are issued in the governor-general's name, the monarch's representative in Jamaica.[37]

البرلمان

The sovereign, along with the Senate and the House of Representatives, is one of the three components of the Parliament of Jamaica.[38] The authority of the Crown is embodied in the mace of the Parliament, which bears a crown at its apex.[39]

The monarch does not, however, participate in the legislative process; the viceroy does, though only in the granting of Royal Assent.[40] Further, the constitution outlines that the governor-general alone is responsible for appointing senators. The viceroy makes thirteen senatorial appointments on the advice of the prime minister, and eight on the advice of the leader of the opposition.[41] The viceroy additionally summons, prorogues, and dissolves parliament;[42] after the latter, the writs for a general election are issued by the governor-general at King's House.[26]

Although for some it is viewed as a mere ritual, the Throne Speech plays an important role in outlining the priorities of the Government for the new financial year, bringing together all arms of the state in partnership towards building the new and prosperous Jamaica.[43]

Governor-General Sir Patrick Allen, 2019

The new parliamentary session is marked by the Ceremonial Opening of Parliament, during which the monarch or the governor-general reads the Speech from the Throne.[44]

ڤيديو خارجي
Behind the Ceremonial Opening of Parliament
Source: Jamaica Information Service.

All laws in Jamaica are enacted only with the viceroy's granting of Royal Assent in the monarch's name.[45] The Royal Assent, and proclamation, are required for all acts of parliament, usually granted or withheld by the governor-general, with the Broad Seal of Jamaica.[46]

Until 2024, Jamaican bills began with the phrase: "Be it enacted by The King's [or Queen's] Most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and House of Representatives of Jamaica, and by the authority of the same, as follows".[47][48] The reference to the sovereign was dropped from the words of enactment by the Constitution (Amendment of Section 61) Act, 2024.[49][50]

القضاء

The sovereign is responsible for rendering justice for all his subjects, and is thus traditionally deemed the fount of justice.[51] In Jamaica, criminal offences are legally deemed to be offences against the sovereign and proceedings for indictable offences are brought in the sovereign's name in the form of The King [or Queen] versus [Name].[52][53][54] Hence, the common law holds that the sovereign "can do no wrong"; the monarch cannot be prosecuted in his own courts for criminal offences.[55]

All judges of the Supreme Court of Jamaica are appointed by the governor-general.[56] The highest court of appeal for Jamaica is the Judicial Committee of the King's Privy Council.[32][57]

The governor-general, on behalf of the Jamaican monarch, can also grant immunity from prosecution, exercise the royal prerogative of mercy, and pardon offences against the Crown, either before, during, or after a trial. The exercise of the 'Prerogative of mercy' to grant a pardon and the commutation of prison sentences is described in section 90 of the Constitution.[58]

التاريخ

الشعبية

الجمهورية

المقالة الرئيسية: Republicanism in Jamaica

أنظر أيضاً

المصادر

  1. ^ "Buckingham Palace: Queen and Commonwealth: Jamaica". Royal.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 7 June 2007. Retrieved 2013-02-03.
  2. ^ C. V. Black, History of Jamaica (London: Collins, 1975), p. 54.
  3. ^ أ ب ت "Jamaica" Archived 20 أبريل 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Encyclopædia Britannica.
  4. ^ Cundall, Frank. (1915) Historic Jamaica. London: Institute of Jamaica. p. 15.
  5. ^ History and present government
  6. ^ "Queen wishes Jamaica well". The Gleaner. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
  7. ^ Munroe, Trevor (1972). The Politics of Constitutional Decolonization: Jamaica, 1944-62. Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of the West Indies. p. 144.
  8. ^ أ ب ت ث Vasciannie, Stephen (29 November 2015). "Reflections on the Republic of Jamaica". The Jamaica Observer. Archived from the original on 30 November 2015. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
  9. ^ The Handbook of Jamaica for Comprising Historical, Statistical and General Information Concerning the Island Compiled from Official and Other Reliable Records · Volume 1962, p. 762, https://books.google.com/books?id=TQkqAQAAMAAJ 
  10. ^ Leanne Alexis Levers, Decolonising Restorative Justice: A Case of Policy Reform, Taylor & Francis, p. 1984-1985, ISBN 9781000936278 
  11. ^ "The Queen visits Jamaica, 2002". The Royal Family. 14 September 2011 – via YouTube.
  12. ^ "The Visiting Forces Act" (PDF). moj.gov.jm. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
  13. ^ "The Wild Life Protection Act" (PDF). National Environment and Planning Agency. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
  14. ^ "Crown Property (Vesting) Act" (PDF). National Land Agency. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
  15. ^ "Dealings by Companies" (PDF). National Land Agency. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
  16. ^ "The Copyright Amendment Act, 2015" (PDF). Jamaica Intellectual Property Office. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
  17. ^ Elizabeth II 1962, p. 20, 40, 45-46
  18. ^ "No.35-The Oaths (Amendment) Act,2002". Laws of Jamaica. Retrieved 15 December 2024.
  19. ^ "No.36-The Oath of Allegiance and Judicial Oath (Constitutional Amendment)Act,2002". Laws of Jamaica. Retrieved 15 December 2024.
  20. ^ "The Jamaican Nationality Act" (PDF). Passport, Immigration and Citizenship Agency. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
  21. ^ "Jamaican Citizenship". Jamaica Information Service. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
  22. ^ "Queen lays out plans for Jamaica in Throne Speech". 3 March 2022. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
  23. ^ أ ب Cox, Noel; Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law: Black v Chrétien: Suing a Minister of the Crown for Abuse of Power, Misfeasance in Public Office and Negligence; Volume 9, Number 3 (September 2002)
  24. ^ Elizabeth II 1962, p. 36
  25. ^ "How To Address The Head of State (The Queen and the Governor-General)". opm.gov.jm. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
  26. ^ أ ب The role of the Governor-General
  27. ^ Elizabeth II (1962), Jamaica Constitution of 1962, p. 19, https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Jamaica_2015.pdf?lang=en, retrieved on 17 October 2022 
  28. ^ Elizabeth II 1962, p. 34
  29. ^ Elizabeth II 1962, p. 37
  30. ^ Elizabeth II 1962, p. 17
  31. ^ Elizabeth II 1962, p. 37
  32. ^ أ ب خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة qrjm
  33. ^ Elizabeth II 1962, p. 40
  34. ^ Elizabeth II 1962, p. 20
  35. ^ Elizabeth II 1962, p. 45-46
  36. ^ "Ceremony for the Presentation of Credentials to the Governor-General by Group". Permanent Mission of Jamaica to the United Nations. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
  37. ^ Passports
  38. ^ Elizabeth II 1962, p. 20
  39. ^ "The Ceremonial Mace". jis.gov.jm. 9 March 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
  40. ^ Elizabeth II 1962, p. 33
  41. ^ Elizabeth II 1962, p. 20
  42. ^ Elizabeth II 1962, p. 34
  43. ^ "Throne Speech 2019: Delivered by His Excellency the Most Hon. Sir Patrick Allen, ON, GCMG, CD, KSt.J., Governor General" (PDF). 14 February 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2022.
  44. ^ "The Constitutional Status and Role of the Governor-General". King's House. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
  45. ^ Elizabeth II 1962, p. 33
  46. ^ Elizabeth II 1962, p. 20
  47. ^ Elizabeth II 1962, p. 33
  48. ^ Parliament of Jamaica (2010). "Agricultural Development Corporation (Change of Name) Act, 2010" (PDF).
  49. ^ "House Passes Bill to Formulate New Words of Enactment in Jamaica's Constitution". Jamaica Information Service. 30 May 2024.
  50. ^ "The Constitution (Amendment of Section 61) Act, 2024" (PDF). Jamaica Houses of Parliament. Retrieved 21 September 2024.
  51. ^ Davis, Reginald (1976), Elizabeth, our Queen, Collins, p. 36, ISBN 9780002112338 
  52. ^ "Ray Morgan (Appellant) v The King (Respondent) (Jamaica)" (PDF). 11 July 2023.
  53. ^ "Richard Brown (Appellant) v The Queen (Respondent) (Jamaica)". 9 February 2016.
  54. ^ "Lescene Edwards (Appellant) v The Queen (Respondent) (Jamaica)". 4 April 2022.
  55. ^ قالب:Halsbury
  56. ^ Elizabeth II 1962, p. 45-46
  57. ^ "Role of the JCPC". JCPC. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
  58. ^ Elizabeth II 1962, p. 42

وصلات خارجية

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