نكتة
النكتة هي عرض للفكاهة يتم فيه استخدام الكلمات ضمن بنية سرديّة محددة جيدًا لإضحاك الناس، وعادة لا يُقصد بها أن تؤخذ على محمل الجد، وينتهي بخط لكمة. في السطر الكبير، يدرك الجمهور أن القصة تحتوي على معنى ثانٍ متضارب. يمكن القيام بذلك باستخدام لعبة الكلمات أو التلاعب بالكلمات الأخرى مثل السخرية أو عدم التوافق المنطقي أو الهراء أو أي وسيلة أخرى.[1] يقدم اللغوي روبرت هيتزرون التعريف:
النكتة عبارة عن قطعة فكاهية قصيرة من الأدب الشفوي يتوج فيها المرح في الجملة الأخيرة، تسمى punchline ... في الواقع، الشرط الرئيسي هو أن يصل التوتر إلى أعلى مستوى له في النهاية. يجب عدم إضافة أي استمرار يخفف التوتر. أما بالنسبة لكونها "شفهية"، فمن الصحيح أن النكات قد تظهر مطبوعة، ولكن عند نقلها لاحقًا، لا يوجد إلزام بنسخ النص حرفيًا، كما في حالة الشعر.[2]
يُعتقد عمومًا أن النكات تستفيد من الإيجاز، ولا تحتوي على تفاصيل أكثر مما هو مطلوب لتهيئة المشهد لخط النهاية. في حالة نكات اللغز أو النكات الأحادية، يتم فهم الإعداد ضمنيًا، تاركًا فقط الحوار والكلمة ليتم نطقهما. ومع ذلك، فإن تخريب هذه الإرشادات العامة وغيرها يمكن أن يكون أيضًا مصدرًا للفكاهة - قصة الكلب الأشعث هي في فئة خاصة بها على أنها ضد الدعابة؛ على الرغم من تقديمها على أنها مزحة، إلا أنها تحتوي على سرد طويل للزمان والمكان والشخصية، وتتجول في العديد من الإضافات التي لا طائل من ورائها، وأخيراً تفشل في تقديم جملة لكمة. النكات هي شكل من أشكال الدعابة، ولكن ليست كل الدعابة مزحة. بعض الأشكال الفكاهية التي ليست نكاتًا لفظية هي: الفكاهة اللاإرادية، الدعابة الظرفية، النكات العملية، التهريجية والحكايات.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
رواية النكات
أنواع النكتة
النكتة المكتوبة
تختلف مواضيع النكت فهناك نكت سياسة ونكت اجتماعية و نكت جنسية ونكت تاريخية. كذلك الطريقة المستعملة لاضحاك الناس عديدة، مثلاً:
- قد تخبرنا النكتة بشيء عن طريق طريقة غير مباشرة وطريفة مثلاً:<< سأل الأبن أباه ذات يوم كيف أعرف أن شخصاً ما سكير؟ فقال الأب: انظر إلى هذه الشجيرتين السكير يراها 4 شجيرات، فالتفت الابن ولم ير إلا شجرة واحدة>> المعنى المخفي هنا هو ان الأب يعترف عن طريق الخطأ أنه سكير من خلال عملية حسابية.
- قد تكون النكتة ساخرة من شخص ما، وقد يكون حتى قارئها.
Telling jokes
التأطير: "هل سمعت الواحد…"
إخبار
Punchline
الاستجابة
تغيير السياقات ، تغيير النصوص
العلاقات
الكتروني
دورات نكتة
Joke cycles circulated in the recent past include:
- Conditional joke
- Bar jokes
- Bellman jokes
- Blonde joke, lawyer joke and Microsoft joke cycles.
- Challenger (Space Shuttle) jokes[4]
- Chernobyl jokes[5]
- Chicken jokes
- Two cow jokes
- Dead baby jokes[6]
- East Frisian jokes in Germany
- Essex girl joke cycle in the United Kingdom[7]
- Helen Keller joke cycle[8]
- Irish jokes
- Island jokes
- Jew and Polack joke cycles[9]
- Jewish American Princess and Jewish Mother joke cycles[10]
- Knock-knock jokes[11]
- Lightbulb jokes[12]
- Little Willie and Quadriplegic joke cycles[13]
- Manta jokes
- NASA joke cycle[14]
- Newfie joke cycle in Canada[15]
- Persian Gulf War jokes[16]
- Polish jokes
- Redneck jokes
- Riddle joke
- Russian jokes
- Viola jokes[17]
- Wind-up doll joke cycle[18]
- Yo Mama jokes
- Sardarji jokes
المآسي والكوارث
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
النكات العرقية
الدعابة العبثية والمشنقة
أنظمة التصنيف
البحث عن النكتة والفكاهة
علم النفس
اللغويات
الفولكلور والأنثروبولوجيا
فسيولوجيا الضحك
النكتة الحسابية
يوم النكتة العالمي
1 July is celebrated around the world as International Joke Day.[بحاجة لمصدر]
انظر أيضاً
ملاحظات
المصادر
الحواشي
- ^ Sløk-Andersen, Beate (2019). "The Butt of the Joke?: Laughter and Potency in the Becoming of Good Soldiers" (PDF). Cultural Analysis. Denmark: The University of California. 17 (1): 25–56. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
- ^ Hetzron 1991, pp. 65–66.
- ^ Joseph 2008.
- ^ Smyth 1986; Oring 1987.
- ^ Laszlo 1988.
- ^ Dundes 1979.
- ^ Davies 1998.
- ^ Hirsch & Barrick 1980.
- ^ Dundes 1971.
- ^ Dundes 1985.
- ^ Weeks 2015.
- ^ Dundes 1981; Kerman 1980.
- ^ Davies 1999.
- ^ Simons 1986; Smyth 1986; Oring 1987.
- ^ Davies 2002.
- ^ Kitchener 1991; Dundes & Pagter 1991.
- ^ Rahkonen 2000.
- ^ Hirsch 1964.
قائمة المراجع
- Adams, Stephen (2008). "Dead parrot sketch is 1600 years old: It's long been held that the old jokes are the best jokes - and Monty Python's Dead Parrot sketch is no different". The Telegraph.
- Apo, Satu (1997). "Motif". In Green, Thomas (ed.). Folklore An Encyclopedia of Beliefs, Customs, Tales, Music, and Art. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 563–564. ISBN 9780874369861.
- Apte, Mahadev L. (1985). Humor and Laughter: An Anthropological Approach. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
- Apte, Mahadev L. (1988). "Disciplinary boundaries in humorology: An anthropologist's ruminations". Humor: International Journal of Humor Research. 1 (1): 5–25. doi:10.1515/humr.1988.1.1.5. S2CID 143869276.
- Apte, Mahadev L. (2002). "Author Review of Humor and Laughter: an Anthropological Approach". Retrieved 10 August 2015.
- Attardo, Salvatore (1994). Linguistic Theories of Humor. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
- Attardo, Salvatore (2001). Humorous Texts: A Semantic and Pragmatic Analysis. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
- Attardo, Salvatore (2008). "A primer for the linguistics of humor". In Raskin, Victor (ed.). Primer of Humor Research. Humor Research. Vol. 8. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 101–156.
- Attardo, Salvatore; Chabanne, Jean-Charles (1992). "Jokes as a text type". Humor: International Journal of Humor Research. 5 (1/2): 165–176. doi:10.1515/humr.1992.5.1-2.165. S2CID 144805109.
- Azzolina, David (1987). Tale type- and motif-indices: An annotated bibliography. New York: Garland.
- Beard, Mary (2014), Laughter in Ancient Rome: On Joking, Tickling, and Cracking Up, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-95820-3, https://books.google.com/books?id=zYUkDQAAQBAJ&q=Philogelos
- Bauman, Richard (1975). "Verbal Art as Performance". American Anthropologist. New Series. 77 (2): 290–311. doi:10.1525/aa.1975.77.2.02a00030. JSTOR 674535.
- Berry, William (2013). "The Joke's On Who?". Psychology Today (Feb 2013).
- Bronner, Simon J., ed. (2007). The Meaning of folklore: the Analytical Essays of Alan Dundes. Logan, UT: Utah State University Press.
- Brunvand, Jan Harald (1968). The Study of American Folklore. New York, London: W.W. Norton. ISBN 9780393098037.
- Carrell, Amy (2008). "Historical Views of Humor" (PDF). In Raskin, Victor (ed.). Primer of Humor Research: Humor Research 8. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 303–332.
- Cathcart, Thomas; Klein, Daniel (2007). Plato and a Platypus Walk into a Bar... Understanding Philosophy Through Jokes. New York: Penguin Books.
- Coulson, Seana; Kutas, Marta (1998). "Frame-shifting and sentential integration". USCD Cognitive Science Technical Report. San Diego, CA: Technical Report CogSci.UCSD-98.03. 4 (3–4).
- Coulson, Seana; Kutas, Marta (2001). "Getting it: Human event-related brain response to jokes in good and poor comprehenders". Neuroscience Letters. 316 (2): 71–74. doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(01)02387-4. PMID 11742718. S2CID 14789987.
- Davies, Christie (1990). Ethnic Humor Around the World: A comparative Analysis. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
- Davies, Christie (1998). Jokes and Their Relation to Society. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 186–189. ISBN 978-3-11-016104-5.
- Davies, Christie (1999). "Jokes on the Death of Diana". In Walter, Julian Anthony; Walter, Tony (eds.). The Mourning for Diana. Berg Publishers. p. 255. ISBN 978-1-85973-238-0.
- Davies, Christie (2002). "Jokes about Newfies and Jokes told by Newfoundlanders". Mirth of Nations. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7658-0096-1.
- Davies, Christie (2008). "Undertaking the Comparative Study of Humor". In Raskin, Victor (ed.). Primer of Humor Research: Humor Research 8. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 157–182.
- Dorst, John (1990). "Tags and Burners, Cycles and Networks: Folklore in the Telectronic Age". Journal of Folklore Research. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. 27 (3): 61–108.
- Douglas, Mary (1975). "Jokes". In Mukerji, Chandra; Schudson, Michael (eds.). Rethinking Popular Culture: Contemporary Perspectives in Cultural Studies. Berkeley, CA: University of California.
- Dundes, Alan (1962). "From Etic to Emic Units in the Structural Study of Folktales". Journal of American Folklore. 75 (296): 95–105. doi:10.2307/538171. JSTOR 538171.
- Dundes, Alan (1971). "A Study of Ethnic Slurs: The Jew and the Polack in the United States". Journal of American Folklore. 84 (332): 186–203. doi:10.2307/538989. JSTOR 538989.
- Dundes, Alan (1972). "Folk ideas as units of World View". In Bauman, Richard; Paredes, Americo (eds.). Toward New Perspectives in Folklore. Bloomington, IN: Trickster Press. pp. 120–134.
- Dundes, Alan (July 1979). "The Dead Baby Joke Cycle". Western Folklore. 38 (3): 145–157. doi:10.2307/1499238. JSTOR 1499238. PMID 11633558.
- Dundes, Alan (1980). "Texture, text and context". Interpreting Folklore. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. pp. 20–32.
- Dundes, Alan (1981). "Many Hands Make Light Work or Caught in the Act of Screwing in Light Bulbs". Western Folklore. 40 (3): 261–266. doi:10.2307/1499697. JSTOR 1499697.
- Dundes, Alan (October–December 1985). "The J. A. P. and the J. A. M. in American Jokelore". The Journal of American Folklore. 98 (390): 456–475. doi:10.2307/540367. JSTOR 540367.
- Dundes, Alan (1987). Cracking jokes: Studies of Sick Humor Cycles & Stereotypes. Berkeley: Ten Speed Press.
- Dundes, Alan, ed. (1991). "Folk Humor". Mother Wit from the Laughing Barrel: Readings in the Interpretation of Afro-American Folklore. University Press of Mississippi. p. 612. ISBN 978-0-87805-478-7.
- Dundes, Alan (1997). "The Motif-Index and the Tale Type Index: A Critique". Journal of Folklore Research. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. 34 (3): 195–202. JSTOR 3814885.
- Dundes, Alan; Hauschild, Thomas (October 1983). "Auschwitz Jokes". Western Folklore. 42 (4): 249–260. doi:10.2307/1499500. JSTOR 1499500.
- Dundes, Alan; Pagter, Carl R. (1987). When You're Up to Your Ass in Alligators: More Urban Folklore from the Paperwork Empire. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
- Dundes, Alan; Pagter, Carl R. (1991). "The mobile SCUD Missile Launcher and other Persian Gulf Warlore: An American Folk Image of Saddam Hussein's Iraq". Western Folklore. 50 (3): 303–322. doi:10.2307/1499881. JSTOR 1499881.
- Ellis, Bill (1991). "The Last Thing ... Said: The Challenger Disaster Jokes and Closure". International Folklore Review. London (8): 110–124.
- Ellis, Bill (2002). "Making a Big Apple Crumble". New Directions in Folklore (6). Archived from the original on 2016-10-22. Retrieved 2015-08-18.
- Frank, Russel (2009). "The Forward as Folklore: Studying E-Mailed Humor". In Blank, Trevor J. (ed.). Folklore and the Internet. Logan, UT: Utah State University Press. pp. 98–122.
- Freedman, Matt; Hoffman, Paul (1980). How Many Zen Buddhists Does It Take to Screw In a Light Bulb?. New York.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Freud, Sigmund (1905). Der Witz und seine Beziehung zum Unbewußten. Leipzig, Vienna: Franz Deuticke.
- Furnham, Adrian (Oct 30, 2014). "The Surprising Psychology of Smiling: Natural or fake, each smile tells you something important about its wearer". Psychology Today.[dead link]
- Georges, Robert A. (1997). "The Centrality in Folkloristics of Motif and Tale Type". Journal of Folklore Research. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. 34 (3): 195–202. JSTOR 3814885.
- Georges, Robert A.; Jones, Michael Owen (1995). Folkloristics : an Introduction. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
- Giles, H.; Oxford, G.S. (1970). "Towards a multidimensional theory of laughter causation and its social implications". Bulletin of British Psychology Society. 23: 97–105.
- Goldberg, Harriet (1998). "Motif-Index of Medieval Spanish Folk Narratives". Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies. Tempe, AZ.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Gruner, Charles R. (1997). The Game of Humor: A Comprehensive Theory of Why We Laugh. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7658-0659-8.
- Hempelmann, Christian; Samson, Andrea C. (2008). "Cartoons: Drawn jokes?". In Raskin, Victor (ed.). Primer of Humor Research: Humor Research 8. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 609–640.
- Hetzron, Robert (1991). "On the structure of punchlines". Humor: International Journal of Humor Research. 4 (1): 61–108. doi:10.1515/humr.1991.4.1.61. S2CID 143907462.
- Hirsch, K.; Barrick, M.E. (1980). "The Helen Keller Joke Cycle". Journal of American Folklore. 93 (370): 441–448. doi:10.2307/539874. JSTOR 539874.
- Hirsch, Robin (1964). "Wind-Up Dolls". Western Folklore. 23 (2): 107–110. doi:10.2307/1498259. JSTOR 1498259.
- Jason, Heda (2000). "Motif, type, and genre: a manual for compilation of indices & a bibliography of indices and indexing". FF Communications. Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia. 273.
- Jolles, André (1930). Einfache Formen. Legende, Sage, Mythe, Rätsel, Spruch, Kasus, Memorabile, Märchen, Witz. Halle (Saale): Forschungsinstitut für Neuere Philologie Leipzig: Neugermanistische Abteilung; 2.
- Joseph, John (July 31, 2008). "World's oldest joke traced back to 1900 BC". Reuters. Retrieved May 21, 2017.
- Kerman, Judith B. (1980). "The Light-Bulb Jokes: Americans Look at Social Action Processes". Journal of American Folklore. 93 (370): 454–458. doi:10.2307/539876. JSTOR 539876.
- Kitchener, Amy (1991). Explosive Jokes: A collection of Persian Gulf War Humor. Unpublished Manuscript.
- Lane, William Coolidge, ed. (1905). Catalogue of English and American chapbooks and broadside ballads in Harvard University Library. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University.
- Laszlo, Kurti (July–September 1988). "The Politics of Joking: Popular Response to Chernobyl". The Journal of American Folklore. 101 (401): 324–334. doi:10.2307/540473. JSTOR 540473.
- Legman, Gershon (1968). Rationale of the Dirty Joke: an Analysis of Sexual Humor. New York: Simon & Schuster.
- Lew, Robert (April 1996). An Ambiguity-based theory of the linguistic verbal joke in English (PDF) (PhD thesis). Poznań, Poland: Adam Mickiewicz University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2015-09-08.
- Marcus, Adam (2001). "Laughter Shelved in Medicine Cabinet: America's sense of humor blunted by week of shock". Healingwell.com (Sept. 19).
- Mason, Bruce Lionel (1998). "E-Texts: The Orality and Literacy Issue Revisited". Oral Traditions. Vol. 13. Columbia, MO: Center for Studies in Oral Tradition.
- Mintz, Lawrence E. (2008). "Humor and Popular Culture". In Raskin, Victor (ed.). Primer of Humor Research: Humor Research 8. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 281–302.
- Morreall, John (2008). "Philosophy and Religion". In Raskin, Victor (ed.). Primer of Humor Research: Humor Research 8. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 211–242.
- Mulder, M.P.; Nijholt, A. (September 2002). "Humour Research: State of the Art" (PDF). University of Twente, Netherlands: Center of Telematics and Information Technology. Retrieved 10 August 2015.
- Nilsen, Alleen; Nilsen, Don C. (2008). "Literature and Humor". In Raskin, Victor (ed.). Primer of Humor Research: Humor Research 8. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. –––.
- Oring, Elliott (1984). The Jokes of Sigmund Freud: a Study in Humor and Jewish Identity. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 9780812279108.
- Oring, Elliott (July–September 1987). "Jokes and the Discourse on Disaster". The Journal of American Folklore. 100 (397): 276–286. doi:10.2307/540324. JSTOR 540324.
- Oring, Elliott (Spring 2000). "Review of Jokes and Their Relation to Society by Christie Davies". The Journal of American Folklore. 113 (448): 220–221. doi:10.2307/541299. JSTOR 541299.
- Oring, Elliott (2008). "Humor in Anthropology and Folklore". In Raskin, Victor (ed.). Primer of Humor Research: Humor Research 8. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 183–210.
- Preston, Cathy Lynn (1997). "Joke". In Green, Thomas (ed.). Folklore An Encyclopedia of Beliefs, Customs, Tales, Music, and Art. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.
- Radcliffe-Brown, A. R. (1940). "On Joking Relationships". Journal of the International African Institute. 13 (332): 195–210. doi:10.2307/1156093. JSTOR 1156093.
- Rahkonen, Carl (2000). "No Laughing Matter: The Viola Joke Cycle as Musicians' Folklore". Western Folklore. 59 (1): 49–63. doi:10.2307/1500468. JSTOR 1500468.
- Raskin, Victor (1985). Semantic Mechanisms of Humor. Dordrecht, Boston, Lancaster: D. Reidel.
- Raskin, Victor (1992). "Humor as a Non-Bona-Fide Mode of Communication". Semantic Scholar. S2CID 152033221.[dead link]
- Raskin, Victor, ed. (2008). Primer of Humor Research: Humor Research 8. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
- Raskin, Victor; Attardo, Salvatore (1991). "Script theory revis(it)ed: joke similarity and joke representation model". Humor: International Journal of Humor Research. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 4 (3–4): 293–348.
- Ruch, Willibald (2008). "Psychology of humor". In Raskin, Victor (ed.). Primer of Humor Research: Humor Research 8. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 17–100.
- Sacks, Harvey (1974). "An Analysis of the Course of a Joke's telling in Conversation". In Bauman, Richard; Sherzer, Joel (eds.). Explorations in the Ethnography of Speaking. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 337–353.
- Shultz, Thomas R. (1976). "A cognitive-developmental analysis of humour". Humour and Laughter: Theory, Research and Applications. London: John Wiley: 11–36.
- Simons, Elizabeth Radin (1986). "The NASA Joke Cycle: The Astronauts and the Teacher". Western Folklore. 45 (4): 261–277. doi:10.2307/1499821. JSTOR 1499821.
- Sims, Martha; Stephens, Martine (2005). Living Folklore: Introduction to the Study of People and their Traditions. Logan, UT: Utah State University Press.
- Smyth, Willie (October 1986). "Challenger Jokes and the Humor of Disaster". Western Folklore. 45 (4): 243–260. doi:10.2307/1499820. JSTOR 1499820.
- Sykes, A.J.M. (1966). "Joking Relationships in an Industrial Setting". American Anthropologist. New Series. 68 (1): 188–193. doi:10.1525/aa.1966.68.1.02a00250. JSTOR 668081.
- Toelken, Barre (1996). The Dynamics of Folklore. Logan, UT: Utah State University Press.
- Walle, Alf H. (1976). "Getting Picked up without Being Put down: Jokes and the Bar Rush". Journal of the Folklore Institute. 13 (332): 201–217. doi:10.2307/3813856. JSTOR 3813856.
- Ward, A.W.; Waller, A.R., eds. (2000). "V. The Progress of Social Literature in Tudor Times. § 9. Jest-books". The Cambridge History of English and American Literature in 18 Volumes (1907–21). Volume III. Renascence and Reformation. New York: BARTLEBY.COM.
- Weeks, Linton (March 3, 2015). "The Secret History Of Knock-Knock Jokes". npr.org.
- Wild, Barbara; Rodden, Frank A.; Grodd, Wolfgang; Ruch, Willibald (2003). "Neural correlates of laughter and humour". Brain. 126 (10): 2121–2138. doi:10.1093/brain/awg226. PMID 12902310.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
وصلات خارجية
- The dictionary definition of نكتة at Wiktionary