إستريوت (لغة)

Istriot
Istriot
Eîstrioto, Lèngua Eîstriota; Bumbar, Valìʃe, Ruvignìʃ, Faʃanìʃ, Siʃanìʃ, Galiʃaneʃ
موطنها	Croatia
المنطقة	Istria;
الناطقون الأصليون	400 (2007)e23; L2 speakers: 900 (2007)
عائلة اللغات	الهندو-اوروپية Italic Latino-Faliscan Latin Romance Italo-Western Italo-Dalmatian Dalmatian Romance Istriot; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
أكواد اللغات
ISO 639-3	ist
Glottolog	istr1244
Linguasphere	51-AAA-na
	Istriot is classified as Severely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

The Istriot language (Lèngua Eîstriota) is a Romance language of the Italo-Dalmatian branch spoken by about 400 people in the southwestern part of the Istrian peninsula in Croatia, particularly in Rovinj and Vodnjan. It should not be confused with the Istrian dialect of the Venetian language or the more distantly related Istro-Romanian, a variety of Eastern Romance.

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التصنيف

Rovinj (Rovigno), the historical capital of the Istriots

Austrian census of 1910, classifying Istriots as Italians and showing the majority populations in reddish colors. Istriotic areas begin south of the Leme (Lim) channel

Istriot is a Romance language currently only found in Istria. Its classification has remained mostly unclear, various proposals for its affinity exist:

as being related to the Ladin populations of the Alps. According to the Italian linguist Matteo Bartoli, the Ladin area used to extend – until the year 1000 AD – from southern Istria to Friuli and eastern Switzerland.^[2]

as an independent Northern Italian language, belonging neither to the Venetian language nor to the Gallo-Italic group (opinion shared by linguists Tullio De Mauro and Maurizio Dardano);
as a variety of the Rhaeto-Romance languages by the Istriot Antonio Ive^[3]
as an independent language of the Italo-Dalmatian group^[4]
as an autochthonous Romance language heavily influenced by Venetian, Friulian and Slavic superstrates by Mirko Deanović^[3]
In 2017 it was classified by the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History with the Dalmatian language in the Dalmatian Romance subgroup,^[5]

When Istria was a region of the Kingdom of Italy, Istriot was considered by the authorities as a subdialect of Venetian.^[6]

Historically, its speakers never referred to it as "Istriot"; it had six names after the six towns where it was spoken. In Vodnjan it was named "Bumbaro", in Bale "Valìʃe", in Rovinj "Ruvignìʃ", in Šišan "Siʃanìʃ", in Fažana "Faʃanìʃ" and in Galižana "Galiʃaneʃ". The term Istriot was coined by the 19th-century Italian linguist Graziadio Isaia Ascoli.

This language is still spoken by some people in the Istriot communities in Fertilia and Maristella, in Sardinia.

There are about 400 speakers left, making it an endangered language.

Vocabulary

Below is a comparison of Istriot with several closely related Romance languages and Latin:

Latin	Italian	Istriot (Rovignìʃ)	Venetian	Bisiacco Venetian	English
clave(m)	chiave	*ciàve*	ciave	ciave	key
nocte(m)	notte	*nuòto*	note/not	note	night
cantare	cantare	*cantà*	caŋtar	caŋtar	to sing
capra(m)	capra	càpra, càvara	càvara	cavra	goat
lingua(m)	lingua	lèngua	lengua	lengua	language
platea(m)	piazza	piàsa	pia-sa	pia-sa	square
ponte(m)	ponte	pònto	poŋte/poŋt	poŋt	bridge
ecclesia(m)	chiesa	cièʃa	cexa	cesa	church
hospitale(m)	ospedale	uspadàl	ospedal	ospedal	hospital
caseu(m) lat.vulg.formaticu(m)	formaggio/cacio	furmàio	formajo	formai	cheese

Phonology

The phonology of the Istriot language:^[7]

Consonants

		Labial	Dental/ Alveolar	Post-alv./ Palatal	Velar
Nasal		m	n	ɲ	(ŋ)
Stop	voiceless	p	t	t͡ʃ	k
Stop	voiced	b	d	d͡ʒ	ɡ
Fricative	voiceless	f	s
Fricative	voiced	v	z
Trill			r
Approximant	central			j	w
Approximant	lateral		l	(ʎ)

Sounds /j, w/ can also be noted as [i̯ u̯] among different dialects.
[ŋ] occurs as a result of a nasal consonant preceding a velar stop.
[ʎ] can occur as a result of Italian loanwords.

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Close-mid	e		o
Open-mid	ɛ		ɔ
Open		a

Orthography

The Istriot alphabet is the following:

Letter	Pronunciation (IPA)	Notes
A, a	/a/	à
B, b	/b/	–
C, c	/k/, /tʃ/	/k/ when followed by "a", "o", "u" or a consonant; /tʃ/ when followed by "e" or "i"
Ch, ch	/k/	When followed by "e" or "i"
Ci, ci	/tʃ/	When followed by "a", "o", "u"
D, d	/d/	–
Dz, dz	/dz/	–
E, e	/ɛ/, /e/	è, é
F, f	/f/	–
G, g	/ɡ/, /dʒ/	/ɡ/ before "a", "o", "u" or a consonant, /dʒ/ before "e" and "i"
Gh, gh	/ɡ/	When followed by "e" or "i"
Gi, gi	/dʒ/	When followed by "a", "o", "u"
H, h	–	Used in [ch] and [gh]
I, i	/i/, /j/	í, î
J, j	/j/	–
L, l	/l/	–
M, m	/m/	–
N, n	/n/	–
Nj, nj / Gn, gn	/ɲ/
O, o	/ɔ/, /o/	ò, ó
P, p	/p/	–
R, r	/r/	–
S, s	/s/	–
T, t	/t/	–
Ts, ts	/ts/	–
U, u	/u/, /w/	ú, û
V, v	/v/	–
Z, z	/z/	–

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Example

This is a poem called "Grièbani" by Ligio Zanini^[8] in the dialect of Rovinj-Rovigno.

Istriot	Italian
La nostra zì oûna longa cal da griebani: i spironi da Monto inda uò salvà, e 'l brasso da Vistro uò rastà scuio pei grutoni pioûn alti del mar, ca ruzaghia sta tiera viecia-stara. Da senpro i signemo pissi sensa nom, ca da sui sa prucoûra 'l bucon par guodi la veîta leîbara del cucal, pastadi dala piova da Punente a da Livante e cume i uleîi mai incalmadi. Fra ste carme zì stà la nostra salvissa, cume i riboni a sa salva dal dulfeîn fra i scagni del sico da San Damian; el nostro pan, nato gra li gruote, zi stà inbinideî cul sudur sula iera zbruventa da Paloû... e i vemo caminà par oûna longa cal da griebani, c'ancui la riesta lissada dali nostre urme.	La nostra è una lunga strada irta di sassi: gli speroni di Monto ci hanno salvato, ed il braccio di Vistro è rimasto scoglio per le grotte poste più in alto del mare, che erode questa antica terra. Da sempre siamo pesciolini che da soli si procurano il boccone per godere la libera vita del gabbiano, oppressi dalla pioggia di Ponente e di Levante come olivi senza innesti. Fra queste insenature è stata la nostra salvezza, come i pagelli si salvano dal delfino fra le tane della secca di San Damiano; il nostro pane, nato tra le grotte, è stato benedetto col sudore nell'aia ribollente di Palù... ed abbiamo camminato per una lunga strada dissestata, che oggi rimane spianate dai nostri passi.

Notes

^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة e23
^ Bartoli, Matteo. Le parlate italiane della Venezia Giulia e della Dalmazia. Tipografia italo-orientale. Grottaferrata 1919.
^ ^أ ^ب Stammerjohann, Harro (2009). Lexicon Grammaticorum. Tübingen.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Ethnologue entry for Istriot
^ "Glottolog 3.1 - Istriot". glottolog.org (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2018-01-21.
^ Tagliavini, Carlo. Le origini delle lingue neolatine. Patron Ed. Bologna 1982.
^ Cernecca, Domenico (1967). Analisi fonematica del dialetto di Valle d'Istria. Studia Romanica et Anglica Zagrabiensia.
^ There is an article on the poet in Italian Wikipedia.

External links

قالب:Wiktionary category

Istriot Language Map (distribution)

[e23-1] خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة e23

[2] Bartoli, Matteo. Le parlate italiane della Venezia Giulia e della Dalmazia. Tipografia italo-orientale. Grottaferrata 1919.

[PTZ-3] أ ^ب Stammerjohann, Harro (2009). Lexicon Grammaticorum. Tübingen.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[4] Ethnologue entry for Istriot

[5] "Glottolog 3.1 - Istriot". glottolog.org (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2018-01-21.

[6] Tagliavini, Carlo. Le origini delle lingue neolatine. Patron Ed. Bologna 1982.

[7] Cernecca, Domenico (1967). Analisi fonematica del dialetto di Valle d'Istria. Studia Romanica et Anglica Zagrabiensia.

[8] There is an article on the poet in Italian Wikipedia.

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