گردوارة
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| السيخية |
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الگوردوارا (بالپنجابي: ਗੁਰਦੁਆਰਾ, gurduārā أو ਗੁਰਦਵਾਰਾ, gurdwārā؛ تعني "بوابة الگورو"، إنگليزية: Gurdwara)، هو دار للعبادة السيخية. الأشخاص من جميع العقائد، وممن لا يؤمنون بأي عقيدة، مرحب بهم في الگوردوارا السيخي.
لكل الگوردوارا دربار صاحب حيث يوجد گوروات السيخ الحاليون والأبديون، الكتاب المقدس گورو گرانت صاحب، ويكون موضوع على تكلمولت (عرش مرتفع) في مكان مركزي بارز. الرآگيس (الذي يتلو الراگات، يتلو ويفسر، جمل من گورو گرانت صاحب، في حضور الطائفة.
يوجد في جميع الگوردوارات قاعة لانگار، حيث يمكن للأشخاص تناول الطعام النباتي مجاناً والذي يحضره السيخ المتعبدون في الگورادوارا.[1] قد تضم الگورادوارات أيضاً مكتبة، حضانة، فصل، غرفة اجتماعات، محل هدايا، وأخيراً محل لاصلاح الأحذية.[2]
أشهر گوردوارا هو هرماندير صاحب (شهرته المعبد الذهبي) في أمريتسار، الپنجاب، الهند،[3] الذي يعتبر مركز قوة (أكال تاكت) السيخية.[3]
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التاريخ
درمسال
الأصل
Sikhs believe that Guru Nanak was ordained directly by God to construct dharamsals (places of worship; meaning ‘abode of righteousness’), as per the B.40 Janamsakhi:[4][5]
Go, Nanak [answered God]. Your Panth will flourish. The salutation of your followers shall be: 'In the name of the true Guru I fall at your feet'. The salutation of the Vaisnava Panth is: 'In the name of Rama and Krisna'. The salutation of the Sanyasi Panth is: 'In the name of Narayan I bow before you'. The Yogi's salutation is: 'Hail to the primal One'. The Muslims' cry is: 'In the name of the One God peace be with you'. You are Nanak and your Panth will flourish. Your followers shall be called Nanak-panthis and their salutation will be: 'In the name of the true Guru I fall at your feet'. I shall bless your Panth. Inculcate devotion towards Me and strengthen men's obedience to their dharma. As the Vaisnavas have their temple, the yogis their asan, and the Muslims their mosque, so your followers shall have their dharamsala. Three things you must inculcate in your Panth: repeating the divine Name, giving charity, and regular bathing. Keep yourself unspotted while yet remaining a householder.
— B.40 Janamsakhi translated by W.H. McLeod، The Evolution of the Sikh Community (1975)، page 30
The above statement separates the institution of Sikh dharamsals from those of other faiths, ordaining it as an independent institution based upon Sikhism alone.[4] The first centre was built in Kartarpur, on the banks of Ravi River in the Punjab region by the first Sikh guru, Guru Nanak Dev in the year 1521. It now lies in the Narowal District of west Punjab (Pakistan). During the time of Guru Nanak, Sikh places of worship were known as dharamsals where kirtan was conducted by the early Sikh congregation.[6][4]
The worship centres were built as a place where Sikhs could gather to hear the guru give spiritual discourse and sing religious hymns in the praise of Waheguru.
الانتشار
Guru Nanak would arrange early Sikh followers into various sangat congregations or parishes and instructed them to erect a dharamsal dedicated to spreading their Guru's message and teachings in their local area.[4]
Bhai Gurdas states the following:[4]
“Wherever Guru Nanak visited, that place became a place of worship. The most important centres including those of the jogis visited by the Guru became spiritual centres. Even houses have been turned into dharamsalas where kirtan was sung on the eve of Vaisakhi.”
— Bhai Gurdas
Guru Nanak set-up an important dharamsal in the new-found Kartarpur after settling there.[4] Other important dharamsals were located in Khadur, Goindwal, Ramdaspur, Tarn Taran, Kartarpur (Doaba) and Sri Hargobindpur, all of whom had been directly founded upon the instruction of a Sikh guru.[4] When the Manji system and the later Masand systems of preachers and dioceses was set-up, they were directed to found a dharamsal in their dedicated area of missionary work.[4] Passionate early Sikhs would found dharamsals at various places across the Indian subcontinent and in Afghanistan as a means of expressing their devotion to the faith.[4] Udasis were commanded by Guru Hargobind and his successors to found dharamsals in the distant reaches of the subcontinent far from the nucleus of Sikh centrality and rejuvenate the abandoned, dilapidated, or struggling dharamsals which had been founded by Guru Nanak and his followers in faraway places, which struggled due to their extreme distance from the central Sikh authority located mainly in Punjab.[4] Guru Tegh Bahadur founded new dharamsal centres during his missionary tours of the Malwa region of Punjab and in northeastern India.[4] Dharamsals were also established on trade routes utilized by Sikh Khatri merchants, especially upon the routes between Chitagong-to-Kabul plus Agra-to-Burhampur.[4]
المنشأ والتشغيل
The dharamsals were simple constructions and modest buildings, usually just consisting of a single humble room to house the local devotees of a locality for prayers.[4] This was especially true in the rural areas, villages, and small towns where most of the local Sikh congregations consisted of simple peasants with little means of wealth.[4] They were not built upon a specific axis because Sikhs believe God is omnipresent and the entire Earth is divine and equally fitting as such.[4] The Adi Granth was installed at dharamsals after its codification and introduction in 1604.[4] The dharamsals likely did not contain intricate and ornate furniture, fittings, and other decorative accessories, unlike modern-day gurdwaras.[4] Dharamsals incorporated a body of water for public bathing due to the importance placed upon isnan (customary bathing in the morning) in Sikhism.[4] Wherever natural sources of water were not readily available, a baoli (step-well), bucket well, or rahat (Persian wheel) would be implemented and installed in the courtyard of the structure or near a pool of water.[4] The dharamsals incorporated a langar (communal kitchen) and lodge, especially the ones on important highways and trade routes, where persons could eat and stay without discriminated based upon their religious or caste-background.[4] This facilitated the fast spread of Sikhism throughout the Punjab.[4] Some dharamsals contained a hospital ward where the sick and injured could receive treatment.[4] Other dharamsals incorporated carpentry workshops to construct beds and other needed furniture.[4] The dharamsals often contained a school where one could learn Gurmukhi, Sikh music, and interpretation of Sikh scriptures.[4]
Gurdwaras
The Harmandir Sahib in Amritsar, India, known informally as the Golden Temple, is the holiest gurdwara of Sikhism, next to Akal Takht, a Sikh seat of power.
Shri Hazoor Sahib is a gurdwara in Nanded, Maharashtra, India; is one of the five takhts.
Gurudwara Bangla Sahib is one of the most prominent Sikh gurdwara in Delhi, India and known for its association with the eighth Sikh Guru, Guru Har Krishan, as well as the pool inside its complex, known as the "Sarovar."
As the Sikh population continued to grow, Guru Hargobind, the sixth Sikh guru, introduced the word "gurdwara". Gurdwaras evolved out of the earlier Dharamsal centres.[4]
The etymology of the term gurdwara is from the words gur (ਗੁਰ) (a reference to the Sikh gurus) and dwara (ਦੁਆਰਾ) (gateway in Punjabi), together meaning 'the gateway through which the guru could be reached'.[7] Thereafter, all Sikh places of worship came to be known as gurdwaras.
The use of 'sahib', as sometimes appended in the term Gurdwara Sahib, derives from a loanword of Arabic origin, meaning "companion" or "friend".[8]
Kanwarjit Singh Kang classifies gurdwaras into two distinct categories:[9]
- Community gurdwaras - which are constructed by Sikhs to meet their religious and social requirements (includes ones constructed outside of India)[9]
- Historical gurdwaras - which are constructed by Sikhs at sites of historical importance in the history of Sikhism (these gurdwaras tend to be more famous)[9]
Some of the prominent Sikh shrines established by the Sikh gurus are:
- Nankana Sahib, established in the 1490s by first Sikh Guru, Guru Nanak Dev, Punjab, Pakistan.
- Sultanpur Lodhi, established in 1499 became the Sikh centre during Guru Nanak Dev time Kapurthala District, Punjab (India).
- Kartarpur Sahib, established in 1521 by the first Sikh Guru, Guru Nanak Dev, near River Ravi, Narowal, Punjab, Pakistan.
- Khadur Sahib, established in 1539 by the second Sikh Guru, Guru Angad Dev ji, near River Beas, Amritsar District, Punjab, India.
- Goindwal Sahib, established in 1552 by the third Sikh Guru, Guru Amar Das ji, near River Beas, Amritsar District Punjab, India.
- Sri Amritsar, established in 1577 By the fourth Sikh Guru, Guru Ram Das ji, District Amritsar, Punjab India.
- Tarn Taran Sahib, established in 1590 by the fifth Sikh Guru, [Guru Arjan Dev ji], District Tarn Taran Sahib, Punjab India.
- Kartarpur Sahib, established in 1594 by the fifth Sikh Guru, Guru Arjan Dev, near river Beas, Jalandhar District, Punjab India.
- Sri Hargobindpur, established by the fifth Sikh Guru, Guru Arjan Dev, near river Beas, Gurdaspur District, Punjab India.
- Kiratpur Sahib, established in 1627 by the sixth Sikh Guru, Guru Hargobind, near river Sutlej, Ropar District, Punjab, India.
- Anandpur Sahib, established in 1665 by the ninth Sikh Guru, Guru Tegh Bahadur, near river Sutlej, Punjab, India.
- Paonta Sahib, established in 1685 by the tenth Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh, near river Yamuna, Himachal Pradesh India.
By the early 20th century, a number of Sikh gurdwaras in British India were under the control of the Udasi mahants (clergymen).[10] The Gurdwara Reform Movement of the 1920s resulted in Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee taking control of these gurdwaras.[11]
پنج تاكت
The Panj Takht which literally means five seats or thrones of authority, are five gurdwaras which have a very special significance for the Sikh community.[12] They are result of the historical growth of the religion of Sikhism and represent the centers of power of the religion.
- Akal Takht Sahib, (the Throne of the Timeless One) established by Guru Hargobind in 1609 is situated in the complex of The Golden Temple, Amritsar, India[3]
- Takht Sri Kesgarh Sahib, located in Anandpur Sahib, Punjab, India[13]
- Takht Sri Damdama Sahib, located in Bathinda, Punjab, India[14]
- Takhat Sri Harimandir Patna Sahib, in the neighborhood of Patna Sahib, Patna, Bihar, India[15]
- Takht Sri Hazur Sahib, located on banks of the River Godavari in Nanded, Maharashtra, India.[16]
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الوصف
الطقوس
عمارة الگورودوارا
الأهمية الروحية
التأمل في گورو گرانت صاحب
المجمع المقدس (ساد سنگات) وانعكاسه على الگورباني
الخدمة التطوعية (سـِڤا)
الحياة المجتمعية وقضايا أخرى
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التعليم ومرافق أخرى
انظر أيضاً
المصادر
- ^ "The Gurdwara". BBC.co.uk. BBC. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
- ^ "Gurdwara Requirements". WorldGurudwaras.com. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ أ ب ت The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica 2014.
- ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق ك ل م ن Dhillon, Balwant Singh (November 1997). "Dharamsala: An Early Sikh Religious Centre". Institute of Sikh Studies. Archived from the original on 2023-06-21. Retrieved 2023-06-21.
- ^ Oberoi, Harjot (1994). The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition. University of Chicago Press. p. 52. ISBN 9780226615936.
- ^ Singh, Pashaura (2021-04-03). "Ideological basis in the formation of the Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee and the Shiromani Akali Dal: exploring the concept of Guru-Panth". Sikh Formations (in الإنجليزية). 17 (1–2): 16–33. doi:10.1080/17448727.2021.1873656. ISSN 1744-8727. S2CID 234146387. Archived from the original on 2022-11-23. Retrieved 2022-11-23.
Guru Nanak himself was not content to leave the ethical principles that he expounded in his life as merely theoretical constructs, but instead sought to institutionalize them during the last two decades of his life at Kartarpur. He referred to the earth (dhartī) as 'the place to practice righteousness' (dharamsāl, GGS 7) and his own village was conceived as a place of justice where the divine will was carried out. Thus, the original place of worship established by him came to be known as dharamsālā ('abode of righteousness') where early Sikhs gathered to sing devotional hymns (kīrtan), which was the principal corporate activity of the community at Kartarpur.
- ^ "Historical Gurdwaras" Archived 2010-06-11 at the Wayback Machine, Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, Amritsar, Punjab, India, www.SGPC.net, 2005.
- ^ قالب:OED
- ^ أ ب ت Kang, Kanwarjit Singh (1988). "16. The Sikh Shrines of Anandpur Sahib". Punjab Art and Culture. Atma Ram & Sons. p. 81. ISBN 9788170430964.
- ^ H. S. Singha (2000). The encyclopedia of Sikhism. Hemkunt Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-81-7010-301-1.
- ^ Rajit K. Mazumder (2003). The Indian army and the making of Punjab. Orient Blackswan. pp. 213–218. ISBN 978-81-7824-059-6.
- ^ "Union railway ministry: Special train to connect all five Takhats, first run on February 16 | Chandigarh News - Times of India". The Times of India. 5 February 2014. Archived from the original on 2024-01-29. Retrieved 2021-01-25.
- ^ W. H. McLeod (2009). The A to Z of Sikhism. Scarecrow. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-8108-6344-6. Archived from the original on 2024-01-29. Retrieved 2017-12-21.
- ^ "Railways halts survey to finalise the Talwandi Sabo rail route". hindustantimes.com. 25 August 2015. Archived from the original on 12 February 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
- ^ "Five jathedars visit Patna, kick off '17 preparations | Patna News - Times of India". The Times of India. 19 July 2015. Archived from the original on 2021-02-06. Retrieved 2021-01-25.
- ^ Hazoor Sahib — a salute to the saviourThe Tribune
معرض الصور
گوردوارا سيخي، طريق واكفيلد، رادفورد، المملكة المتحدة.
Guru Nanak Gurdwara، المملكة المتحدة.
معبد سيخي، لتشوورث، المملكة المتحدة.
معبد سيخي، إكنيلد واي، هيتشن، المملكة المتحدة.
گوردوارا في ستوكتن، كاليفورنيا، الولايات المتحدة.
Ramgarhia Sabha Gurdwara in Southall، لندن، المملكة المتحدة.
Gurudwara Bangla Sahib، دلهي، الهند.
گوردوارا في سان هوسيه، كاليفورنيا، الولايات المتحدة.
Sikh Temple, Chapeltown Road, ليدز، المملكة المتحدة.
Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha, a Sikh Temple in Southall، لندن، المملكة المتحدة.
Sikh temple located in El Sobrante، كالفورنيا، الولايات المتحدة.
Gurdwara Baba Gurditta Ji in Kiratpur, Rupnagar، الپجاب، الهند
گوردوارا في كوينز پارك، بدفورد، بدفوردشير، المملكة المتحدة.
گوردوارا في جوهر باهرو ماليزيا.
گوردوارا بالقرب من محل ميلاد گورو ناناك، ننكانه صاحب، پاكستان.
المراجع
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica (2014). Encyclopedia Britannica.
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