بكمنستر فولر

(تم التحويل من Buckminster Fuller)
بكمنستر فولر
Buckminster Fuller
BuckminsterFuller1.jpg
وُلِدَ
Richard Buckminster Fuller

(1895-07-12)يوليو 12, 1895
Milton, Massachusetts,
United States
توفييوليو 1, 1983(1983-07-01) (aged 87)
Los Angeles, United States
التعليمHarvard University (attended)
المهنةمصمم ومؤلف ومخترع
الزوج
Anne Hewlett
(m. 1917)

رتشارد بكمنستر "بـَكي" فولر Richard Buckminster "Bucky" Fuller ‏( /ˈfʊlər/؛ 12 يوليو 1895 - 1 يوليو 1983)[1] كان معمارياً ومنظر أنظمة ومؤلف ومصمم ومخترع أمريكي.

نشر فولر أكثر من 30 كتاباً، وصاغ أو أشهر مصطلحات مثل "Spaceship Earth", ephemeralization, and synergetic. He also developed numerous inventions, mainly architectural designs, and popularized the widely known geodesic dome. Carbon molecules known as fullerenes were later named by scientists for their structural and mathematical resemblance to geodesic spheres.

كان فولر ثاني رئيس عالمي لمؤسسة منسا من 1974 حتى 1983.[2]

فأر التجارب ب:

أنا الآن أقترب من الثامنة وثمانين وأنا واثق أن الشيء الوحيد الهام عني هو أني إنسان متوسط يتمتع بالصحة. أنا أيضاً تاريخ حي لمشروع بحث وأبحاث موثّق بالتفصيل لنصف قرن بهدف اكتشاف ما إذا كان شخص نكرة معدم، يعول زوجة وطفل حديث الولادة سيستطيع، بالنيابة عن كل البشر، فعل شيء لم تقدر عليه الأمم العظمى والديانات الكبرى والمؤسسات الخاصة، بغض النظر عن ثرائهم أو قوتهم.
بكي فولر، 1983[3]

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سيرته

شاباً

وُلِد فولر في 12 يوليو 1895، في ملتون، مساتشوستس، ابناً لرتشارد بكمنستر فولر وكارولين ولكوت أندروز، وحفيد شقيق American Transcendentalist مارگرت فولر. وقد أمضى معظم شبابه في جزيرة الدب، في خليج پنوبسكوت مقابل ساحل ولاية مين. He attended Froebelian Kindergarten.[بحاجة لمصدر] He had trouble with geometry, being unable to understand the abstraction that a chalk dot on the blackboard represented a mathematical point, or that an imperfectly drawn line with an arrow on the end was meant to stretch off to infinity. He often made items from materials he found in the woods, and sometimes made his own tools. He experimented with designing a new apparatus for human propulsion of small boats. By age 12, he had invented a 'push pull' system for propelling a row boat by use of an inverted umbrella connected to the transom with a simple oar lock which allowed the user to face forward to point the boat toward its destination. Later in life, Fuller took exception to the term "invention".


القباب الجيوديسية

Fuller taught at Black Mountain College in North Carolina during the summers of 1948 and 1949,[4] serving as its Summer Institute director in 1949. There, with the support of a group of professors and students, he began reinventing a project that would make him famous: the geodesic dome. Although the geodesic dome had been created some 30 years earlier by Dr. Walther Bauersfeld, Fuller was awarded United States patents. He is credited for popularizing this type of structure.

مسرح العالم

The Montreal Biosphère by Buckminster Fuller, 1967
Fuller's home in Carbondale


مشاريع التصميم الكبرى

كرة جيوديسية

القبة الجيوديسية

Fuller was most famous for his lattice shell structuresgeodesic domes, which have been used as parts of military radar stations, civic buildings, environmental protest camps and exhibition attractions. An examination of the geodesic design by Walther Bauersfeld for the Zeiss-Planetarium, built some 20 years prior to Fuller's work, reveals that Fuller's Geodesic Dome patent (U.S. 2,682,235; awarded in 1954), follows the same design as Bauersfeld's.[5]

النقل

مقال رئيسي: سيارة ديماكسيون
The Omni-Media-Transport:
With such a vehicle at our disposal, [Fuller] felt that human travel, like that of birds, would no longer be confined to airports, roads, and other bureaucratic boundaries, and that autonomous free-thinking human beings could live and prosper wherever they chose.[6]


Lloyd S. Sieden, Bucky Fuller's Universe, 2000

To his young daughter Allegra:

Fuller described the Dymaxion as a "zoom-mobile, explaining that it could hop off the road at will, fly about, then, as deftly as a bird, settle back into a place in traffic."[7]
The Dymaxion car, c.1933, artist Diego Rivera shown entering the car, carrying coat


الإسكان

A Dymaxion house at The Henry Ford

Fuller's energy-efficient and inexpensive Dymaxion house garnered much interest, but only two prototypes were ever produced. Here the term "Dymaxion" is used in effect to signify a "radically strong and light tensegrity structure". One of Fuller's Dymaxion Houses is on display as a permanent exhibit at the Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn, Michigan. Designed and developed during the mid-1940s, this prototype is a round structure (not a dome), shaped something like the flattened "bell" of certain jellyfish. It has several innovative features, including revolving dresser drawers, and a fine-mist shower that reduces water consumption. According to Fuller biographer Steve Crooks, the house was designed to be delivered in two cylindrical packages, with interior color panels available at local dealers. A circular structure at the top of the house was designed to rotate around a central mast to use natural winds for cooling and air circulation.

مفاهيم ومباني

مفاهيمه ومبانيه ضمت:

براءات اختراع

(from the Table of Contents of Inventions: The Patented Works of R. Buckminster Fuller (1983) ISBN 0-312-43477-4)


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ببليوگرافيا

  • 4d Timelock (1928)
  • Nine Chains to the Moon (1938)
  • Untitled Epic Poem on the History of Industrialization (1962)
  • Ideas and Integrities, a Spontaneous Autobiographical Disclosure (1963) ISBN 0-13-449140-8
  • No More Secondhand God and Other Writings (1963)
  • Education Automation: Freeing the Scholar to Return (1963)
  • What I Have Learned: A Collection of 20 Autobiographical Essays, Chapter "How Little I Know", (1968)
  • Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth (1968) ISBN 0-8093-2461-X
  • Utopia or Oblivion (1969) ISBN 0-553-02883-9
  • Approaching the Benign Environment (1970) ISBN 0-8173-6641-5 (with Eric A. Walker and James R. Killian, Jr.)
  • I Seem to Be a Verb (1970) coauthors Jerome Agel, Quentin Fiore, ISBN 1-127-23153-7
  • Intuition (1970)
  • Buckminster Fuller to Children of Earth (1972) compiled and photographed by Cam Smith, ISBN 0-385-02979-9
  • The Dymaxion World of Buckminster Fuller (1960, 1973) coauthor Robert Marks, ISBN 0-385-01804-5
  • Earth, Inc (1973) ISBN 0-385-01825-8
  • Synergetics: Explorations in the Geometry of Thinking (1975) in collaboration with E.J. Applewhite with a preface and contribution by Arthur L. Loeb, ISBN 0-02-541870-X
  • Tetrascroll: Goldilocks and the Three Bears, A Cosmic Fairy Tale (1975)
  • And It Came to Pass — Not to Stay (1976) ISBN 0-02-541810-6
  • R. Buckminster Fuller on Education (1979) ISBN 0-87023-276-2
  • Synergetics 2: Further Explorations in the Geometry of Thinking (1979) in collaboration with E.J. Applewhite
  • Buckminster Fuller – Autobiographical Monologue/Scenario (1980) page 54, R. Buckminster Fuller, documented and edited by Robert Snyder, St. Martin’s Press, Inc., ISBN 0-312-10678-5
  • Buckminster Fuller Sketchbook (1981)
  • Critical Path (1981) ISBN 0-312-17488-8
  • Grunch of Giants (1983) ISBN 0-312-35193-3
  • Inventions: The Patented Works of R. Buckminster Fuller (1983) ISBN 0-312-43477-4
  • Humans in Universe (1983) coauthor Anwar Dil, ISBN 0-89925-001-7
  • Cosmography: A Posthumous Scenario for the Future of Humanity (1992) coauthor Kiyoshi Kuromiya, ISBN 0-02-541850-5

انظر أيضاً

الهامش

  1. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. (2007). "Fuller, R. Buckminster". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from the original on October 21, 2007. Retrieved April 20, 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ Serebriakoff, Victor (1986). Mensa: The Society for the Highly Intelligent. Stein and Day. pp. 299, 304. ISBN 0-8128-3091-1.
  3. ^ Fuller, Buckminster (1983). Inventions, The Patented Works of R. Buckminster Fuller. St. Martin's Press. pp. vii.
  4. ^ "IDEAS + INVENTIONS: Buckminster Fuller and Black Mountain College, July 15 – November 26, 2005". Black Mountain College Museum and Arts Center. 2005. Archived from the original on January 15, 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ "Geodesic Domes and Charts of the Heavens". Telacommunications.com. 1973-06-19. Retrieved 2014-04-18.
  6. ^ Lloyd Steven Sieden (August 11, 2000). "Buckminster Fuller's Universe". Basic Books.
  7. ^ "R. (Richard) Buckminster Fuller 1895-1983". Coachbuilt.com.
  8. ^ "Penang Story Lecture: KOMTAR and the Buckminster Fuller Connection", Penang Heritage Trust.
  9. ^ "Raising KOMTAR", Penang Monthly
  10. ^ Salsbury, Patrick G. (2000) "Comprehensive Anticipatory Design Science; An Introduction" Archived ديسمبر 12, 2009 at the Wayback Machine Miqel.com
  11. ^ "Eight Strategies for Comprehensive Anticipatory Design Science" Buckminster Fuller Institute Archived أكتوبر 10, 2009 at the Wayback Machine

[1]

للاستزادة

  • Applewhite, E. J. (1977). Cosmic Fishing: An account of writing Synergetics with Buckminster Fuller. ISBN 0-02-502710-7.
  • Applewhite, E. J., ed. (1986). Synergetics Dictionary, The Mind Of Buckminster Fuller; in four volumes. New York and London: Garland Publishing, Inc. ISBN 0-8240-8729-1.
  • Chu, Hsiao-Yun (Fall 2008). "Fuller's Laboratory Notebook". Collections. Lanham, MD: Altamira Press. 4 (4): 295–306.
  • Chu, Hsiao-Yun; Trujillo, Roberto (2009). New Views on R. Buckminster Fuller. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-6279-1.
  • Eastham, Scott (2007). American Dreamer. Bucky Fuller and the Sacred Geometry of Nature. Cambridge: The Lutterworth Press. ISBN 978-0-7188-3031-1.
  • Edmondson, Amy (2007). A Fuller Explanation. EmergentWorld LLC. ISBN 978-0-6151-8314-5.
  • Hatch, Alden (1974). Buckminster Fuller At Home In The Universe. New York: Crown Publishers. ISBN 0-440-04408-1.
  • قالب:Cite ANB
  • Kenner, Hugh (1973). Bucky: a guided tour of Buckminster Fuller. ISBN 0-688-00141-6.
  • Your Private Sky, R. Buckminster Fuller: The Art Of Design Science. Lars Mueller Publishers. 1999. ISBN 3-907044-88-6. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)
  • McHale, John (1962). R. Buckminster Fuller. New York: George Brazillier, Inc.
  • Pawley, Martin (1991). Buckminster Fuller. New York: Taplinger Publishing Company. ISBN 0-8008-1116-X.
  • Potter, R. Robert (1990). Buckminster Fuller. Pioneers in Change Series. Silver Burdett Publishers. ISBN 0-382-09972-9.
  • Robertson, Donald (1974). Mind's Eye Of Buckminster Fuller. New York: Vantage Press, Inc. ISBN 0-533-01017-9.
  • Snyder, Robert (1980). Buckminster Fuller: An Autobiographical Monologue/Scenario. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-24547-5.
  • Sterngold, James (June 15, 2008). "The Love Song of R. Buckminster Fuller". The New York Times (Arts section).
  • Ward, James, ed., The Artifacts Of R. Buckminster Fuller, A Comprehensive Collection of His Designs and Drawings in Four Volumes: Volume One. The Dymaxion Experiment, 1926–1943; Volume Two. Dymaxion Deployment, 1927–1946; Volume Three. The Geodesic Revolution, Part 1, 1947–1959; Volume Four. The Geodesic Revolution, Part 2, 1960–1983: Edited with descriptions by James Ward. Garland Publishing, New York. 1984 (ISBN 0-8240-5082-7 vol. 1, ISBN 0-8240-5083-5 vol. 2, ISBN 0-8240-5084-3 vol. 3, ISBN 0-8240-5085-1 vol. 4)
  • Wong, Yunn Chii (1999). The Geodesic Works of Richard Buckminster Fuller, 1948–1968 (The Universe as a Home of Man) (PhD thesis). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture.


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وصلات خارجية

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مقالات عن فولر
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