گريت بارنگتون، مساتشوستس

Coordinates: 42°11′45″N 73°21′45″W / 42.19583°N 73.36250°W / 42.19583; -73.36250
گريت بارنگتون، مساتشوستس
Great Barrington, Massachusetts
Town
منظر الشارع الرئيسي في الربيع
منظر الشارع الرئيسي في الربيع
درع گريت بارنگتون، مساتشوستس
Coat of arms
أصل الاسم: Village of Great Barrington in Gloucestershire, England
الموقع في مقاطعة بركشير وولاية مساتشوستس
الموقع في مقاطعة بركشير وولاية مساتشوستس
الإحداثيات: 42°11′45″N 73°21′45″W / 42.19583°N 73.36250°W / 42.19583; -73.36250
البلد الولايات المتحدة
الولايةمساتشوستس
المنطقةغرب مساتشوستس
المقاطعةمقاطعة بركشير، مساتشوستس
اِستوطِنت1726
المساحة
 • الإجمالي119 كم² (45٫8 ميل²)
 • البر116 كم² (44٫8 ميل²)
 • الماء3 كم² (1٫0 ميل²)
التعداد
 (2010)
 • الإجمالي7٬104
 • الكثافة60/km2 (160/sq mi)
منطقة التوقيتUTC-5 (Eastern (EST))
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC-4 (EDT)
ZIP Code
01230
مفتاح الهاتف413
FIPS code25-26815
GNIS feature ID0619420
الموقع الإلكترونيwww.townofgb.org

گريت بارنگتون Great Barrington هي بلدة في مقاطعة بركشير، مساتشوستس، الولايات المتحدة. وهي جزء من پتسفيلد، Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 7,104 at the 2010 census.[1] Both a summer resort and home to Ski Butternut, a ski resort, Great Barrington includes the villages of Van Deusenville and Housatonic. It is the birthplace of the writer and activist W. E. B. Du Bois. In 2012, Smithsonian magazine ranked Great Barrington #1 in its list of "The 20 Best Small Towns in America".[2]

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التاريخ

Print of Great Barrington from 1884 by L.R. Burleigh with listing of landmarks


1676–1995

The Mahican Indians called the area Mahaiwe, meaning "the place downstream". It lay on the New England Path, which connected Fort Orange near Albany, New York, with Springfield and Massachusetts Bay.

The first recorded account of Europeans in the area happened in August 1676, during King Philip's War.[3] Major John Talcott and his troops chased a group of 200 Mahican Natives west from Westfield, eventually overtaking them at the Housatonic River in what is now Great Barrington. According to reports at the time, Talcott's troops killed twenty-five Indians and imprisoned another twenty.[3] Today, a plaque for John Talcott marks the spot where the massacre is believed to have happened.[4]

On April 25, 1724 Captain John Ashley of Westfield, Massachusetts bought on behalf of himself and a committee of the Massachusetts General Court the land that became the towns of Great Barrington, Sheffield, Egremont, Alford, Mount Washington, and Boston Corner for £460, three barrels of "sider," and thirty quarts of rum from 21 Native American sachems headed by Conkepot Poneyote. The Konkapot River in southwestern Massachusetts is named after him.[5]

The village was first settled by colonists in 1726 and from 1742–1761 was the north parish of Sheffield. In 1761, it was officially incorporated as Great Barrington, named after the village of Great Barrington in Gloucestershire, England.[6]

In the summer of 1774, 1,500 men shut down the Berkshire County Court in response to British oppression. In the winter of 1776, Henry Knox passed through Great Barrington while transporting the cannon from Fort Ticonderoga to the Siege of Boston. Due to his time in the area, he established an agricultural interest in the area of Great Barrington.

With the arrival of the railroad in the late 19th century, Great Barrington developed as a Gilded Age resort community for those seeking relief from the heat and pollution of cities. Wealthy families built grand homes called Berkshire Cottages here, as others would in Lenox and Stockbridge.

Among the earliest estates was one built by New York City banker, industrialist and art patron David Leavitt, who built an elaborate 300-acre (1.2 km2) estate, and was soon followed by those of his sons nearby.[7][8] Leavitt was instrumental in the development of the local Housatonic Railroad, serving as its president.

Later estates included Searles Castle, commissioned in 1888 by the widow of Mark Hopkins together with her second husband, Edward Francis Searles, and "Brookside", built for William Hall Walker. In 1895, Colonel William L. Brown, part owner of the New York Daily News, presented Great Barrington with a statue of a newsboy, now a landmark on the western edge of town.[9]

و. إ. ب. ديو بويس

المقالة الرئيسية: و. إ. ب. ديو بويس

Great Barrington is the birthplace of W. E. B. Du Bois, an African-American academic and civil rights activist, most known for being one of the co-founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909.[10] Du Bois was born on February 23, 1868, at a house later replaced by where present-day Route 23 would run. As a child, Du Bois attended the Congregational Church. Many of these church members donated the funds needed for Du Bois to attend college. Du Bois lived in the town until he was seventeen.[10] The W.E.B. Du Bois Boyhood Homesite has interpretive trails and a walking tour.[11]

أول نظام محول للتيار المتردد في العالم

Recovering from ill health, William Stanley spent his time in Great Barrington installing the world's first practical AC transformer system.

In November 1885 electrical engineer William Stanley, Jr., a sometime Great Barrington resident working for George Westinghouse, began installing a demonstration transformer based alternating current lighting system. Stanley felt AC was an improvement over the direct current system being used by Thomas Edison, and Stanley was trying to get Westinghouse to adopt it. Stanley had developed a series transformer he thought would make AC practical. He built his components at the "Old Rubber Factory" south of Cottage Street and installed a Westinghouse steam engine powering a 500 volt Siemens generator. Stringing the power lines from tree to tree down the street, in March 1886 Stanley powered the system up and was able to expand it to the point where it could light 23 businesses along Main Street with very little power loss over 4,000 ft (1,200 m). The system's 500 AC volt current was stepped down to 100 volts using the new Stanley transformer to power incandescent lamps at each location.[12] This was the world's first practical demonstration of a transformer/alternating current system and the basis of the AC systems Westinghouse would begin installing later that year.[13]

مطعم أليس

المقالة الرئيسية: مطعم أليس

Arlo Guthrie's song "Alice's Restaurant," which runs for 18+1⁄2 minutes, is based on true-life events of the mid-20th century in Great Barrington and the adjoining towns of Stockbridge and Lee. The Old Trinity Church, which was the home of Ray and Alice Brock at the time of these incidents, is now owned by Guthrie, and is at 4 Van Deusenville Road in Great Barrington.[14]

Railroad Street, where many popular restaurants and business are located

التاريخ الحديث

The town was the site of an F4 tornado around 7:00 PM on Memorial Day, May 29, 1995. The tornado killed three people and caused damage in the area.[15]

On July 24, 2009, Great Barrington was named an Appalachian Trail Community by application and acceptance by the Appalachian Trail Conservancy.[16]

The Mahaiwe Theater

On June 1, 2010, a new fire station was opened for the Great Barrington Fire Department, located on Route 7.[17] The new fire station replaced the old one, on Castle Street. It had deteriorated and was too small for the growing needs of the fire department. The new $9.1 million facility was planned as a center for community events such as elections. It serves as the hub for emergency operations in southern Berkshire County.[17]

The town celebrated its 250th anniversary with a large parade on July 10, 2011. Other events celebrating the 250th anniversary were held throughout the year as well.[18]

Main Street in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, from the intersection of Main Street and Railroad Street

The "Main Street Reconstruction Project" was launched in 2011, involving major improvements along Main Street between Saint James Place and Cottage Street. The plan elements include new pavement, new sidewalks, sewer and utility improvements, and the removal of the large pear trees that span Main Street, to be replaced with a much wider array of trees of varying sizes and growth habits.[19] The project had finished its design phase as of 2012, and construction was to be completed in 2016.[20]

الجغرافيا والمناخ

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 45.8 square miles (118.6 km2), of which 44.8 square miles (116.1 km2) is land and 0.97 square miles (2.5 km2), or 2.09%, is water.[1] Great Barrington is bordered by West Stockbridge, Stockbridge and Lee to the north, Tyringham to the northeast, Monterey to the east, New Marlborough to the southeast, Sheffield to the south, Egremont to the southwest, and Alford to the northwest. The town is 20 miles (32 km) south of Pittsfield, 46 miles (74 km) west of Springfield, 135 miles (217 km) west of Boston, and 120 miles (190 km) north-northeast of New York City.

Great Barrington is in the valley of the Housatonic River. The Williams River, Green River and several brooks also flow through the valley into the Housatonic. To the east of the river, several mountains of the Berkshires rise, including East Mountain (site of the Ski Butternut resort (also known as Butternut Basin) and a state forest), Beartown Mountain (and the majority of Beartown State Forest) and Monument Mountain. The Appalachian Trail crosses through East Mountain State Forest in the southeast corner of town. The southwest corner of town is the site of several country clubs and a fairgrounds.

U.S. Route 7 passes through the center of town, and was once part of New England Interstate Route 4 (also known as the New York-Berkshire-Burlington Way). Massachusetts Route 23 passes from west to east through town, combining with Massachusetts Route 41 and U.S. Route 7 in the western part of town and Massachusetts Route 183 in the eastern part of town, which also follows part of the path of Route 7 northward from Route 23 before splitting towards the village of Housatonic. Great Barrington is approximately 12 miles (19 km) south of Exit 2 of Interstate 90 (the Massachusetts Turnpike), the nearest interstate highway.

Climate data for گريت بارنگتون، مساتشوستس (1981–2010 normals)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 33
(1) 		36
(2) 		45
(7) 		58
(14) 		69
(21) 		78
(26) 		82
(28) 		81
(27) 		72
(22) 		60
(16) 		49
(9) 		38
(3) 		58
(15)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 14
(−10) 		16
(−9) 		24
(−4) 		35
(2) 		46
(8) 		55
(13) 		59
(15) 		57
(14) 		49
(9) 		38
(3) 		31
(−1) 		21
(−6) 		37
(3)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.39
(86) 		2.98
(76) 		3.62
(92) 		3.99
(101) 		4.53
(115) 		4.40
(112) 		4.57
(116) 		4.47
(114) 		4.14
(105) 		4.69
(119) 		3.95
(100) 		3.90
(99) 		48.63
(1٬235)
Source: [21]


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الديمغرافيا

انظر أيضاً: Great Barrington (CDP), Massachusetts
Historical population
YearPop.±%
18503٬264—    
18603٬871+18.6%
18704٬320+11.6%
18804٬653+7.7%
18904٬012−13.8%
19005٬854+45.9%
19105٬926+1.2%
19206٬315+6.6%
19305٬934−6.0%
19405٬824−1.9%
19506٬712+15.2%
19606٬624−1.3%
19707٬537+13.8%
19807٬405−1.8%
19907٬725+4.3%
20007٬527−2.6%
20107٬104−5.6%
* = population estimate.
المصدر: سجلات تعداد الولايات المتحدة وبيانات برنامج تقديرات السكان.[22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31]

As of the census[32] of 2000, there were 7,527 people, 3,008 households, and 1,825 families residing in the town. By population, the town ranks fifth out of the 32 cities and towns in Berkshire County, and 202nd out of 351 cities and towns in Massachusetts. The population density was 166.6 people per square mile (64.3/km2), ranking it eighth in the county and 268th in the Commonwealth. There were 3,352 housing units at an average density of 74.2 per square mile (28.6/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 94.74% White, 2.09% Black or African American, 0.16% Native American, 1.25% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.70% from other races, and 1.04% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 2.07% of the population. 17% were of Irish descent, 12% Italian, 11% German, 10% English and 9% Polish.

There were 3,008 households, of which 27.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.8% were married couples living together, 11.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.3% were non-families. 32.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.28 and the average family size was 2.89.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 22.6% under the age of 18, 9.0% from 18 to 24, 23.5% from 25 to 44, 26.2% from 45 to 64, and 18.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.8 males.

The town's median household income was $95,490, and the median family income was $103,135. Males had a median income of $68,163 versus $49,474 for females. The town's per capita income was $42,655. About 2.4% of families and 5.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.6% of those under age 18 and 2.5% of those age 65 or over.

الحكم

Town Hall

Great Barrington employs the open town meeting form of government, and is led by a board of selectmen and a town manager. Great Barrington has its own public services, including police, fire and public works departments. The town has two libraries,[33] with the main branch, Mason Library, at 231 Main Street in Great Barrington, and a branch library, Ramsdell Library, at 1087 Main Street in the village of Housatonic, both of which are part of the regional library network. The town is home to Southern Berkshire District Court,[34] as well as Fairview Hospital, the largest hospital in the southern end of the county (based on the number of beds).[35]

On the state level, Great Barrington is represented in the Massachusetts House of Representatives by the Fourth Berkshire district, which covers southern Berkshire County, as well as the westernmost towns in Hampden County. In the Massachusetts Senate, the town is represented by the Berkshire, Hampshire and Franklin district, which includes all of Berkshire County and western Hampshire and Franklin counties.[36] The town is patrolled by the Great Barrington Police Department which is a 24/7/365 service.

On the national level, Great Barrington is represented in the United States House of Representatives as part of Massachusetts's 1st congressional district. Democrat Richard Neal of Springfield has represented the district since 2012.

Great Barrington has a paid by call Fire Department, The Great Barrington Fire Department (GBFD),[37] consists of about 40 members and five pumpers, one tower ladder,[38] two rescue vehicles, and one brush truck.[39] Most members are trained to the First Responder level; some are trained to the EMT-Basic level. The Fire Department responds to about 600 calls per year, which vary but are mainly fire alarm activations and medical emergencies.

Great Barrington's Emergency Medical Services are covered by Southern Berkshire Volunteer Ambulance Squad Inc. (SBVAS),[40] operated from the grounds of Fairview Hospital. The service provides 24/7/365 paramedic level service to the towns of Great Barrington, Housatonic, Alford, Egremont, Sheffield, Ashley Falls, Monterey, and Mount Washington. SBVAS is the primary paramedic intercept service for ambulances going into Fairview, including New Marlborough, Sandisfield, and Otis. The squad consists of a mix of full-time EMTs, paramedics, and volunteer EMTs. The squad responds to 3,000 to 5,000 calls a year.

العملة المحلية

Great Barrington offers the use of its own local currency, called BerkShare notes. There are about 844,000 BerkShare notes in circulation worth about $801,800 at the exchange rate of one BerkShare to 95 U.S. cents, according to program organizers. The paper money is available in denominations of one, five, ten, twenty, and fifty.[41] Proponents say the currency gets residents to shop at local stores. Local areas may have their own currencies as long as they do not resemble the United States dollar and are in paper only.[42]

التعليم

The Mason Library

Great Barrington is the largest town in the Berkshire Hills Regional School District, which includes the towns of Stockbridge and West Stockbridge, and the villages of Housatonic, Glendale and Interlaken. All three school levels are in Great Barrington. Muddy Brook Regional Elementary School offers pre-kindergarten through fourth grade classes and is off Route 7 in the northern part of town. Monument Valley Regional Middle School offers grades five through eight. Monument Mountain Regional High School (MMRHS) opened in 1968, consolidating the former Searles High School in Great Barrington and Williams High School in Stockbridge,[43] and serves the high school students of the district. Students from Otis and Sandisfield also attend the school as part of a tuition agreement for high schools.

Closed Searles High School, historic 1898 building

The town of Richmond maintains an agreement with the district that gives its high school students an option to attend MMRHS. The school's athletic teams are called the Spartans, and their colors are maroon and white. Sports are offered at the junior varsity and varsity level for the students to participate in, including football, soccer, baseball and softball, swimming, track and field, tennis, fencing, and cross country running. The Spartans enjoy rivalries with, among other schools, the Lee High School Wildcats, in Lee, Massachusetts and the Lenox Memorial High School Millionaires in Lenox, Massachusetts.

The town is home to several private schools, including the Rudolf Steiner School, the Great Barrington Waldorf High School, and the John Dewey Academy.

Great Barrington is home to Bard College at Simon's Rock, which was the first-ever early college, and remains the only accredited four-year early college program in the country. Also here is the South County Center of the Berkshire Community College. The nearest state university is Westfield State University.

Great Barrington plays host to the American Institute for Economic Research. AIER was founded in 1933 as a non-profit scientific and educational organization. Originally at MIT, it relocated to the southern shore of Great Barrington's Long Pond in 1946. In October 2020 the Institute held a meeting of epidemiologists, economists and journalists to discuss government responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. The result was the Great Barrington Declaration, signed at the Institute's headquarters on 4 October 2020 and released to the public the following day, which advocated an alternative, risk-based approach to the pandemic involving "focused protection" of those most at risk and seeking to avoid or minimize the societal harm of lockdowns.[44][45]


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النقل

Walter J. Koladza Airport

البري

Great Barrington is served by the Berkshire Regional Transit Authority, which offers bus transportation throughout Berkshire County. Peter Pan Bus Lines and Greyhound Lines have stops in Great Barrington for long-range bus transportation. The town lies along the Housatonic Railroad line, which roughly follows Route 7 and the river through southern New England.

الجوي

Walter J. Koladza Airport is in Great Barrington, and features a full service FBO for general aviation aircraft. The nearest international airports are Bradley International Airport in Windsor Locks, CT, and Albany International Airport in Colonie, NY.

الأعمال

Great Barrington is the location of the Ski Butternut resort. The Berkshire Humane Society operates animal welfare services and pet adoption facilities in the town. It is also the site of a celebrated and well organized medical and recreational cannabis dispensary along US 7 in the town. The store is noted to be the first of its kind to open in western Massachusetts.

الإعلام

Great Barrington is served by a local weekly shopper, The Shoppers Guide. The town also gets newspaper delivery from The Berkshire Eagle of Pittsfield. The two former town newspapers, The Berkshire Courier, and The Berkshire Record, have gone out of print. The masthead of the Courier was incorporated by the Berkshire Record in 1995.

Great Barrington has a few local radio stations:

  • WSBS 860 kHz (full service)
  • WNNU 89.5 MHz (//WNNZ Springfield)
  • W231AK 94.1 MHz (//WSBS full service)
  • WBCR-LP 97.7 MHz (local variety)
  • W254AU 98.7 MHz (//WFCR NPR Amherst)
  • WAMQ 105.1 MHz (//WAMC NPR Albany)

Great Barrington is in the Albany, New York, television market, with two Springfield TV stations appearing on the cable lineup: WGBY (PBS 57), and WSHM-LD (CBS 3). The town is served by Charter Communications out of Pittsfield. Local cable operators up until Charter had carried WCVB-TV (ABC 5 Boston) and WWLP (NBC 22 Springfield) on the system, but they were dropped in March 2017.[46][47] WWLP has since returned to the cable system as of March 2020, airing only local programming, with no NBC or nationally syndicated programming. [48] WCVB-TV remains off the system.

معالم

أشخاص بارزون

المدن الشقيقة

Great Barrington has the following sister cities:

الهامش

  1. ^ أ ب "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Great Barrington town, Berkshire County, Massachusetts". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved December 18, 2013.
  2. ^ "The 20 Best Small Towns in America of 2012". Smithsonian Magazine.
  3. ^ أ ب Charles James Taylor (1882). History of Great Barrington: (Berkshire County,) Massachusetts. C. W. Bryan & Company. pp. 8–10.
  4. ^ Abbot, Kate. "Kate Abbott: A walk into Great Barrington's past". The Berkshire Eagle. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
  5. ^ The Westfield (Massachusetts) Jubilee, Clark & Story, Publishers, 1870; p 67 and Appendix p 221 'Indian Deed of Great Barrington'
  6. ^ "Great Barrington Ma. Real Estate – Town History – Berkshire Country Homes in Great Barrington MA". berkshirecountryhomesrealestate.com.
  7. ^ "David Leavitt, Obituary, The New York Times, December 31, 1879" (PDF).
  8. ^ "Mrs. Hopkins's Recent Art Purchase", The New York Times, December 18, 1881.
  9. ^ "N.E.A.C.E. | The Newsboy Statue, Great Barrington, MA". www.neace.com.
  10. ^ أ ب Lewis, David Levering (2009). W.E.B. Du Bois: A Biography. Henry Holt and Co. Single volume edition. pp. 11, 14, 15, 39, 40. ISBN 978-0-8050-8769-7.
  11. ^ "W.E.B. Du Bois National Historic Site". W.E.B. Du Bois National Historic Site. Retrieved December 19, 2013.
  12. ^ "William Stanley - Engineering and Technology History Wiki". ethw.org.
  13. ^ "Great Barrington Experiment". edisontechcenter.org.
  14. ^ "The Guthrie Center | at the old Trinity Church". guthriecenter.org.
  15. ^ Strzempko, Adam. "Great Barrington tornado 14 years later". WWLP.com. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 13 June 2010.
  16. ^ http://www.appalachiantrail.org/what-we-do/community-engagement/appalachian-trail-communities/great-barrington-ma
  17. ^ أ ب "Town Welcomes New Station With Open Arms". The Berkshire Eagle via YellowBrix. Retrieved 23 August 2012.
  18. ^ [1]
  19. ^ "Part II: Great Barrington's Main Street trees: Looking back, looking ahead". May 30, 2014.
  20. ^ "Main Street Reconstruction Project". Town of Great Barrington. Retrieved 23 August 2012.
  21. ^ "GREAT BARRINGTON 2N, MASSACHUSETTS - Climate Summary". www.wrcc.dri.edu.
  22. ^ "TOTAL POPULATION (P1), 2010 Census Summary File 1, All County Subdivisions within Massachusetts". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 13, 2011.
  23. ^ "Massachusetts by Place and County Subdivision - GCT-T1. Population Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  24. ^ "1990 Census of Population, General Population Characteristics: Massachusetts" (PDF). US Census Bureau. 1990. Table 76: General Characteristics of Persons, Households, and Families: 1990. 1990 CP-1-23. Retrieved July 12, 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  25. ^ "1980 Census of the Population, Number of Inhabitants: Massachusetts" (PDF). US Census Bureau. 1981. Table 4. Populations of County Subdivisions: 1960 to 1980. PC80-1-A23. Retrieved July 12, 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  26. ^ "1950 Census of Population" (PDF). Bureau of the Census. 1952. Section 6, Pages 21-10 and 21-11, Massachusetts Table 6. Population of Counties by Minor Civil Divisions: 1930 to 1950. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  27. ^ "1920 Census of Population" (PDF). Bureau of the Census. Number of Inhabitants, by Counties and Minor Civil Divisions. Pages 21-5 through 21-7. Massachusetts Table 2. Population of Counties by Minor Civil Divisions: 1920, 1910, and 1920. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  28. ^ "1890 Census of the Population" (PDF). Department of the Interior, Census Office. Pages 179 through 182. Massachusetts Table 5. Population of States and Territories by Minor Civil Divisions: 1880 and 1890. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  29. ^ "1870 Census of the Population" (PDF). Department of the Interior, Census Office. 1872. Pages 217 through 220. Table IX. Population of Minor Civil Divisions, &c. Massachusetts. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  30. ^ "1860 Census" (PDF). Department of the Interior, Census Office. 1864. Pages 220 through 226. State of Massachusetts Table No. 3. Populations of Cities, Towns, &c. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  31. ^ "1850 Census" (PDF). Department of the Interior, Census Office. 1854. Pages 338 through 393. Populations of Cities, Towns, &c. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  32. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  33. ^ "Great Barrington Libraries".
  34. ^ "South Berkshire District Court", State of Massachusetts
  35. ^ "American Hospital Directory - Table of Search Results". www.ahd.com.
  36. ^ Senators and Representatives by City and Town
  37. ^ "Great Barrington Fire Department". www.facebook.com.
  38. ^ "(Ladder 1)".
  39. ^ "(545)".
  40. ^ "Southern Berkshire Ambulance – Serving Southern Berkshire County Since 1968".
  41. ^ "BerkShares:Local Currency for the Berkshire Region". Archived from the original on 2013-05-17. Retrieved 2013-07-18.
  42. ^ "Some communities are printing their own currency", CNN, 22 April 2009. Retrieved on April 22, 2009.
  43. ^ The Maroon Tribune, July 28, 2011 Retrieved 15 September 2013
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وصلات خارجية

معرفة المصادر تحتوي على نص من the 1920 موسعة أمريكانا article Great Barrington.

قالب:Berkshire County, Massachusetts

تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=گريت_بارنگتون،_مساتشوستس&oldid=2301122"