پى-وى-جي

"poj" redirects here. For the Iranian village, see Pochak, Hormozgan.

Pe̍h-ōe-jī رومنة الكنيسة
A sample of pe̍h-ōe-jī text
النوع	(معدلة) الأبجدية اللاتينية
اللغات	مين الجنوبية آموي التايوانية
المخترع	والتر هنري مدهرست إلايهو دوتي جون ڤان نست تالمدج
الفترة الزمنية	ع1830–الحاضر
النظم الابنة	TLPA Taiwanese Romanization System

پى-وى-جي (Pe̍h-ōe-jī ، وتُنطق قالب:IPA-nan واختصارها POJ، وتعني حرفياً كتابة العامية، وتُعرف كذلك بإسم رومنة الكنيسة) هي قواعد الكتابة المستخدَمة لكتابة تنويعات من صينية مين الجنوبية، وخصوصاً مين الجنوبية التايوانية وهوك‌ين آموي. وقد طوّرها الإرساليون الغربيون العاملون بين الشتات الصيني في جنوب شرق آسيا في القرن التاسع العاشر ونقاها الإرساليون العاملون في شيامن وتاي‌نان، وتستخدم الأبجدية اللاتينية المعدلة وبعض التشكيل لتمثيل اللغة المنطوقة. وبعد النجاح الأولي في فوجيان، وأكبر انتشار لـپى-وى-جي هو في تايوان ، وفي منتصف القرن العشرين، كان هناك ما يزيد على 100,000 شخص يقرأون ويكتبون بالـپى-وى-جي. وثمة كم ضخم من المواد المطبوعة، الدينية والحياتية، موجود بتلك الكتابة، بما فيها صحيفة تايوان الأولى، Taiwan Church News.

وأثناء فترة تايوان تحم الحكم الياباني (1895–1945)، كـُبـِت استخدم پى-وى-جي وواجه المزيد من الإجراءات المضادة أثناء فترة الأحكام العرفية من الكومن‌تانگ (1947–1987). وفي فوجيان، use declined after the establishment of the People's Republic of China (1949) and in the early 21st century the system was not in general use there. Taiwanese Christians, non-native learners of Southern Min, and native-speaker enthusiasts in Taiwan are among those that continue to use Pe̍h-ōe-jī. Full native computer support was developed in 2004, and users can now call on fonts, input methods, and extensive online dictionaries. Rival writing systems have evolved, and there is ongoing debate within the Taiwanese mother tongue movement as to which system should be used. Versions of pe̍h-ōe-jī have been devised for other Chinese varieties, including Hakka and Teochew Southern Min.

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 الاسم

پى-وى-جي
الصينية التقليدية	白話字
الصينية المبسطة	白话字
Hokkien POJ	Pe̍h-ōe-jī
المعنى الحرفي	كتابة العامية
النسخ Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Báihuà zì Wu Romanization Poe平 ho入 zî平 Gan Romanization Pha̍k-oa-chhi Hakka Romanization Pha̍k-fa-sṳ Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization baahk wá jih Jyutping baak6 wa2 zi6 Southern Min Hokkien POJ Pe̍h-ōe-jī Teochew Peng'im Pêh-uē-jī Hainanese Romanization Bǽh-oe-tu Eastern Min Fuzhou BUC Bàng-uâ-cê

الاسم پى-وى-جي pe̍h-ōe-jī ‏(صينية: 白話字؛ پن‌ين: Báihuà zì�) يعني "كتابة العامية"، هو عبارة عن حروف مكتوبة تمثل اللغة الدارجة المنطوقة المستخدمة يومياً. الاسم كتابة العامية يمكن تطبيقه على عدة أنواع من الكتابة، منها المُرَوْمَن والمبني على حروف، ولكن المصطلح پى-وى-جي pe̍h-ōe-jī يشيع حصره على نظام رومنة مين الجنوبية الذي طورته الإرساليات المشيخية في القرن التاسع عشر.

 التاريخ

نقش پى-وى-جي على كنيسة في تاي‌نان (Tâi-lâm) يخلـِّد توماس باركلي.

تاريخ پى-وى-جي تأثر بشكل كبير بالمواقف الرسمية تجاه لكنات مين الجنوبية والهيئات المسيحية التي تنشره. وتشير الوثائق المبكرة إلى الغرض من خلق پى-وى-جي، وهو التعليمي بطبيعته، والمرتبط تماماً بتعليم معتنقي المسيحية الجدد.

 التطور المبكر

Medhurst was convinced that accurate representation and reproduction of the tonal structure of Southern Min was vital to comprehension:

Respecting these tones of the Chinese language, some difference of opinion has been obtained, and while some have considered them of first importance, others have paid them little or no intention. The author inclines decidedly to the former opinion; having found, from uniform experience, that without strict attention to tones, it is impossible for a person to make himself understood in Hok-këèn.

— W. H. Medhurst

Frontispiece of Doty's Anglo Chinese Manual of the Amoy Dialect (1853)

 بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية

قرار (1955) يحظر پى-وى-جي.

 النظام الحالي

الحروف الكبرى	A	B	Ch	Chh	E	G	H	I	J	K	Kh	L	M	N		Ng	O	O͘	P	Ph	S	T	Th	U
الحروف الصغرى	a	b	ch	chh	e	g	h	i	j	k	kh	l	m	n	ⁿ	ng	o	o͘	p	ph	s	t	th	u

The initials are:

		Bilabial		Alveolar		Alveolo-palatal		Velar		Glottal
		Voiceless	Voiced	Voiceless	Voiced	Voiceless	Voiced	Voiceless	Voiced	Voiceless
Nasal			m [m] ㄇ 毛 (mo͘ )		n [n] ㄋ 耐 (nāi)				ng [ŋ] ㄫ 雅 (ngá)
Stop	Unaspirated	p [p] ㄅ 邊 (pian)	b [b] ㆠ 文 (bûn)	t [t] ㄉ 地 (tē)				k [k] ㄍ 求 (kiû)	g [g] ㆣ 語 (gí)
	Aspirated	ph [pʰ] ㄆ 波 (pho)		th [tʰ] ㄊ 他 (thaⁿ)				kh [kʰ] ㄎ 去 (khì)
Affricate	Unaspirated			ch [ts] ㄗ 曾 (chan)	j [dz] ㆡ 熱 (joa̍h)	chi [tɕ] ㄐ 尖 (chiam)	ji [dʑ] ㆢ 入 (ji̍p)
	Aspirated			chh [tsʰ] ㄘ 出 (chhut)		chhi [tɕʰ] ㄑ 手 (chhiú)
Fricative				s [s] ㄙ 衫 (saⁿ)		si [ɕ] ㄒ 寫 (siá)				h [h] ㄏ 喜 (hí)
Lateral					l [l] ㄌ 柳 (liú)

Vowels:

Monophthongs Front Central Back Simple Nasal Simple Simple Nasal Close i [i] ㄧ 衣 (i) iⁿ [ĩ] ㆪ 圓 (îⁿ) u [u] ㄨ 污 (u) uⁿ [ũ] ㆫ 張 (tiuⁿ) Mid e [e] ㆤ 禮 (lé) eⁿ [ẽ] ㆥ 生 (seⁿ) o [ə] ㄜ 高 (ko) o͘ [ɔ] ㆦ 烏 (o͘ ) oⁿ [ɔ̃] ㆧ 翁 (oⁿ) Open a [a] ㄚ 查 (cha) aⁿ [ã] ㆩ 衫 (saⁿ)

Diphthongs & Triphthongs Diphthongs ai [aɪ] ㄞ au [aʊ] ㄠ ia [ɪa] ㄧㄚ io [ɪo] ㄧㄜ iu [iu] ㄧㄨ oa [ua] ㄨㄚ oe [ue] ㄨㆤ ui [ui] ㄨㄧ Triphthongs iau [ɪaʊ] ㄧㄠ oai [uai] ㄨㄞ

Coda endings:

Bilabial Alveolar Velar Glottal Nasal consonant -m [m] ㆬ -n [n] ㄣ -ng [ŋ] ㆭ Stop consonant -p [p̚] ㆴ -t [t̚] ㆵ -k [k̚] ㆶ -h [ʔ] ㆷ

Syllabic consonant Bilabial Velar Nasal m [m̩] ㆬ 姆 (ḿ) ng [ŋ̍] ㆭ 酸 (sng)

POJ has a limited amount of legitimate syllables, although sources disagree on some particular instances of these syllables. The following table contains all the licit spellings of POJ syllables, based on a number of sources:

Licit POJ syllables

	∅	b	ch	chh	g	h	j	k	kh	l	m	n	ng	p	ph	s	t	th
a	a	ba	cha	chha	ga	ha		ka	kha	la	ma	na	nga	pa	pha	sa	ta	tha	a
aⁿ	aⁿ		chaⁿ	chhaⁿ		haⁿ		kaⁿ	khaⁿ						phaⁿ	saⁿ	taⁿ	thaⁿ	aⁿ
ah	ah	bah	chah	chhah		hah		kah	khah	lah		nah		pah	phah	sah	tah	thah	ah
ahⁿ						hahⁿ										sahⁿ			ahⁿ
ai	ai	bai	chai	chhai	gai	hai		kai	khai	lai	mai	nai	ngai	pai	phai	sai	tai	thai	ai
aiⁿ	aiⁿ		chaiⁿ			haiⁿ		kaiⁿ	khaiⁿ						phaiⁿ		taiⁿ		aiⁿ
ak	ak	bak	chak	chhak	gak	hak		kak	khak	lak				pak	phak	sak	tak	thak	ak
am	am		cham	chham	gam	ham		kam	kham	lam						sam	tam	tham	am
an	an	ban	chan	chhan	gan	han		kan	khan	lan				pan	phan	san	tan	than	an
ang	ang	bang	chang	chhang	gang	hang		kang	khang	lang				pang	phang	sang	tang	thang	ang
ap	ap		chap	chhap		hap		kap	khap	lap						sap	tap	thap	ap
at	at	bat	chat	chhat		hat		kat	khat	lat				pat		sat	tat	that	at
au	au	bau	chau	chhau	gau	hau		kau	khau	lau	mau	nau	ngau	pau	phau	sau	tau	thau	au
auh				chhauh				kauh		lauh	mauh	nauh			phauh		tauh		auh
e	e	be	che	chhe	ge	he		ke	khe	le	me	ne	nge	pe	phe	se	te	the	e
eⁿ	eⁿ		cheⁿ	chheⁿ		heⁿ		keⁿ	kheⁿ					peⁿ	pheⁿ	seⁿ	teⁿ	theⁿ	eⁿ
eh	eh	beh	cheh	chheh		heh		keh	kheh	leh	meh	neh	ngeh	peh		seh [ك‍]	teh	theh [ك‍]	eh
ehⁿ						hehⁿ			khehⁿ										ehⁿ
ek	ek	bek	chek	chhek	gek	hek		kek		lek				pek	phek	sek	tek	thek	ek
eng	eng	beng [ك‍]	cheng	chheng	geng	heng		keng	kheng	leng				peng	pheng	seng	teng	theng	eng
i	i	bi	chi	chhi	gi	hi	ji	ki	khi	li	mi	ni		pi	phi	si	ti	thi	i
iⁿ	iⁿ		chiⁿ	chhiⁿ		hiⁿ		kiⁿ	khiⁿ							siⁿ	tiⁿ	thiⁿ	iⁿ
ia	ia		chia	chhia	gia	hia	jia	kia	khia		mia	nia	ngia			sia	tia		ia
iaⁿ	iaⁿ		chiaⁿ	chhiaⁿ		hiaⁿ		kiaⁿ						piaⁿ		siaⁿ	tiaⁿ	thiaⁿ	iaⁿ
iah	iah		chiah	chhiah	giah	hiah		kiah	khiah	liah				piah	phiah	siah	tiah	thiah	iah
iahⁿ						hiahⁿ													iahⁿ
iak				chhiak					khiak					piak	phiak	siak	tiak		iak
iam	iam		chiam	chhiam	giam	hiam	jiam	kiam	khiam	liam						siam	tiam	thiam	iam
ian	ian	bian	chian	chhian	gian	hian	jian	kian	khian	lian				pian	phian	sian	tian	thian	ian
iang	iang		chiang	chhiang	giang	hiang	jiang		khiang	liang				piang	phiang	siang			iang
iap	iap		chiap	chhiap	giap	hiap	jiap	kiap	khiap	liap						siap	tiap	thiap	iap
iat	iat	biat	chiat	chhiat	giat	hiat	jiat	kiat	khiat	liat				piat	phiat	siat	tiat	thiat	iat
iau	iau	biau	chiau	chhiau	giau	hiau	jiau	kiau	khiau	liau	miau	niau	ngiau	piau	phiau	siau	tiau	thiau	iau
iauⁿ	iauⁿ																		iauⁿ
iauh						hiauh			khiauh				ngiauh						iauh
ih		bih	chih	chhih					khih		mih	nih		pih	phih	sih	tih	thih	ih
im	im		chim	chhim	gim	him	jim	kim	khim	lim						sim	tim	thim	im
in	in	bin	chin	chhin	gin	hin	jin	kin	khin	lin				pin	phin	sin	tin	thin	in
io	io	bio	chio	chhio	gio	hio	jio	kio	khio	lio				pio	phio	sio	tio	thio	io
ioh	ioh		chioh	chhioh	gioh	hioh		kioh	khioh	lioh						sioh	tioh		ioh
iok	iok		chiok	chhiok	giok	hiok	jiok	kiok	khiok	liok						siok	tiok	thiok	iok
iong	iong		chiong	chhiong	giong	hiong	jiong	kiong	khiong	liong						siong	tiong	thiong	iong
ip	ip		chip	chhip		hip	jip	kip	khip	lip						sip			ip
it	it	bit	chit	chhit		hit	jit	kit	khit					pit	phit	sit	tit		it
iu	iu	biu	chiu	chhiu	giu	hiu	jiu	kiu	khiu	liu		niu		piu		siu	tiu	thiu	iu
iuⁿ	iuⁿ		chiuⁿ	chhiuⁿ		hiuⁿ		kiuⁿ	khiuⁿ							siuⁿ	tiuⁿ		iuⁿ
iuhⁿ	iuhⁿ					hiuhⁿ													iuhⁿ
m	m					hm													m
mh						hmh													mh
ng	ng		chng	chhng		hng		kng	khng		mng	nng		png		sng	tng	thng	ng
ngh				chhngh		hngh									phngh	sngh			ngh
o	o	bo	cho	chho	go	ho		ko	kho	lo				po	pho	so	to	tho	o
oⁿ	oⁿ					hoⁿ		koⁿ											oⁿ
o͘	o͘	bo͘	cho͘	chho͘	go͘	ho͘		ko͘	kho͘	lo͘	mo͘	no͘	ngo͘	po͘	pho͘	so͘	to͘	tho͘	o͘
oa	oa	boa	choa	chhoa	goa	hoa		koa	khoa	loa	moa	noa		poa	phoa	soa	toa	thoa	oa
oaⁿ	oaⁿ			chhoaⁿ		hoaⁿ		koaⁿ	khoaⁿ					poaⁿ	phoaⁿ	soaⁿ	toaⁿ	thoaⁿ	oaⁿ
oah	oah	boah	choah	chhoah		hoah	joah	koah	khoah	loah				poah	phoah	soah		thoah	oah
oai	oai					hoai		koai	khoai							soai			oai
oaiⁿ	oaiⁿ		choaiⁿ			hoaiⁿ		koaiⁿ								soaiⁿ			oaiⁿ
oan	oan	boan	choan	chhoan	goan	hoan		koan	khoan	loan				poan	phoan	soan	toan	thoan	oan
oang	oang			chhoang															oang
oat	oat	boat	choat		goat	hoat		koat	khoat	loat				poat	phoat	soat	toat	thoat	oat
oe	oe	boe	choe	chhoe	goe	hoe	joe	koe	khoe	loe				poe	phoe	soe	toe		oe
oeh	oeh	boeh			goeh	hoeh		koeh	khoeh					poeh	phoeh	soeh			oeh
oh	oh		choh	chhoh		hoh		koh		loh				poh	phoh	soh	toh	thoh	oh
o͘h											mo͘h								o͘h
ohⁿ	ohⁿ					hohⁿ													ohⁿ
ok	ok	bok	chok	chhok	gok	hok		kok	khok	lok				pok	phok	sok	tok	thok	ok
om	om															som	tom		om
ong	ong	bong	chong	chhong	gong	hong		kong	khong	long				pong	phong	song	tong	thong	ong
u	u	bu	chu	chhu	gu	hu	ju	ku	khu	lu				pu	phu	su	tu	thu	u
uh	uh		chuh	chhuh					khuh					puh	phuh		tuh	thuh	uh
ui	ui	bui	chui	chhui	gui	hui		kui	khui	lui	mui			pui	phui	sui	tui	thui	ui
un	un	bun	chun	chhun	gun	hun	jun	kun	khun	lun				pun	phun	sun	tun	thun	un
ut	ut	but	chut	chhut		hut		kut	khut	lut				put	phut	sut	tut	thut	ut
	∅	b	ch	chh	g	h	j	k	kh	l	m	n	ng	p	ph	s	t	th

Sources: Campbell, Embree, Kì.

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 علامات التنغيم

Number	Diacritic	Chinese tone name	Example listen
1	none	陰平 (yinping) dark level	kha foot; leg
2	acute	上聲 (shangsheng) rising	chúi water
3	grave	陰去 (yinqu) dark departing	kàu arrive
4	none	陰入 (yinru) dark entering	bah meat
5	circumflex	陽平 (yangping) light level	ông king
7	macron	陽去 (yangqu) light departing	tiōng heavy
8	vertical line above	陽入 (yangru) light entering	jo̍ah hot

علامات التنغيم الخمس المستخدمة في پى-وى-جي، تمثل التنغيمات 2, 3, 5, 7, و 8

 أمثلة صوتية

POJ	الترجمة	Audio File
Sian-siⁿ kóng, ha̍k-seng tiām-tiām thiaⁿ.	A teacher/master speaks, students quietly listen.	listen
Kin-á-jit hit-ê cha-bó͘ gín-á lâi góan tau khòaⁿ góa.	Today that girl came to my house to see me.	listen
Thài-khong pêng-iú, lín-hó. Lín chia̍h-pá--bē? Ū-êng, to̍h lâi gún chia chē--ô͘!	Space friends, how are you? Have you eaten yet? When you have the time, come on over to eat.	Listen (from NASA Voyager Golden Record)

 الوضع الحالي

Some books which use pe̍h-ōe-jī, including textbooks, dictionaries, a bible, poetry, and academic works

Most native Southern Min speakers in Taiwan are unfamiliar with POJ or any other writing system for the variety, commonly asserting that "Taiwanese has no writing", or, if they are made aware of POJ, considering romanization as the "low" form of writing, in contrast with the "high" form (Chinese characters). For those who are introduced to POJ alongside Han-lo and completely Chinese character-based systems, a clear preference has been shown for all-character systems, with all-romanization systems at the bottom of the preference list, likely because of the preexisting familiarity of readers with Chinese characters.

 الهوامش

Notes

Bibliography

• Ang, Ui-jin (1992). Taiwan Fangyan zhi Lü (A Journey Through Taiwanese Regional Speech) (in Chinese). Taipei: Avanguard Publishing. ISBN 957-9512-31-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

 وصلات خارجية

عامة

• "Tai-gu Bang". – Google group for Taiwanese language enthusiasts – uses POJ and Chinese characters.
• "Pe̍h-ōe-jī Unicode Correspondence Table" (PDF). Tailingua. 2009. – information on Unicode encodings for POJ text
• "Taiwanese Romanization Association". – group dedicated to the promotion of Taiwanese and Hakka romanization

وسائل الإدخال

• "Open Vanilla". – open source input method for both Windows and Mac OS X.
• "Taigi-Hakka IME". – Windows-based input method for both Hokkien and Hakka variants.
• "Tai-lo Input Method" (in Chinese).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) – cross-platform input method released by Taiwan's Ministry of Education.
• "Transliterator". – extension for the Firefox browser which allows POJ input in-browser.

فونتات متوافقة مع پى-وى-جي

• "Charis SIL". SIL International. – serif font in regular, bold, italic, and bold italic.
• "DejaVu". – available in serif, sans-serif, and monospace.
• "Doulos SIL". SIL International. – Times New Roman-style serif.
• "Gentium". SIL International. – open source serif.
• "Linux Libertine". – GPL and OPL-licensed serif.
• "Linux Libertine G". – GPL and OPL-licensed serif.
• "Taigi Unicode". – serif font specifically designed for POJ.

نصوص ومعاجم

• "Taiwanese bibliography". – list of books in Taiwanese, including those written in POJ.
• "Memory of Written Taiwanese". – collection of Taiwanese texts in various orthographies, including many in POJ.
• "Tai-Hoa Dictionary". – dictionary which includes POJ, Taiwanese in Chinese characters, and Mandarin characters. Some English definitions also available.
• Exhibits: Taiwanese Romanization Peh-oe-ji, http://www.de-han.org/pehoeji/exhibits/index.htm  – sample images of various older POJ texts.
• Chinese Character to Pe̍h-ōe-jī Online Transliterator, http://transliterationisfun.blogspot.com/2016/01/chinese-character-to-southern-min.html  - Transliterates Southern Min Characters and Mandarin Characters to POJ.