يالطا

يالطا

Ялта
Yalta
يالطا Ялта Yalta
مدينة
	Flag Coat of arms
	يالطا موقع يالطا في القرم يالطا موقع يالطا في أوكرانيا يالطا Location of Yalta within Russia يالطا Location of Yalta within Europe
	الإحداثيات: 44°29′58″N 34°10′12″E / 44.49944°N 34.17000°E
البلد	Dمحل نزاع: أوكرانيا (بحكم القانون); روسيا (بحكم الأمر الواقع);
جمهورية	القرم
البلدية	بلدية يالطا
المنسوب	40 m (130 ft)
التعداد (2014)
• الإجمالي	76٬746
منطقة التوقيت	UTC+3 (MSK)
Postal codes	(2)98600–(2)98639
مفتاح الهاتف	+7-3654
Former name	Yalita (until the 15th century)
Climate	Cfa
الموقع الإلكتروني	yalta.rk.gov.ru

يالطا^[1] (Russianو Ukrainian: Я́лта) هي منتجع من المدن الهامة على الساحل الجنوبي لشبه جزيرة القرم. و عقد فيها مؤتمر يالطا بين قادة الحلفاء في الحرب العالمية الثانية في فبرايرعام 1945 ستالين وروزفلت وتشرشل. شبه جزيرة القرم يحيط بها البحر الأسود من الجنوب والغرب، بينما يحدها من الشرق بحر أزوف، ومساحتها 2700 كيلومتر مربع، وسكانها 2,5 مليون نسمة، ويشكل الروس حوالي 50 % منهم، والأوكران 30 %، والباقي من التتار المسلمين. وأهم مدنها هي العاصمة سيمفروبل،

وكانت عاصمتها فيما مضى مدينة "بخش‌سراي" عندما كانت خاضعة لحكم خانات التتار، ومن مدنها المهمة أيضًا "يالطا" المدينة الساحلية السياحية الجميلة، والتي عقد فيها مؤتمر يالطا بين قادة الحلفاء في الحرب العالمية الثانية في فبراير عام 1945م ستالين وروزفلت وتشرشل، ومدينة سيفستوبل الميناء الذي كان يأوي أسطول الاتحاد السوفيتي الضخم، والذي أصبح محل نزاع بين روسيا وأوكرانيا، ومدن أخرى أقل أهمية، مثل: كيرشوفيادوسيا وبيلاغورسك وسوداك وجانكوك.

مؤتمر يالطا في 1945: من اليمين: ستالين، فرانكلين روزفلت، تشرشل.

The area became famous when the city held the Yalta Conference as part of the Allied World War II conferences in 1945.

The term "Greater Yalta" is used to designate a part of the Crimean southern coast spanning from Foros in the west to Gurzuf in the east and including the city of Yalta and multiple adjacent urban settlements.

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التاريخ

القرون 12-19

19th century photograph of Yalta, Department of Image Collections, National Gallery of Art Library, Washington, DC

The existence of Yalta was recorded in the 12th century by an Arab geographer, who described it as a Byzantine port and fishing settlement. It became part of a network of Genoese trading colonies on the Crimean coast in the 14th century, when it was known as Etalita or Galita. Crimea was captured by the Ottoman Empire in 1475, which made it a semi-independent subject territory under the rule of the Crimean Khanate but the southern coast with Yalta was under direct Ottoman rule forming the Eyalet of Kefe (Feodosiya). Yalta was annexed by the Russian Empire in 1783, along with the rest of Crimea, sparking the Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792). Prior to the annexation of the Crimea, the Crimean Greeks were moved to Mariupol in 1778; one of the villages they established nearby is also called Yalta.

In the 19th century, the town became a fashionable resort for the Russian aristocracy and gentry. Leo Tolstoy spent summers there and Anton Chekhov in 1898 bought a house (the White Dacha) here, where he lived until 1902; Yalta is the setting for Chekhov's short story, "The Lady with the Dog", and such prominent plays as The Three Sisters were written in Yalta. The town was also closely associated with royalty. In 1889 Tsar Alexander III finished construction of Massandra Palace a short distance to the north of Yalta and Nicholas II built the Livadia Palace southwest of the town in 1911.

القرن العشرون

Yelena Villa in Yalta, c. 1915

During the 20th century, Yalta was the principal holiday resort of the Soviet Union. In 1920, Vladimir Lenin issued a decree "On the Use of Crimea for the Medical Treatment of the Working People" which endorsed the region's transformation from a fairly exclusive resort area into a recreation facility for tired proletarians. Numerous workers' sanatoria were constructed in and around Yalta and the surrounding district. There were, in fact, few other places that Soviet citizens could come for a seaside holiday, as foreign travel was forbidden to all but a handful. The Soviet elite also came to Yalta; the Soviet premier Joseph Stalin used the Massandra Palace as his summer residence.

Yalta was occupied by the German Army from 9 November 1941 to 16 April 1944.

The town came to worldwide attention in 1945 when the Yalta Conference between the "Big Three" powers – the Soviet Union, the United States and the United Kingdom – was held at the Livadia Palace.

القرن 21

Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Yalta has struggled economically. Many of the nouveaux riches of ex-Soviet citizens began going to other European holiday resorts, now that they had the freedom and money to travel; conversely, the impoverishment of many ex-Soviet citizens meant that they could no longer afford to go to Yalta. The town's transport links have been significantly reduced with the end of almost all passenger traffic by sea. The longest trolleybus line in Europe goes from the train station in Simferopol to Yalta (almost 90 km). Yalta is crowded in the vacation season (July–August) and prices for accommodation are very high. Most of the tourists are from countries of the former Soviet Union; in 2013, about 12% of tourists to Crimea were Westerners from more than 200 cruise ships.^[2]

Yalta has a beautiful seafront promenade along the Black Sea. People can be seen strolling there all seasons of the year, and it also serves as a place to gather and talk, to see and be seen. There are several beaches to the east and west of the promenade. Many kinds of pine trees (Stone pine and Aleppo pine for example), oleander shrubs, lemon and olive trees and different sorts of palm trees such as the Chinese windmill palm, the Mexican fan palm and the Canary Island date palm are scattered all over the city. The town has several movie theaters, a drama theater, plenty of restaurants, and several open-air markets.

Two beaches in Yalta are Blue Flag beaches since May 2010, these were the first beaches (with two beaches in Yevpatoria) to be awarded a Blue Flag in a CIS member state.^[3]

In 2014, Russia, in violation of international law, invaded Crimea and claimed it as part of Russia.^[4]

المعالم

Saint Hripsime Church of Yalta.

Foros Church is a popular wedding location

Nikitsky Botanical Garden

Famous attractions within or near Yalta are:

Yalta's Sea Promenade (Naberezhnaya), housing many attractions, which was renovated in 2003 and 2004.
Saint Hripsime Church of Yalta, an Armenian Church, with frescoes by V. Surenyants
A Roman Catholic Church built by Nikolay Krasnov
Yalta's cable car, taking visitors to the Darsan hill, from which one can see Yalta's shoreline
Renovated Hotel Taurica, the first hotel in the former Russian Empire with elevators
Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, constructed by the architect Krasnov, who also constructed the Livadia Palace and the architect P. Terebenyov
Former main building of the Ministry of Defence hotel, built in the style of a Gothic castle
Palace of Bukhara Emir
Yalta's Zoo
Yalta's Aquarium, housing small dolphins
Park-museum Polyana Skazok (Glade of Fairytales)
White Dacha – House-museum of Anton Chekhov
House-museum of Lesya Ukrainka at Lesya Ukrainka Museum
House with Caryatids, where the composer A. Spendiarov lived
Yalta Hotel Complex
Roffe Bath, historical monument

Moreover, Yalta's suburbs contain:

Foros Church
Nikitsky Botanical Garden (Nikita)
Livadia Palace (Livadiya)
Organ hall in Livadiya
Massandra Palace (Massandra)
Massandra Winery and Vaults
International children's centre of Artek (Gurzuf)
Ai-Petri Mountain (1233 metres high, with a cable car traveling to and from the mountain)
Alupka Palace
Swallow's Nest castle near Gaspra.
Tsar's Path hiking trail

السكان

As of the Ukrainian Census conducted on January 1, 2001, the population of Yalta is 80,500. The main ethnic groups of Yalta are: روس — 65%, اوكرانيون — 25.7%, تتار القرم — 4%, بلاروس — 2%. اللغة الغالبة على الاطلاق في شوارع المدينة هي الروسية. This total number doesn't comprise the population of neighboring villages and small towns. The metropolitan area population is about 125,000.

المناخ

متوسطات الطقس ليالطا
شهر	يناير	فبراير	مارس	أبريل	مايو	يونيو	يوليو	أغسطس	سبتمبر	اكتوبر	نوفمبر	ديسمبر	السنة
متوسط العظمى °م (°ف)	6 (43)	6 (43)	8 (46)	13 (55)	18 (64)	23 (73)	26 (79)	26 (79)	21 (70)	16 (61)	11 (52)	8 (46)	15 (59)
متوسط الصغرى °م (°ف)	2 (36)	1 (34)	3 (37)	8 (46)	12 (54)	17 (63)	20 (68)	19 (66)	15 (59)	11 (52)	6 (43)	3 (37)	10 (50)
هطول الأمطار mm (بوصة)
المصدر: Weatherbase^[5]

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المدن الشقيقة

Yalta is twinned with the following cities:

معرض صور

View of Yalta from the coast of the Black Sea.
Naberezhnaya of Yalta.
Yalta's Sea Promenade (Naberezhna), containing a great number of hotels, restaurants, and cafés.
The front façade of the Livadia Palace, located in the town of Livadiya, used for the Yalta Conference during الحرب العالمية الثانية.
Swallow's Nest near Yalta; built in 1912 in Neo-Gothic style by the order of German baron Stengel according to a design by Russian architect A.Sherwood.
View of Yalta and the surrounding Crimean Mountains, as seen from the "Tsar's Path".
Yalta bay