هاير

Haier Group Corporation
الاسم المحلي
海尔集团公司
النوعCollective enterprise
رمز التداول
ISINCNE1000031C1 Edit this on Wikidata
الصناعةHome appliances
Consumer electronics
تأسست1984; 40 years ago (1984
المقر الرئيسي
چینگداو، شان‌دونگ
،
China
الأشخاص الرئيسيون
Zhang Ruimin
(Chairman and CEO)
Liang Haishan
(Rotating President)
Zhou Yunjie
(Rotating President)
المنتجاتMajor appliances
Small appliances
Commercial heating and cooling systems
Consumer electronics
الشركات التابعةGE Appliances (U.S.) majority 90%
Hotpoint (U.S.)
Hoover (Europe)
Candy
Fisher & Paykel
الموقع الإلكترونيwww.haier.net
هاير
الصينية المبسطة海尔
الصينية التقليدية海爾

Haier Group Corporation is a Chinese multinational home appliances and consumer electronics company headquartered in Qingdao, Shandong. It designs, develops, manufactures and sells products including refrigerators, air conditioners, washing machines, microwave ovens, mobile phones, computers, and televisions. The home appliances business, namely Haier Smart Home, has seven global brands – Haier, Casarte, Leader, GE Appliances, Fisher & Paykel, Aqua and Candy.

According to data released by Euromonitor,[1] Haier is the number one brand globally in major appliances for 10 consecutive years from 2009–2018. The Haier brand was also recognized by BrandZ in 2019[2] as the most valuable IoT ecosystem brand in the world with a brand value of $16.3 billion. In 2019, Haier Smart Home ranked 448 on Fortune's Global 500 list with a revenue of $27.7 billion.

Haier Group also consisted of two listed subsidiaries in three exchanges: Haier Smart Home (بورصة شانغهاي: 600690; ex-Qingdao Haier Co., Ltd, ), Haier Electronics Group Co., Ltd. (SEHK: 1169), and "D-share" listing of Haier Smart Home in China Europe International Exchange of Frankfurt.[3]

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التاريخ

The origins of Haier date back long before the actual founding of the company. In the 1920s, a refrigerator factory was built in Qingdao to supply the Chinese market. After the 1949 establishment of the People's Republic of China, the factory was then taken over and turned into a state-owned enterprise.[4]

By the 1980s, the factory had a debt of over CN¥1.4 million and suffered from dilapidated infrastructure, poor management, and lack of quality controls, resulting from the planned economic system and relevant policies.[5] Production had slowed, rarely surpassing 80 refrigerators a month, and the factory was close to bankruptcy. The Qingdao government hired a young assistant city-manager, Zhang Ruimin, responsible for a number of city-owned appliance companies. Zhang was appointed the managing director of the factory in 1984.[4]

محل هاير في نان‌چانگ


التأسيس

Haier had been founded as Qingdao Refrigerator Co. in 1984. With China opening up to world markets, foreign corporations began searching for partnerships in China. One of these, Germany's refrigerator company Liebherr, entered into a joint-venture contract with Qingdao Refrigerator Co., offering technology and equipment to its Chinese counterpart. Refrigerators were to be manufactured under the name of Qindao-Liebherr (الصينية المبسطة: 琴岛—利勃海尔؛ الصينية التقليدية: 琴島-利勃海爾؛ پن‌ين: Qíndǎo—lìbó hǎi'ěr�). The current brand "Haier" came from the last two syllables of the Chinese transliteration of Liebherr (پن‌ين: lìbó hǎi'ěr�).[6][7]

The installation of Liebherr's equipment and technology was accompanied by new quality control and management processes. By 1986, Qingdao Refrigerator had returned to profitability and grew in sales at an average of 83 percent annually. Between 1984 and 2000 sales grew from CNY ¥3.5 million to ¥40.5 billion.[8]

In 1988, the municipal government asked Haier to take over some of the city's other ailing appliance manufacturers. The company assumed control of Qingdao Electroplating Company (manufacturing microwaves).[8] In 1991, the company changed its name to "Qingdao Haier Group" and acquired Qingdao Air Conditioner Plant and Qingdao Freezer.[8] The company's name was simplified to its current name "Haier" in 1992.[4] In 1995, the company took over Qingdao Red Star Electronics Co., a washing machine manufacturer, along with five of its subsidiaries.[9] Haier acquired seven companies between 1995 and 1997, and began exporting to foreign markets.[10]

التوسع حول العالم

In 1996 and 1997, Haier opened production facilities in Indonesia and the Philippines respectively[8] and failed in an attempt enter Thailand's domestic market due to the presence of local companies.[4]

Haier entered the US market in 1999.[9] In the US it focused upon two niche markets in compact refrigerators and electric wine cellars. Haier began to manufacture full-sized refrigerators for North American market. This would bring it into direct competition with established American companies GE, Whirlpool, Frigidaire, and Maytag. As part of its strategy, Haier built a production facility in the United States at Camden, South Carolina, opened in 2000. By 2002, US revenues reached USD $200 million, still small compared to its overall revenue of $7 billion.[8] Also in 2002, Haier moved into a building in midtown Manhattan. Formerly the headquarters for the Greenwich Savings Bank, the 52,000-square-foot (4,800 m2) building was built in 1924 in the neo-classical style.

Production facilities were constructed in Pakistan in 2002 (see Haier Pakistan) and Jordan in 2003. In Africa, Haier has plants in five countries: Tunisia, Nigeria, Egypt, Algeria and South Africa.[11] The company also purchased a Meneghetti's factory in Italy and began placing its products in European retail chains, either under its own brand or under OEM agreements with foreign partners. Currently Haier has entered into a joint venture agreement with the government of Venezuela.[12]

Haier Appliances (India) P. Ltd initiated its commercial operations in January 2004. Its headquarters is in New Delhi, and in 2015 it had 33 operations, including those in Mumbai, Bangalore, Chennai, and Kolkata. It was listed among the top 20 most trusted brands in India by The Brand Trust Report, a study conducted by Trust Research Advisory.

In June 2005, Haier made a bid to acquire Maytag Corporation, backed by private equity funds Blackstone Group and Bain Capital. The bid was for US$1.28 billion, or $16 per share, topping a previous offer of $14.26 per share made by Ripplewood Holdings.[13] In the end, however, Maytag was bought by Michigan based Whirlpool Corporation which offered $1.7 billion in cash and stock, or $21 per share, plus assumed debt.[14]

A Haier smartphone at the Mobile World Congress 2015

In 2009, Haier surpassed Whirlpool to become the fourth largest refrigerator producer in terms of sales with a global market share of 6.3%.[15]

In 2012, Haier Group acquired the appliance business from New Zealand-based Fisher & Paykel.

In June 2016 Haier Group acquired General Electric's appliance division for $5.4 billion. GE Appliances is headquartered in Louisville, KY.

On 28 September 2018, it was announced that Haier acquired Italy based Candy group.

التكنولوجيا

In 2015, Haier began investigating how the internet of things could be integrated into their devices.[16] The company cited by the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, which found three barriers to the adoption of smart home technology: lack of unified protocols/single point of access, passive services and the lack of complete solutions. At the time Haier's core competencies lay within the large appliance sector and not the small electronics sector. Subsequently, they partnered with the then leading IoT platform IngDan (硬蛋) owned by the Cogobuy Group to overcame their shortcomings.[17] By utilising Cogobuy's ecosystem and supply chain, they were able to integrate IngDan's portfolio of components, modules, and edge voice analysis into smart appliance products.[18] Haier introduced their smart appliances across seven product lines in the major appliance industry: air, water, clothes care, security, voice control, health and information.[19]

استراتيجية الشركة

Zhang Ruimin, soon after becoming managing director in 1985, ordered his employees to destroy 76 refrigerators with sledgehammers following a customer complaint in an effort to radically change the company's culture to one that embodies quality control practices.[9][20] At the time, Chinese brands for domestically produced consumer goods were generally regarded by overseas consumer markets as being of poor quality, even when compared subjectively with foreign brands manufactured in China.[21] The cultural transformation towards quality driven manufacturing resulted in Haier becoming the first company in China to get ISO 9001 certification.[9][22] Haier also announces environmental sustainable development strategy to improve the environment by conserving energy and recycling. In 2018，Haier got “Greener China Business Award” due to its outstanding efforts to protect environment.[23]

هيكل الملكية

In 1993, it listed a subsidiary Qingdao Haier Refrigerator Co. on the Shanghai Stock Exchange, raising CNY ¥370 million. In 2005, Haier entered the Hong Kong Stock Exchange through a "backdoor listing" by acquiring a controlling stake in a publicly listed joint venture Haier-CCT Holdings Ltd. (SEHK: 1169).[بحاجة لمصدر] Haier is also an index stock of the Dow Jones China 88 Index.

انتقادات وجدال

In 2014, Haier was accused by German media of delivering smartphones and tablets with pre-installed malware.[24][25][26]

See also

الهامش

  1. ^ "Haier ranks first in volume sales of major appliances brands in the world in 2018-Haier Malaysia". www.haier.com. Retrieved 2019-11-25.
  2. ^ "From the Global No 1 Home Appliance Brand to the Global Sole IoT Brand - Reuters". www.reuters.com. Retrieved 2019-11-25.
  3. ^ "Qingdao Haier shareholders back Frankfurt listing". Reuters. 28 April 2018. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
  4. ^ أ ب ت ث "Haier Group Corporation History". FoundingUniverse. Retrieved 2020-05-31.
  5. ^ Haier Rises Through Reform and Opening Up
  6. ^ "海尔集团实施商标战略创建国际知名品牌". 2014-04-28.
  7. ^ "海尔如何成为企业"创新教科书"？". Sohu. 2017-03-19.
  8. ^ أ ب ت ث ج "History of Haier Group Corporation – FundingUniverse". Retrieved 15 January 2016.
  9. ^ أ ب ت ث Haier Group's Strategies in the US Market (Case study). IBS Center for Management Research. 2003.
  10. ^ Chinese Champions: Patente made in China (PDF; 1,6 MB; German). Archived 2013-12-07 at the Wayback Machine Technische Universität München, Munich Innovation Group, March 2012, p. 19–23, retrieved 13 September 2013.
  11. ^ english@peopledaily.com.cn. "People's Daily Online -- "We will be volunteer 'spokespersons' for Haier," African party officials say".
  12. ^ "Haier's household appliances are sold very well in Venezuela".[dead link]
  13. ^ "Blackstone and Bain back Chinese firm Haier in $1.28bn Maytag bid". Archived from the original on 2007-09-28.
  14. ^ "Done Deal; Whirlpool Acquires Maytag For $2.7 Billion".
  15. ^ "Haier tops Whirlpool in global refrigerator sales". Alibaba. 20 January 2009.
  16. ^ Crist, Ry (3 September 2015). "Haier's pitch at IFA: Connect all of the things". CNET.
  17. ^ "Cogobuy Partners with Samsung ARTIK™ Enhancing its Competitive Edge as a Leading IoT Innovation Platform". The Business Journals. 17 September 2017.
  18. ^ "Cogobuy Enters Booming Voice-Controlled Home Appliances Market". Business Insider. 14 March 2017.
  19. ^ "Haier to Launch All-scenario Smart Home Solution At 2018 AWE with 20 Percent Annual Growth by 2017". Square Foot. 10 March 2018.
  20. ^ Fischer, Bill; Lago, Umberto; Liu, Fang (27 April 2015). "The Haier Road to Growth". strategy+business.
  21. ^ Eloot, Karel; Huang, Alan; Lehnich, Martin (June 2013). "A new era for manufacturing in China". McKinsey.
  22. ^ "Haier Group's Strategy in the US Market|Business Strategy|Case Study|Case Studies". www.icmrindia.org. Retrieved 2019-02-01.
  23. ^ "Haier Marks Earth Hour with Cross-Continent Interactive Performaces-Haier Malaysia". www.haier.com. Retrieved 2020-12-03.
  24. ^ Benedikt Fuest (10 December 2014). "Vorsicht vor Smartphones mit vorinstallierter Spyware - DIE WELT". DIE WELT. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
  25. ^ "Lookout meldet auf Smartphones vorinstallierten Android-Trojaner". ZDNet.de. 4 December 2014. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
  26. ^ IT :: Internet :: Design :: Christian Schmitz. "IT :: Internet :: Design :: Christian Schmitz, News". Retrieved 15 January 2016.

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