نهر تومن

"Dumangang" redirects here. For the town in North Korea, see Tumangang.
لمعلومات عن the Tuman River in Xinjiang, China، انظر Tuman River.
Tumen River
图们江
Duman River (두만강; 豆滿江) or Tuman River
Location Tumen-River.png
Location of the Tumen River
أصل الاسمOld Turkic and Mongolian, tümen "ten thousand"
الاسم المحلي[图们江  (صينية)] Error: {{Native name}}: missing language tag (help)  (language?)
الموقع
CountryNorth Korea (DPRK), China (PRC), Russia
Province (DPRK)North Hamgyong, Ryanggang
Province (PRC)Jilin
Federal subject (Russia)Primorsky Krai
السمات الطبيعية
المنبعPaektu Mountain
المصبSea of Japan
 - الموقع
Sea of Japan, Russia, North Korea
 - الإحداثيات
42°17′34″N 130°41′56″E / 42.29278°N 130.69889°E / 42.29278; 130.69889Coordinates: 42°17′34″N 130°41′56″E / 42.29278°N 130.69889°E / 42.29278; 130.69889
 - المنسوب
0 m (0 ft)
الطول521 km (324 mi)
مساحة الحوض33,800 km2 (13,100 sq mi)
سمات الحوض
الروافد 
 - اليسرى
نهر تومن
Chinese name
الصينية التقليدية圖們江
الصينية المبسطة图们江
Korean name
تشوسونگول두만강
هان‌چا豆滿江
Chinese Korean name
تشوسونگول도문강
هان‌چا圖們江
Mongolian name
الكيريلية المنغوليةТүмэн гол
Manchu name
Manchu scriptᡨᡠᠮᡝᠨ ᡠᠯᠠ
RomanizationTumen ula
Russian name
RussianТуманная река
RomanizationTumannaya reka

The Tumen River (صينية: 图们江؛ پن‌ين: Túmén Jiāng�, روسية: река Туманная, الكورية: 두만강; Korean pronunciation: [tumaŋaŋ]), also known as the Tuman River or Duman River,[أ] is a 521-kilometre (324 mi) long river that serves as part of the boundary between China (left shore), North Korea (right) and Russia (left), rising on the slopes of Mount Paektu and flowing into the Sea of Japan. The river has a drainage basin of 33,800 km2 (13,100 sq mi).[2]

The river flows in northeast Asia, on the border between China and North Korea in its upper reaches, and between North Korea and Russia in its last 17 kilometers (11 mi) before entering the Sea of Japan. The river forms much of the southern border of Jilin Province in Northeast China and the northern borders of North Korea's North Hamgyong and Ryanggang provinces. Paektu Mountain on the Chinese-North Korean border is the source of the river,[3] as well as of the Yalu River. The two rivers and the region of Paektu Mountain between their headwaters form the border between North Korea and China.

The name of the river comes from the Mongolian word tümen, meaning "ten thousand" or a myriad. This river is badly polluted by the nearby factories of North Korea and China; however, it still remains a major tourist attraction in the area. In Tumen, Jilin, a riverfront promenade has restaurants where patrons can gaze across the river into North Korea.[3] The Russian name of the river is Tumannaya, literally meaning foggy.

In 1938 the Japanese built the Tumen River Bridge, where the Quan River meets the Tumen River, between the villages of Wonjong (Hunchun) and Quanhe. Important cities and towns on the river are Hoeryong and Onsong in North Korea, Tumen and Nanping (南坪镇, in the county-level city of Helong) in China's Jilin province.

In 1995, the People's Republic of China, Mongolia, Russia, North Korea and South Korea signed three agreements to create the Tumen River Economic Development Area.[4][5][6][7]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Noktundo

المقالة الرئيسية: Noktundo

Noktundo, a former island (now effectively a peninsula) at the mouth of the Tumen, has been a boundary contention between Russia and North Korea.[8] The Qing Dynasty ceded the island to Russia as part of the Primorsky Maritimes (East Tartary) in the 1860 Treaty of Peking.[8] In 1990, the former Soviet Union and North Korea signed a border treaty which made the border run through the center of the river, leaving territory of the former island on Russian side. South Korea refuses to acknowledge the treaty and demanded that Russia return the territory to Korea.[9]


Fishing

There are several popular species of fish endemic to Tumen river, such as Tumen lenok and bighead gudgeon.[10] In 2016, China released 800,000 salmon seedlings into Tumen river in order to expand the regional fishing industry and meet the increasing demand for sea products.[11]

Illegal crossings

The Tumen has been crossed for years by North Korean refugees defecting across the Chinese border. Most refugees from North Korea during the 1990s famine crossed it, and most recent refugees have also used it, as it is far easier than crossing the Amnok River.[12] The Tumen is the preferred crossing because, unlike the swift, deep and broad Amnok River that runs along most of the border between the two countries, the Tumen is shallow and narrow.[3] In some areas it can be crossed on foot, or by short swims.[3] It freezes in winter, allowing dry crossings.[12][13] Defectors wishing to cross the Tumen often ignore its pollutants and dangerous border patrol, and spend weeks if not months or years waiting for the perfect opportunity to cross. "Long, desolate stretches of the Chinese-North Korean border are not patrolled at all", according to a New York Times article.[3]

Refugees rarely cross the Tumen into Russia. This is because Russia's short stretch of the river is far better patrolled than China's stretch.[3] In addition, the rewards for doing so are not as high since the ethnic Korean community in Russia is far smaller to receive sufficient support from, as opposed to China, which has a larger Korean population. Lastly, North Korean authorities have been known to infiltrate Russia looking for defectors and those who collaborate to assist them; the 1996 murder of Choe Deok-geun in the border city of Vladivostok prompted South Korean authorities to be very reluctant to provide defectors with any assistance.

The Tumen is also crossed illegally by soldiers and others seeking food and money. Some Chinese villagers have left the border area because of the attacks.[12]

The history of conflict in the area (examples include incidents during the Battle of Lake Khasan) was alluded to in singer Kim Jeong-gu's song 'Tearful Tumen River (눈물 젖은 두만강)', which became an ode to families separated by such tragedies and by defections during the Korean War.[14] The humanitarian crisis along the Tumen River was dramatized in the 2010 feature-length film Dooman River.[15]

  • Bridge of Tumen River, built in 1941

    Bridge of Tumen River, built in 1941

  • Bridge of Tumen River, shot in 2018

    Bridge of Tumen River, shot in 2018

  • North Korea is on the other side of the Tumen River

    North Korea is on the other side of the Tumen River

  • View across the river from Tumen city in China to the town of Namyang in North Korea

    View across the river from Tumen city in China to the town of Namyang in North Korea


مرئيات

وقعت روسيا وكوريا الشمالية على اتفاق تومن، وتبادلت الصين وروسيا الأراضي، وناقشتا الوصول إلى البحر.


Notes

  1. ^ In the 19th century, the river was also known to the West as the Mi Kiang.[1]

References

Citations

  1. ^ EB (1878), p. 390.
  2. ^ "Drainage Basins of the Sea of Okhotsk and Sea of Japan" (PDF). www.unece.org.
  3. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح Onishi, Norimitsu (22 أكتوبر 2006). "Tension, Desperation: The China-North Korean Border". The New York Times. Much of the information comes from the captions to the large illustrated map published with the newspaper article and available online with it.
  4. ^ "Accord on Tumen River Area Development to Be Signed". Archived from the original on 15 ديسمبر 2019. Retrieved 23 يناير 2010. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)[dead link]
  5. ^ "Tumen River Area Development Program". Network of East Asian Think-tanks (NEAT). 2009. Archived from the original on 9 فبراير 2015.
  6. ^ Kim, Myung-sung (14 يناير 2015). 최고 싱크탱크(think tank)도 "두만강 지역 개발하자" [From top think tank: "Let's develop the Tumen River area"]. Chosun News (in الكورية). Archived from the original on 15 يناير 2015.
  7. ^ "JPRI Working Paper No. 53". www.jpri.org. Archived from the original on 16 يناير 2021. Retrieved 1 مايو 2017.
  8. ^ أ ب Головнин, В. И. (2008). "Прошлое как оружие (The past as a weapon)". Россия в глобальной политике (in الروسية). 6 (35). Archived from the original on 6 ديسمبر 2010.
  9. ^ "The problem of the Noktundo island in the media in South Korea (Проблема острова Ноктундо в средствах массовой информации Южной Кореи)" (in الروسية). ru.apircenter.org. Archived from the original on 10 سبتمبر 2013. Retrieved 30 يونيو 2015.
  10. ^ Guo, Rongxing (1 يناير 2012). "11 - The Tumen River Delta: Development and the Environment". Developments in Environmental Science. Elsevier. 10: 307–323. Retrieved 14 يناير 2024.
  11. ^ Godfrey, Mark. "China expands salmon farm on North Korean border". www.seafoodsource.com (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 14 يناير 2024.
  12. ^ أ ب ت Zhai, Keith & Kim, Sam (14 يناير 2015). "North Koreans Walk Across Frozen River to Kill Chinese for Food". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 15 يناير 2015.
  13. ^ Moon, Sunghui. "North Korea Tightens Security Before Major Military Parade". Translated by Jun, Leejin; Gerin, Roseanne. Radio Free Asia. Archived from the original on 25 يناير 2018. [...] adding that winter is the optimal time of year for North Koreans who wish to defect to cross the frozen Tumen River that separates the country from China, if security is not too heavy.
  14. ^ Kim, Seon-hee [a.k.a. Sonya] (24 مارس 2018). "VOD ~ 디지털 KBS" (in الكورية). @ 15m 19s mark in video: KBS. [Translation] I heard that the song consoled many of those who lost their families, or had to leave their hometowns under Japanese occupation and during the Korean war. It made me realize the power of music once again{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  15. ^ Bardot, Nicolas (2010). "La Rivière Tumen". Film de Culte (in الفرنسية). Retrieved 15 يناير 2015.

Sources

External links

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