موبيل، ألباما

Coordinates: 30°41′40″N 88°02′35″W / 30.69444°N 88.04306°W / 30.69444; -88.04306
Mobile, Alabama
City
City of Mobile
From top: Pincus Building, Old City Hall and Southern Market, Fort Charlotte, Barton Academy, Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception, and the skyline of downtown from the Mobile River
From top: Pincus Building, Old City Hall and Southern Market, Fort Charlotte, Barton Academy, Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception, and the skyline of downtown from the Mobile River
علم Mobile, Alabama
Flag
الختم الرسمي لـ Mobile, Alabama
الشعار
الكنية: 
"The Port City," "Azalea City," "The City of Six Flags"
Location within Mobile County
Location within Mobile County
Mobile is located in Alabama
Mobile
Mobile
Location within Alabama
Mobile is located in الولايات المتحدة
Mobile
Mobile
Location within the United States
الإحداثيات: 30°41′40″N 88°02′35″W / 30.69444°N 88.04306°W / 30.69444; -88.04306
CountryUnited States
StateAlabama
CountyMobile
Founded1702
Incorporated (town)January 20, 1814[1]
Incorporated (city)December 17, 1819[2]
الحكومة
 • النوعMayor–council
 • MayorSandy Stimpson (R)
 • CouncilMobile City Council
المساحة
[3]
 • City180٫06 ميل² (466٫34 كم²)
 • البر139٫46 ميل² (361٫21 كم²)
 • الماء40٫59 ميل² (105٫14 كم²)
 • الحضر
222٫8 ميل² (577 كم²)
 • العمران
1٬644 ميل² (4٬260 كم²)
المنسوب
(lowest)[4]
10 ft (3 m)
التعداد
 (2010)[5]
 • City195٬111
 • Estimate 
(2019)[6]
188٬720
 • الترتيبUS: 131st
AL: 4th
 • الكثافة1٬353٫19/sq mi (522٫47/km2)
 • Urban
326٬183 (US: 115th)
 • العمرانية
413٬757 (US: 131st)
 • CSA
631٬779 (US: 77th)
صفة المواطنMobilian
منطقة التوقيتUTC−6 (CST)
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC−5 (CDT)
ZIP Codes
مفتاح الهاتف251
FIPS code01-50000
GNIS feature ID0155153
InterstatesI-10 (AL).svg I-65 (AL).svg
Interstate SpursI-165 (AL).svg
U.S. RoutesUS 31.svg US 43.svg US 45.svg US 90.svg US 98.svg
WaterwaysMobile River
الموانئ البحريةميناء موبيل
المطاراتمطار موبيل الإقليمي مطان وسط مدينة موبيل
Public transitThe Wave
الموقع الإلكترونيcityofmobile.org

موبيل (Mobile ؛ /moʊˈbiːl/ ؛ moh-BEEL ؛ بالفرنسية: [mɔbil]  (Speaker Icon.svg استمع)) هي مقر مقاطعة مقاطعة موبيل، ألباما، الولايات المتحدة. The population within the city limits was 195,111 as of the 2010 United States Census,[8] making it the third-most-populous city in Alabama, the most populous in Mobile County.

Alabama's only saltwater port, Mobile is located on the Mobile River at the head of the Mobile Bay and the north-central Gulf Coast.[9] The Port of Mobile has always played a key role in the economic health of the city, beginning with the settlement as an important trading center between the French colonists and Native Americans, down to its current role as the 12th-largest port in the United States.[10][11]

Mobile is the principal municipality of the Mobile metropolitan area. This region of 412,992 residents is composed solely of Mobile County; it is the third-largest metropolitan statistical area in the state.[8][12] Mobile is the largest city in the Mobile-Daphne−Fairhope CSA, with a total population of 604,726, the second largest in the state.[13] اعتبارا من 2011, the population within a 60-mile (100 km) radius of Mobile is 1,262,907.[14]

Mobile was founded in 1702 by the French as the first capital of Louisiana. During its first 100 years, Mobile was a colony of France, then Britain, and lastly Spain. Mobile became a part of the United States in 1813, with the annexation by President James Madison of West Florida from Spain.[15] The city surrendered to Federal forces on April 12, 1865,[16] after Union victories at two forts protecting the city. This, along with the news of Johnston's surrender negotiations with Sherman, led Taylor to seek a meeting with his Union counterpart, Maj. Gen. Edward R. S. Canby. The two generals met several miles north of Mobile on May 2. After agreeing to a 48-hour truce, the generals enjoyed an al fresco luncheon of food, drink, and lively music. Canby offered Taylor the same terms agreed upon between Lee and Grant. Taylor accepted the terms and surrendered his command on May 4 at Citronelle, Alabama.[17]

Considered one of the Gulf Coast's cultural centers, Mobile has several art museums, a symphony orchestra, professional opera, professional ballet company, and a large concentration of historic architecture.[18][19] Mobile is known for having the oldest organized Carnival or Mardi Gras celebrations in the United States. Its French Catholic colonial settlers celebrated this festival from the first decade of the 18th century. Beginning in 1830, Mobile was host to the first formally organized Carnival mystic society to celebrate with a parade in the United States. (In New Orleans, such a group is called a krewe.)[20]

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أصل الاسم

The city gained its name from the Mobile tribe that the French colonists encountered living in the area of Mobile Bay.[21] Although debated by Alabama historians, they may have been descendants of the Native American tribe whose small fortress town, Mabila, was used to conceal several thousand native warriors before an attack in 1540 on the expedition of Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto.[22] About seven years after the founding of the French Mobile settlement, the Mobile tribe, along with the Tohomé, gained permission from the colonists to settle near the fort.[23][24]


التاريخ

Mobile and the pentagonal Fort Condé in 1725


القرن 19

HABS photo of the Southern Hotel on Water Street in 1934; it was completed in 1837 and demolished soon after this photograph was taken.


Steamboats bound for inland Alabama and Mississippi being loaded at Mobile's dockyards


Mobile Cotton Exchange and Chamber of Commerce building, completed in 1886

On May 25, 1865, the city suffered great loss when some three hundred people died as a result of an explosion at a federal ammunition depot on Beauregard Street. The explosion left a 30-foot (9 m) deep hole at the depot's location, and sank ships docked on the Mobile River; the resulting fires destroyed the northern portion of the city.[25]


الجغرافيا والمناخ

A Tudor Revival-style house in Ashland Place


المناخ

موبيل
جدول الطقس (التفسير)
يفمأمييأسأند
 
 
5.7
 
61
40
 
 
5.1
 
64
43
 
 
6.1
 
71
49
 
 
4.8
 
78
55
 
 
5.1
 
85
64
 
 
6.1
 
89
70
 
 
7.3
 
91
73
 
 
7
 
91
73
 
 
5.1
 
87
68
 
 
3.7
 
79
58
 
 
5.1
 
71
49
 
 
5.1
 
63
42
متوسطات درجات الحرارة القصوى والدنيا - °ف
إجمالي الهطل - بوصة
Flooding at the federal courthouse on Saint Joseph Street, three blocks from the waterfront, during Hurricane Katrina in 2005


Climate data for موبيل، ألباما (مطار موبيل الإقليمي, 1981–2010 normals,[أ] extremes 1871–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 84
(29) 		84
(29) 		91
(33) 		94
(34) 		100
(38) 		103
(39) 		104
(40) 		105
(41) 		103
(39) 		98
(37) 		88
(31) 		81
(27) 		105
(41)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 75.0
(23.9) 		77.2
(25.1) 		82.7
(28.2) 		86.3
(30.2) 		91.7
(33.2) 		95.3
(35.2) 		96.7
(35.9) 		96.2
(35.7) 		93.6
(34.2) 		88.4
(31.3) 		81.9
(27.7) 		76.8
(24.9) 		97.9
(36.6)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 60.8
(16.0) 		64.4
(18.0) 		71.2
(21.8) 		77.5
(25.3) 		84.5
(29.2) 		89.2
(31.8) 		91.0
(32.8) 		90.7
(32.6) 		87.0
(30.6) 		79.2
(26.2) 		70.6
(21.4) 		62.7
(17.1) 		77.5
(25.3)
Daily mean °F (°C) 50.4
(10.2) 		53.8
(12.1) 		60.2
(15.7) 		66.4
(19.1) 		74.1
(23.4) 		79.8
(26.6) 		81.8
(27.7) 		81.6
(27.6) 		77.5
(25.3) 		68.4
(20.2) 		59.6
(15.3) 		52.4
(11.3) 		67.2
(19.6)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 40.0
(4.4) 		43.3
(6.3) 		49.1
(9.5) 		55.4
(13.0) 		63.7
(17.6) 		70.4
(21.3) 		72.7
(22.6) 		72.6
(22.6) 		68.0
(20.0) 		57.6
(14.2) 		48.6
(9.2) 		42.2
(5.7) 		57.0
(13.9)
Mean minimum °F (°C) 21.8
(−5.7) 		25.4
(−3.7) 		31.5
(−0.3) 		39.6
(4.2) 		50.9
(10.5) 		62.3
(16.8) 		68.2
(20.1) 		67.3
(19.6) 		54.9
(12.7) 		40.0
(4.4) 		32.0
(0.0) 		24.5
(−4.2) 		18.7
(−7.4)
Record low °F (°C) 3
(−16) 		−1
(−18) 		21
(−6) 		32
(0) 		43
(6) 		49
(9) 		62
(17) 		57
(14) 		42
(6) 		30
(−1) 		22
(−6) 		8
(−13) 		−1
(−18)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 5.65
(144) 		5.12
(130) 		6.14
(156) 		4.79
(122) 		5.14
(131) 		6.11
(155) 		7.25
(184) 		6.96
(177) 		5.11
(130) 		3.69
(94) 		5.13
(130) 		5.06
(129) 		66.15
(1٬680)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 0.0
(0.0) 		0.1
(0.25) 		0.1
(0.25) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.2
(0.51)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 9.9 8.7 8.6 7.0 8.1 11.8 14.7 13.4 8.8 6.9 7.9 9.1 114.9
Mean monthly sunshine hours 158 155 211 255 300 287 246 254 233 254 193 145 2٬691
Source 1: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,[26][27]

[28]

Source 2: Danish Meteorological Institute (sun, 1931–1960)[29]


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Christmas Day tornado

A house on Springhill Avenue destroyed in the Christmas Day 2012 tornado
انظر أيضاً: Late December 2012 North American storm complex

Culture

The Azalea Trail Maids on the campus of Spring Hill College


Carnival and Mardi Gras

انظر أيضاً: Mardi Gras in Mobile, Alabama and Mystic society
Order of Inca night parade in 2009

Tourism

Museums

The يوإس‌إس Alabama at Battleship Memorial Park
The Vincent-Doan House, home to the Mobile Medical Museum. It is one of the oldest surviving houses in the city.


Historic architecture

A house within the De Tonti Square Historic District


Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1785746—    
17881٬468+96.8%
18201٬500+2.2%
18303٬194+112.9%
184012٬672+296.7%
185020٬515+61.9%
186029٬258+42.6%
187032٬034+9.5%
188029٬132−9.1%
189031٬076+6.7%
190038٬469+23.8%
191051٬521+33.9%
192060٬777+18.0%
193068٬202+12.2%
194078٬720+15.4%
1950129٬009+63.9%
1960202٬779+57.2%
1970190٬026−6.3%
1980200٬452+5.5%
1990196٬278−2.1%
2000198٬915+1.3%
2010195٬111−1.9%
2019188٬720−3.3%
sources:[30][8][31][32]>
2018 Estimate[33]
Source:
U.S. Decennial Census[34]
Racial composition 2010[35] 1990[36] 1970[36] 1940[36]
White 45.0% 59.6% 64.3% 63.0%
—Non-Hispanic 43.9% 58.9% 63.5%[37] n/a
Black or African American 50.6% 38.9% 35.4% 36.9%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race) 2.4% 1.0% 0.9%[37] n/a
Asian 1.8% 1.0% 0.1% –
Map of racial distribution in Mobile, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people: White, Black, Asian, Hispanic or Other (yellow)


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Government

انظر أيضاً: List of mayors of Mobile, Alabama
Government Plaza in Mobile, seat of government for the city and the county


Economy

Port of Mobile at Chickasaw Creek

Aerospace, steel, ship building, retail, services, construction, medicine, and manufacturing are Mobile's major industries. After having economic decline for several decades, Mobile's economy began to rebound in the late 1980s. Between 1993 and 2003 roughly 13,983 new jobs were created as 87 new companies were founded and 399 existing companies were expanded.[38]


Major industry

The USNS Spearhead (JHSV-1), another Austal USA-built ship, being prepared for its christening in the BAE Systems Southeast Shipyards floating drydock in September 2011. The Spearhead is the first ship of the Spearhead class Joint High Speed Vessel (JHSV).
Airbus Mobile Engineering Center at the Brookley Aeroplex in Mobile

Port of Mobile

Mobile's Alabama State Docks underwent the largest expansion in its history in the early 21st century. It expanded its container processing and storage facility and increased container storage at the docks by over 1,000% at a cost of over $300 million, a project completed in 2005.[39] Despite the expansion of its container capabilities and the addition of two massive new cranes, the port went from 9th largest to the 12th largest by tonnage in the nation from 2008 to 2010.[11][40]

Shipyards

Shipbuilding began to make a major comeback in Mobile in 1999 with the founding of Austal USA.[41] A subsidiary of the Australian company Austal, it expanded its production facility for United States defense and commercial aluminum shipbuilding on Blakeley Island in 2005.[42] Austal announced in October 2012, after winning a new defense contract and completing another 30,000 square feet (2,800 m2) building within their complex on the island, that it will expand from a workforce of 3,000 workers to 4,500 employees.[43]

Atlantic Marine operated a major shipyard at the former Alabama Drydock and Shipbuilding Company site on Pinto Island. It was acquired by British defense conglomerate BAE Systems in May 2010 for $352 million. Doing business as BAE Systems Southeast Shipyards, the company continues to operate the site as a full-service shipyard, employing approximately 600 workers with plans to expand.[44][45][46]


Top employers

Shelby Hall, College of Engineering and the School of Computer and Information Sciences, at the University of South Alabama

According to Mobile's 2019 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city during 2019 were:[47]

Rank Employer Number of
employees 		Percentage of
total employment
1 Mobile County Public School System 7,500 4.22%
2 University of South Alabama 6,000 3.18%
3 Infirmary Health Systems 5,750 3.05%
4 Austal USA 4,000 2.12%
5 City of Mobile 2,100 1.11%
6 Computer Programs and Systems, Inc. 2,000 1.06%
7 County of Mobile 1,670 0.89%
8 AM/NS Calvert 1.600 0.85%
9 Providence 1,480 0.78%
10 AltaPointe Health Systems 1,450 0.77%

Unemployment rate

The United States Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics unemployment rate (not seasonally adjusted) for the Mobile Metropolitan Statistical Area was 7.5% for July 2013, compared with an unadjusted rate of 6.6% for Alabama as a whole and 7.4% for the entire nation.[48]


Sister cities

Mobile has registered sister city arrangements with the following cities:[49]

انظر أيضاً

الهامش

  1. ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010.
  1. ^ "An Act to provide for Government of the Town of Mobile. —Passed January 20, 1814." (Internet Archive). A Digest of the Laws of the State of Alabama: Containing The Statutes and Resolutions in Force at the end of the General Assembly in January 1823. Published by Ginn & Curtis, J. & J. Harper, Printers, New-York, 1828. Title 62. Chapter XII. Pages 780–781.
  2. ^ "An Act to incorporate the City of Mobile. —Passed December 17, 1819." (Internet Archive). A Digest of the Laws of the State of Alabama: Containing The Statutes and Resolutions in Force at the end of the General Assembly in January 1823. Published by Ginn & Curtis, J. & J. Harper, Printers, New-York, 1828. Title 62. Chapter XVI. Pages 784–791.
  3. ^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
  4. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة gnis
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  7. ^ "Zip Code Lookup". USPS. Archived from the original on January 1, 2008. Retrieved October 23, 2014.
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  9. ^ "Mobile Alabama". Britannica Online. Retrieved October 19, 2007.
  10. ^ Drechsel, Emanuel. Mobilian Jargon: Linguistic and Sociohistorical Aspects of a Native American Pidgin. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-19-824033-3
  11. ^ أ ب "Waterborne Commerce Statistics: Calendar Year 2010" (PDF). United States Army Corps of Engineers. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 16, 2013. Retrieved November 23, 2010.
  12. ^ "Population of Metropolitan Statistical Areas". United States Census Bureau 2009 MSA Populations. Retrieved October 19, 2007.
  13. ^ "Population of Combined Statistical Areas" (PDF). United States Census Bureau 2012 CSA Populations. Retrieved December 1, 2007.
  14. ^ "Mobile Bay Industry Profile" (PDF). Decision Data Systems. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 27, 2013. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
  15. ^ "United States History". Retrieved May 5, 2007.
  16. ^ Bunn, Mike (May 8, 2017). "Battle of Fort Blakeley". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved July 23, 2019.
  17. ^ Plante, Trevor K. (Spring 2015). "Ending the Bloodshed: The Last Surrenders of the Civil War". Prologue: Quarterly of the National Archives and Records Administration. Vol. 47, no. 1. College Park, Maryland: National Archives Trust Fund Board, National Archives and Records Administration. ISSN 0033-1031. Retrieved July 23, 2019.
  18. ^ "General Information". Mobile Museum of Art. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved October 23, 2007.
  19. ^ "About Region". SeniorsResourceGuide.com. Retrieved May 5, 2007.
  20. ^ "Mobile Mardi Gras Timeline". The Museum of Mobile. Archived from the original on December 5, 2008. Retrieved November 14, 2007.
  21. ^ Thomason, Michael. Mobile: The New History of Alabama's First City, pp. 17–20. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8173-1065-7
  22. ^ Thomason (2001), Mobile, pp. 12–13.
  23. ^ Thomason (2001), Mobile, pp. 20 and 24
  24. ^ "The Old Mobile Project Newsletter" (PDF). University of South Alabama Center for Archaeological Studies. Retrieved November 19, 2007.
  25. ^ Delaney, Caldwell. The Story of Mobile, pp. 144–146. Mobile, Alabama: Gill Press, 1953. ISBN 0-940882-14-0
  26. ^ "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2019-10-20.
  27. ^ "Station Name: AL MOBILE REGIONAL AP". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2019-10-20.
  28. ^ "Comparative Climatic Data For the United States Through 2018" (PDF). NOAA. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
  29. ^ Cappelen, John; Jensen, Jens. "USA – Mobile, Alabama" (PDF). Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931–1960) (in Danish). Danish Meteorological Institute. p. 316. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 16, 2013. Retrieved February 23, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  30. ^ "Population Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on May 22, 2014. Retrieved October 23, 2014.
  31. ^ "Census" (PDF). United States Census. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 8, 2010. page 36
  32. ^ Campbell Gibson. "Population of the 100 largest cities and other urban places in the United States: 1790 to 1990". United States Bureau of the Census.
  33. ^ "U.S. Census website". Bureau of Census. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
  34. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  35. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة 2006-2010
  36. ^ أ ب ت خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة census
  37. ^ أ ب From 15% sample
  38. ^ "Mobile: Economy". City-Data.com. Retrieved December 28, 2007.
  39. ^ "Alabama Senate Approves Port Funding – Alabama State Port Authority Poised To Let New Container Terminal Contracts". Alabama State Port Authority. May 17, 2005. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved May 5, 2007.
  40. ^ "Waterborne Commerce Statistics: Calendar Year 2008" (PDF). United States Army Corps of Engineers. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 7, 2010. Retrieved March 8, 2010.
  41. ^ "Austal USA, Mobile AL Construction Record". The Colton Company. Archived from the original on October 17, 2007. Retrieved November 2, 2007.
  42. ^ "New Shipbuilding Facility". Austal USA. Archived from the original on أغسطس 30, 2007. Retrieved أكتوبر 19, 2007.
  43. ^ Mitchell, Ellen (October 19, 2012). "Austal unveils new Navy building at Pinto Island shipyard". Press Register. Retrieved November 21, 2012.
  44. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة bizjournal
  45. ^ Hoyos, Carola (September 11, 2010). "BAE prepares to streamline US business". The Financial Times. London.
  46. ^ "BAE Systems Ship Repair". BAE Systems. Retrieved July 16, 2012.
  47. ^ "City of Mobile Comprehensive Annual Financial Report for 2019" (PDF). City of Mobile. Retrieved September 1, 2020.
  48. ^ "Local Area Unemployment Statistics – Alabama". Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved November 4, 2013.
  49. ^ "Mobile's Sister Cities". City of Mobile. Retrieved November 26, 2009.
  50. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح Sister Cities: Program Links Mobile with its International Counterparts, September 1, 1993 
  51. ^ "Mobile's Sister Cities".
  52. ^ Sister City, November 3, 2005 
  53. ^ "Twin cities of the City of Kosice". Magistrát mesta Košice, Tr. Archived from the original on نوفمبر 5, 2013. Retrieved يوليو 27, 2013.
  54. ^ "Ilembe Case Study" (PDF). The Water Dialogues. p. 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on مارس 3, 2016. Retrieved مارس 16, 2013.

للاستزادة

  • Cox, Isaac Joslin. The West Florida controversy, 1798–1813: a study in American diplomacy (The Johns Hopkins Press, 1918) online
  • Gould, Elizabeth Barrett. From Fort to Port: An Architectural History of Mobile, Alabama, 1711–1918 (University of Alabama Press, 1988)
  • Kinser, Samuel, and Norman Magden. Carnival, American Style: Mardi Gras at New Orleans and Mobile (University of Chicago Press, 1990.)
  • Kirkland, Scotty E. "Pink Sheets and Black Ballots: Politics and Civil Rights in Mobile, Alabama, 1945–1985." MA Thesis University of South Alabama
  • Pride, Richard Alan. The Political Use of Racial Narratives: School Desegregation in Mobile, Alabama, 1954–97 (University of Illinois Press, 2002)
  • Thomason, Michael, ed. Mobile: the new history of Alabama's first city (University of Alabama Press, 2001)

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