مايك موريل

مايك موريل
Michael Morell
CIA Michael Morell.jpg
مدير وكالة المخابرات المركزية
Acting
في المنصب
9 نوفمبر 2012 – 8 مارس 2013
الرئيسباراك أوباما
سبقهديڤد پترايوس
خلـَفهجون برنن
في المنصب
1 يوليو 2011 – 6 سبتمبر 2011
الرئيسباراك أوباما
سبقهليون پانـِتـّا
خلـَفهديڤد پترايوس
نائب مدير وكالة المخابرات المركزية
في المنصب
6 مايو 2010 – 9 أغسطس 2013
الرئيسباراك أوباما
سبقهستيفن كابس
خلـَفهأڤريل هاينز
تفاصيل شخصية
وُلِد
مايك جوزف موريل

4 سبتمبر 1958 (العمر 66 سنة)
أوهايو، الولايات المتحدة الامريكية.
الحزبمستقل[1]
الزوجماري بيث مانيون
الأنجال3
التعليمجامعة آكرون (بكالوريوس في الآداب)
جامعة جورجتاون (ماجستير في الآداب)

مايك جوزف موريل Michael Joseph Morell ( /məˈrɛl/; و. 4 سبتمبر 1958) هو محلل استخبارات أمريكي. شغل سابقاً منصب نائب مدير وكالة المخابرات المركزية بين عامي 2010 و2013 وعُين مديراً بالإنابة لمرتين، الأولى في 2011، والثانية من 2012 إلى 2013.[2][3]ويعمل كأستاذ في جامعة جورج ميسن - كلية شار للسياسة. أثناء تواجده كمحلل في وكالة المخابرات المركزية، أشرف على "الموجز اليومي الرئاسي" للرئيس جورج دبليو بوش، بما في ذلك الموجز الذي قُدم صباح يوم 11 سبتمبر 2001. في كتابه "الحرب العظمى المعاصرة"، دافع مرويل عن استخدام الطائرات بدون طيار من قبل إدارتي بوش وأوباما ضد أهداف محتملة للإرهابيين المشتبه بهم، كما يشرح استخدام وكالة المخابرات المركزية تقنيات الاستجواب المعززة (يعتبره الكثيرون كنوع من التعذيب) من قبل إدارة بوش.[4][5] وهو الآن مستشار أقدم والرئيس الدولي لممارسة المخاطر الجغرافية السياسية في شركة استشارية في واشنطن العاصمة تدعى Beacon Global Strategies LLC[6]

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الحياة المبركة والتعليم

ولد موريل في كوياهوگا فولز، التابعة لويلاية أوهايو، والده كان عامل وأمه ربة منزل،[7] [8]درس في مدرسة القديس يوسف ومدرسة كوياهوگا فولز الثانوية. وحصل على بكالوريوس في الآداب من جامعة أكرون وثم ماجستير في الآداب من جامعة جورجتاون، وكلاهما في مجال الاقتصاد.[9] وانضم للعمل في وكالة المخابرات المركزية عام 1980 وخدم فيها لمدة 33 عام[7]


Career

Most of Morell's early work in the Agency was devoted to energy and to East Asian projects.[9] During his mid-career, Morell managed the staff that produced the President's Daily Brief, and he served as the Executive Assistant to DCI George Tenet. Morell was President George W. Bush's daily intelligence briefer during 2001, including on September 11. Morell spent the entire day with the President. When asked by Bush who was responsible for the attacks that day, Morell said "… I have no doubt that the trail will lead to the doorstep of Bin Laden and al-Qa’ida."[3][9][10][11]

Morell (far left) watching 9/11 unfold from the Emma Booker Elementary School with President Bush.

Morell also served as Director for Intelligence, the Agency's top analyst, from 2008 to 2010. He served as the CIA's Associate Deputy Director, the Agency's top administrator, from 2006 to 2008.[7]

Morell, Leon Panetta, Hillary Clinton and other members of President Obama's national security team in May 2011

In May 2010, Morell was sworn in as the deputy director of the CIA, succeeding Stephen Kappes.[12] Morell was awarded the Distinguished Intelligence Medal, the Agency's second highest honor, for his role in the bin Laden operation.[3] President Obama, knowing that Morell was with President Bush on 9/11, sent Morell to Dallas to brief him on the raid two weeks after bin Laden was killed.[3]

From July 1, 2011 to September 6, 2011, Morell served his first stint as acting director of the CIA, replacing Leon Panetta after he was confirmed as Secretary of Defense.[13] On November 9, 2012, Morell once again became acting director after the resignation of David Petraeus, following a sex scandal.[14] President Obama considered Morell as the permanent replacement to Petraeus but chose John Brennan instead; Brennan was confirmed by the U.S. Senate by a 63 to 34 vote on March 5, 2013.[15][3] Morell announced his retirement from the CIA on June 12, 2013 and left the Agency in early September 2013.[16]

After retiring from government

In November 2013, Morell joined Beacon Global Strategies as a Senior Counselor.[17] In 2018, Beacon named Morell as the head of its geo-political risk practice. In this role, Morell advises firms on global developments and what they mean for the companies.

In January 2014, Morell joined CBS News as an on-air contributor on intelligence and national security.[18] In 2018, CBS began producing Morell's weekly podcast on national security, titled Intelligence Matters. In each episode, Morell speaks with current and former members of the intelligence community as well as policymakers about their careers and about national security issues.[19] Each episode is distributed as a podcast and an hour-long program on CBS News Radio.[20] Morell also contributes to the media in other ways, as a contributing columnist to The Washington Post and as an expert voice on Axios.[21][22]

Edward Snowden

Morell has criticised Edward Snowden for exposing NSA surveillance programs, saying the damage done by Snowden to U.S. national security was profound. Morell said that a U.S. jury should decide whether Snowden was a patriot or a traitor.[23][بحاجة لمصدر غير رئيسي][24][بحاجة لمصدر غير رئيسي]

Publishes Memoir

In May 2015, Morell's book entitled The Great War of Our Time: The CIA's Fight Against Terrorism—From al Qa'ida to ISIS was released. A New York Times bestseller, the book traces his three-decade-long career at the CIA, with a focus on the Agency's counterterrorism missions both before and after the September 11 attacks. The book deals with the public controversies related to the country's post-9/11 counterterrorism activities.[25] In the book, Morell defends targeted killings by drones,[26][27] calling drone warfare the "single most effective [counterterrorism] tool in the last five years" and calling concerns over civilian deaths "highly exaggerated". In response to claims from Morell and others in the Obama Administration about limited civilian casualties, drone strike survivors in Pakistan and Yemen in 2016 recounted how the bombings killed and maimed their friends and family members.[28]

In the book, Morrell also criticized the Senate Intelligence Committee's report on CIA torture,[25][29] challenging the veracity of the report and objecting to the use of the word "torture," noting that the Department of Justice at the time said that the harsh techniques—which included mock drownings, sleep deprivation, and painful bodily contortions—were not torture, and were not in conflict with US domestic torture statutes and US treaty obligations on torture."[28] "I don't like calling it torture for one simple reason: to call it torture says my guys were torturers," Morell told Vice in 2015. "I'm gonna defend my guys till my last breath," again noting that the Bush Administration's Justice Department said it was not torture.

In response to his 2015 memoir, Senate Intelligence Committee staffers were so troubled by Morell's attacks on the Committee's report that they issued a lengthy rebuttal. Referencing the CIA's own documents, the report said Morell's accounts of the CIA "enhanced interrogation" program contained numerous errors and misrepresentation of established facts.[30] In talking about the staffers' rebuttal on The Charlie Rose Show, Morell said that, while his critique was sharper, it was consistent with the CIA's official comments on the committee's report and with the dissent published by a number of Republicans on the Committee.

In a separate book written by a group of former CIA senior officials, Morell critiqued the media's coverage of the Senate report.[31]

Apology to Colin Powell

Also in his book, Morell apologized to former Secretary of State Colin Powell for the CIA's erroneous assessments of Iraq's weapons of mass destruction programs.[32] Morell noted that Powell had said repeatedly that no one from the Agency had ever apologized for sending him to speak to the United Nations with incorrect intelligence and that Morell thought it time that someone did so.

Endorsement of Hillary Clinton for president

In an August 2016 op-ed for The New York Times, Morell endorsed Hillary Clinton for president. Stating that he was registered with neither the Democratic nor Republican parties and that he had always been silent about his political preferences, Morell stated that Donald Trump was "not only unqualified for the job, but he may well pose a threat to our national security."[33][1][34] Morell left his job as a CBS News analyst before making the endorsement, but rejoined CBS News after the election.[35] In a subsequent Q&A article with The New York Times, Morell responded to allegations that his current employer, Beacon Global Strategies, was co-founded by "former associates" of Hillary Clinton, by saying it was a non-partisan firm and that he had spoken out "entirely on [my] own, with no other consideration given any thought."[36]

Chelsea Manning controversy

In September 2017, Morell resigned from his senior fellowship at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs of Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government as a result of Chelsea Manning's appointment as a senior fellow there.[37]

China

In 2017, Morell was appointed to serve on the National Defense Strategy Commission, a congressionally created body designed to give Congress an independent view of America's defense needs. The group's final report concluded that US defense capabilities were eroding relative to those of China and Russia.[38]


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Briefing book

In early 2019, Morell, along with fellow former Acting and Deputy Director of the CIA John E. McLaughlin, brought together a group of former CIA, NSA, and FBI officers to produce a briefing book on a dozen or so key national security issues facing the nation. Morell and McLaughlin provided the book to all candidates running for president, whether Democrat, Republican, or Independent, and included President Trump's reelection campaign. The two told the press that the aim of the book was to provide a basis of fact and analysis as campaigns developed their foreign policy positions and as they debated the issues. The book did not advocate particular policies.[39]

Khashoggi

In April 2019, Washington Post columnist David Ignatius reported that Morell, who had been consulting for a US firm that did work with Saudi Arabia, stepped down from that role following the killing of Saudi national, US resident, and Washington Post columnist Jamal Khashoggi. Ignatius wrote that Morell withdrew "over concern about the direction that Saudi Arabia was heading."[40]

Spy Museum

In 2019, the International Spy Museum unveiled a new interactive exhibit hosted by Morell. In the exhibit, Morell leads participants through a red-teaming exercise of the intelligence that pointed to Osama bin Laden hiding at a compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan. The exhibit is one of the museum's most popular.[41]

Hunter Biden laptop

In October 2020, Morell signed an open letter stating that the Biden laptop story “has the classic earmarks of a Russian information operation."[42] Joe Biden cited the letter Morell had signed, during a presidential debate in 2020 to deflect criticism by Donald Trump. As of three years later, no evidence has emerged to support Morell's statement that the laptop appeared to be Russian disinformation.[43][44]

In November 2022 CBS News published statements from the chief technology officer of Computer Forensics Services (from whom CBS commissioned analysis and investigation) declaring: "I have no doubt in my mind that this data was created by Hunter Biden, and that it came from a computer under Mr. Biden's control”. Morell has said that part of his motivation for signing the open letter, and requesting others to sign it, was to alert the American people of his concerns, and "to help vice president Biden….Because I wanted him to win the election". He said that contact from Biden's campaign adviser Antony Blinken triggered the letter he signed, and the Biden campaign helped strategize it.[44]

Criticism of Morell as a Biden Cabinet pick

In late 2020, Morell was mentioned as a possible candidate for Director of the Central Intelligence Agency in the Biden Administration.[45] Ultimately, the post went to former United States Deputy Secretary of State and career diplomat Williams J. Burns.[46]

When President-elect Biden was reportedly considering Morell for CIA director, Senate Intelligence Committee member Ron Wyden (D-Oregon) publicly charged Morell with being a "torture apologist" and said nomination for a cabinet post would be a "nonstarter."[47] Daniel Jones, the lead investigator for the Senate Intelligence Committee's torture report, was also critical of Morell. Jones urged President-elect Biden not to nominate Morell, who was acting CIA Director during a portion of the Senate investigation. Jones said Morell had also failed to sufficiently discipline two CIA officials who destroyed videotapes of CIA torture incidents.[48]

In a February interview at the Michael Hayden Center at George Mason University, Morell said he was never formally considered for the post of CIA director.[49]

Writings and interviews

Morell has written dozens of op-eds and given hundreds of media interviews since leaving government.[50][51][52] His writings and interviews suggest the world is a dangerous place and that to keep the country safe, the United States must take a leadership role in the world, it must have strong allies with whom it works together on tough issues, and it must have a strong military, intelligence service, and diplomatic service in order to deter adversaries.[53][54][55] Second, for the United States to be strong abroad, it must be strong at home.[56] Morell says that "the most important determinant of a country's national security is the health of its economy and society"[57] and that the thing that most keeps him up at night is the failure of our politicians to come together, to compromise, and to make decisions that move our economy and our society forward.[58]

On May 19, 2015, during his book tour, Morell stated on MSNBC that what Vice President Dick Cheney said publicly about Iraq's nuclear weapons program before the war in 2003 was inconsistent with the views of the intelligence community.[59][60] MSNBC host Chris Matthews said: " ... here on Hardball last night, the top CIA official, the man who briefed President Bush on a daily basis, said that what Cheney said was not true. I've been doing this business for a long time, rarely do you get that Perry Mason moment. When the guy comes and just says, You know what? I'm the top briefer from the CIA for the president. I'm deputy DCI. I'm right there telling them all we knew, and we never knew and never said he had a nuclear weapon. And yet we went into war with that argument."[61]

Morell interviewing Secretary of State Mike Pompeo for CBS News' Intelligence Matters Podcast

In an interview with Charlie Rose in August 2016, Morell blamed Syrian President Bashar al-Assad, Russia, and Iran for the extremely high civilian death toll in Syria.[62] He called on the opposition in Syria to deter Russia and Iran by making them "pay a price" for their involvement in Syria, in part by targeting their military personnel in the country.[63] He also called on the United States to conduct limited, precision bombings of Syrian government targets in order to bring Assad to the negotiating table.[64] Regarding President Assad, Morell argued "I want to go after those things, such as his personal helicopter and aircraft, that Assad sees as his personal power base. I want to scare Assad."[63]

In October 2016, Morell told Rose that the United States should confront Iran's behavior in the Middle East, and he voiced support for the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen against Yemen's Houthis, pointing out that the Iranians were supporting the Houthis as a proxy force against the Saudis. Morell said "Ships leave Iran on a regular basis carrying arms to the Houthis in Yemen."[65] Morell also said that Iran wants "to be the hegemonic power in the region" and Arab states of the Persian Gulf are "pushing back against that".[66]

In December 2016, Morell suggested that the interference of Russia in the 2016 United States presidential election was "the political equivalent of 9/11".[67] He added that President Obama should retaliate imminently with harsh sanctions, in spite of president-elect Donald Trump's doubts about the allegations of Russian influence.[68] In March 2017, Morell said: "On the question of the Trump campaign conspiring with the Russians here, there is smoke, but there is no fire at all. There's no little campfire, there's no little candle, there's no spark. And there's a lot of people looking for it."[69]

In April 2019, Morell, along with Stanford professor Amy Zegart, wrote a piece in Foreign Affairs titled "Spies, Lies, and Algorithms: Why the Intelligence Community Must Adapt or Fail".[70] In the article, Morell and Zegart argue that the intelligence community is falling further behind in the technology race, a development that poses a significant risk to the country. The authors say that this lag has already caused a significant intelligence breakdown, the failure of the community to see in a timely manner Russia's weaponization of social media during the 2016 presidential election.

Advisory groups

Since retiring from CIA in 2013, Morell has served on a number of boards or advisory groups related to national security. He currently serves on the board of the Atlantic Council, a Washington, D.C. think tank on international affairs.[71] He serves on the advisory boards of the Alliance for Securing Democracy at the German Marshall Fund, the American Media Abroad group, and the University of Chicago's Institute of Politics.[72][73][74] Morell also serves on the board of CyberDome.[75] He served on the Advisory Board of the Committee to Investigate Russia,[76] a group organized by Hollywood director Rob Reiner and The Atlantic senior editor David Frum.[77][78]

Teaching

Morrell leading a discussion at the Hayden Center

Since retiring from the CIA, Morell has also spent time teaching and mentoring at a variety of colleges and universities. He is currently a distinguished visiting professor[79] at the Michael V. Hayden Center at the Schar School of Policy and Government at George Mason University, where he teaches classes on intelligence and moderates on-the-record conversations[80] on intelligence, including a March 2019 event on Congress and the Intelligence Community, titled The Hill Has Eyes: Congressional Oversight of Intelligence. He was later named Distinguished Senior Fellow of the center during founder Michael Hayden's medical leave.[81][82][83] Morell spent the fall quarter of 2016 teaching a seminar as a resident fellow at the Institute of Politics at the University of Chicago.[84] Morell has also spent time at Stanford, Dartmouth, Harvard, West Point, and his alma mater, the University of Akron.[85][86][87][88][89]


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Personal life

Morell is married to Mary Beth Morell (née Manion), and they have three children.[90][91][92][93][94]

References

  1. ^ أ ب Morell, Michael J. (أغسطس 5, 2016). "I Ran the C.I.A. Now I'm Endorsing Hillary Clinton". The New York Times. Retrieved أغسطس 5, 2016. I am neither a registered Democrat nor a registered Republican. In my 40 years of voting, I have pulled the lever for candidates of both parties.
  2. ^ Glasser, Susan B. (ديسمبر 11, 2017). "Ex-Spy Chief: Russia's Election Hacking Was An 'Intelligence Failure'". Politico.com. Retrieved ديسمبر 26, 2017. A veteran of nearly three decades in the CIA, Morell rose from within the ranks to become the agency's longtime deputy director, twice serving as its acting leader before retiring during President Barack Obama's second term.
  3. ^ أ ب ت ث ج Morell, Michael J.; Harlow, Bill (مايو 12, 2015). The great war of our time: the CIA's fight against terrorism—from al Qa'ida to ISIS (First ed.). New York. ISBN 9781455585663. OCLC 891126052.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  4. ^ Dilanian, Ken (أغسطس 8, 2017). "Senate staff disputes ex-CIA official's defense of torture". Military Times (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved ديسمبر 16, 2020.
  5. ^ "Former CIA leader defends drone strikes, torture". PBS NewsHour (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). مايو 4, 2015. Retrieved ديسمبر 16, 2020.
  6. ^ "Beacon Global Strategies › Geopolitical Risk". bgsdc.com. Retrieved أبريل 30, 2019.
  7. ^ أ ب ت Miller, Greg (أبريل 15, 2010). "Key counterterrorism leader leaving No. 2 job at CIA; New deputy described as 30-year veteran with broad experience". The Washington Post. Retrieved أبريل 26, 2018. From 2006 to 2008, [Morell] served as associate deputy director, the No. 3 position at the CIA, making him responsible for day-to-day operations.
  8. ^ Muravchik, Joshua (July/August 2015). "Inside the Battle". Review of Michael Morell, The Great War of Our Time: The CIA's Fight Against Terrorism—From al Qa'ida to ISIS. Commentary. p. 56 f. Retrieved via Book Review Index Plus database/InfoTrac, January 11, 2017. Preview online.
  9. ^ أ ب ت Dyer, Bob (أغسطس 17, 2006). "Here's the dossier on new No. 3 guy at the CIA: Cuyahoga Falls native, UA grad says spy agency wasn't part of original career plan". Akron Beacon Journal. Ohio.
  10. ^ "Profile: Michael J. Morell". Retrieved يونيو 18, 2019.
  11. ^ "11 September 2001: With the President (C)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on يناير 1, 2017. Retrieved يونيو 18, 2019.
  12. ^ "CIA deputy director steps down". CNN. أبريل 14, 2010. Retrieved نوفمبر 9, 2012.
  13. ^ "Leadership". Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on أكتوبر 12, 2012. Retrieved نوفمبر 9, 2012.[المصدر لا يؤكد ذلك]
  14. ^ "CIA director David Petraeus resigns over extramarital affair". CNN. نوفمبر 9, 2012. Retrieved نوفمبر 9, 2012.
  15. ^ Finn, Peter; Blake, Aaron (مارس 7, 2013). "John Brennan confirmed as CIA director, but filibuster brings scrutiny of drone program". Washington Post.
  16. ^ Peralta, Eyder (يونيو 12, 2013). "Reports: CIA Deputy Director Michael Morell Retires". NPR. Retrieved يونيو 12, 2013.
  17. ^ "MICHAEL MORELL". Beacon Global Strategies. Retrieved أغسطس 12, 2016.
  18. ^ Gold, Hadas (يناير 14, 2014). "Reports: Michael Morell Joins CBS News". Politico. Retrieved يناير 14, 2014.
  19. ^ "The Retired Spy Who Took On Trump's "Deep State" | Washingtonian (DC)". Washingtonian (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). فبراير 4, 2019. Retrieved أبريل 30, 2019.
  20. ^ "CBS News Radio's 'Intelligence Matters' Podcast Now Available As Weekly Radio Show". All Access (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved سبتمبر 6, 2019.
  21. ^ "Michael Morell". Washington Post.
  22. ^ "Michael Morell on Axios". Axios (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved مايو 1, 2019.
  23. ^ Hirsh, Michael. "'It's All Back in Snowden's Lap'". POLITICO Magazine (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved ديسمبر 16, 2020.
  24. ^ Morell, Michael (يناير 15, 2017). "Putin's Perfect Gift". The Cipher Brief. Retrieved سبتمبر 18, 2019.
  25. ^ أ ب Miller, Greg (May 3, 2015). "Former CIA official cites agency's failure to see al-Qaeda's rebound". Washington Post. Retrieved January 11, 2017.
  26. ^ Dilanian, Ken (مايو 4, 2015). "Former CIA leader defends drone strikes, torture". PBS. Retrieved أغسطس 11, 2016.
  27. ^ Capaccio, Tony; Walcott, John (May 4, 2015). "CIA Official Refused Role in Powell's Iraq Speech, Morell Writes". Bloomberg. Retrieved January 7, 2017.
  28. ^ أ ب Stein, Erin Banco, Hanna Trudo, Spencer Ackerman, Sam (نوفمبر 24, 2020). "Biden Weighs Mike Morell as His CIA Chief. A Key Dem Senator Says Don't Bother". The Daily Beast (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved ديسمبر 17, 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  29. ^ Tapper, Jake (May 12, 2015). "Former CIA official takes aim at politicians". CNN. Retrieved January 11, 2017.
  30. ^ Dilanian, Ken (أغسطس 8, 2017). "Senate staff disputes ex-CIA official's defense of torture". Military Times (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved ديسمبر 17, 2020.
  31. ^ Harlow, Bill (2015). Rebuttal: The CIA Responds to the Senate Intelligence Committee's Study of Its Detention and Interrogation Program. ISBN 978-1591145875.
  32. ^ "Morell "wanted to apologize" to Powell about WMD evidence". CBS News. May 11, 2015.
  33. ^ Alvarez, Priscilla (أغسطس 5, 2016). "Why a Former CIA Chief Says Trump Is a 'Threat' to National Security; Michael Morell the latest in a string of ex-national-security officials to back Hillary Clinton as she embraces an image centered on defense". The Atlantic. Retrieved أغسطس 7, 2016.
  34. ^ Phillip, Abby (أغسطس 5, 2016). "In endorsing Clinton, ex-CIA chief says Putin made Trump his 'unwitting agent'". The Washington Post. Retrieved أغسطس 5, 2016.
  35. ^ Gold, Hadas (أغسطس 5, 2016). "Michael Morell dropped CBS News analyst job to support Hillary Clinton". Politico. Retrieved أغسطس 5, 2016.
  36. ^ Morell, Michael J. (أغسطس 12, 2016). "Q. & A. With Michael Morell: Why I'm Endorsing Hillary Clinton". The New York Times. Retrieved أغسطس 15, 2016.
  37. ^ Becket, Stefan (سبتمبر 14, 2017). "Ex-CIA chief Michael Morell resigns Harvard post over Chelsea Manning". CBS. Retrieved سبتمبر 14, 2017.
  38. ^ Providing for the common defense: the assessment and recommendations of the National Defense Strategy Commission. National Defense Strategy Commission. OCLC 1066062102.
  39. ^ Harris, Shane (مارس 27, 2019). "Former CIA Leaders Give 'Briefing Book' to 2020 Candidates to Counteract 'Fake News' and 'Foreign Election Interference'". The Washington Post. Retrieved نوفمبر 11, 2019.
  40. ^ Group, Washington Post Writers. "David Ignatius: MBS needs to answer on Khashoggi". Omaha.com (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved مايو 1, 2019.
  41. ^ McGlone, Peggy. "The new Spy Museum is bigger, bolder and more beautiful. Here are the 10 things you shouldn't miss" – via www.washingtonpost.com.
  42. ^ "Hunter Biden story is Russian disinfo, dozens of former intel officials say". أكتوبر 19, 2020.
  43. ^ Broadwater, Luke. “Officials Who Cast Doubt on Hunter Biden Laptop Face Questions”, New York Times (May 16, 2023).
  44. ^ أ ب Allen, Nick. “Antony Blinken ‘orchestrated plan to discredit Hunter Biden laptop story’”, The Daily Telegraph (21 April 2023).
  45. ^ "Who Are Contenders for Biden's Cabinet?". The New York Times. نوفمبر 11, 2020. Retrieved نوفمبر 11, 2020.
  46. ^ Zeleny, Jeff (يناير 11, 2021). "Biden to nominate William Burns as CIA director, turning to a longtime diplomat to lead agency in post-Trump era". CNN. Retrieved يناير 30, 2021.
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External links

مناصب حكومية
سبقه
Stephen Kappes 		Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency
2010–2013 		تبعه
Avril Haines
سبقه
Leon Panetta 		Director of the Central Intelligence Agency
Acting
2011 		تبعه
David Petraeus
سبقه
David Petraeus 		Director of the Central Intelligence Agency
Acting
2012–2013 		تبعه
John Brennan
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