لوكهيد إس‌آر-71 بلاك‌بيرد

"SR-71" redirects here. For other uses, see SR-71 (توضيح).
SR-71 "Blackbird"
Dryden's SR-71B Blackbird, NASA 831, slices across the snow-covered southern Sierra Nevada Mountains of California after being refueled by an Air Force tanker during a 1994 flight. SR-71B was the trainer version of the SR-71. The dual cockpit to allow the instructor to fly. Note the streaks of fuel from refueling spillage.
An SR-71B trainer over the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California in 1994. The raised second cockpit is for the instructor.
الدور Strategic reconnaissance aircraft
الصانع Lockheed, Skunk Works division
المصمم Clarence "Kelly" Johnson
أول تحليق 22 December 1964
التقديم 1966
أحيلت للتقاعد 1999 (NASA)
المستخدم الرئيسي United States Air Force
NASA
العدد المنتج 32
تطورت من Lockheed A-12

لوكهيد إس‌آر-71 بلاك‌بيرد Lockheed SR-71 "Blackbird" كانت طائرة استطلاع استراتيجية متقدمة، بسرعة 3+ ماخ، بعيدة المدى.[1] It was developed as a black project from the Lockheed A-12 reconnaissance aircraft in the 1960s by Lockheed and its Skunk Works division. Clarence "Kelly" Johnson was responsible for many of the design's innovative concepts. During reconnaissance missions, the SR-71 operated at high speeds and altitudes to allow it to outrace threats. If a surface-to-air missile launch was detected, the standard evasive action was simply to accelerate and outfly the missile.[2]

The SR-71 served with the U.S. Air Force from 1964 to 1998. A total of 32 aircraft were built; 12 were lost in accidents, but none lost to enemy action.[3][4] The SR-71 has been given several nicknames, including Blackbird and Habu.[5] Since 1976, it has held the world record for the fastest air-breathing manned aircraft, a record previously held by the YF-12.[6][7][8]


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التصميم

استعراض عام

The Blackbird's cockpit
The flight instrumentation of an SR-71's cockpit
A Lockheed M-21 with D-21 drone on top
A Lockheed M-21 with D-21 drone on top


الشكل وتفادي المخاطر

Water vapor is condensed by the low-pressure vortices generated by the chines outboard of each engine inlet.


مداخل الهواء

Operation of the air inlets and air flow patterns through the J58

المحركات

A Pratt & Whitney JT11D-20 engine on open display
A preserved AG330 start cart


تاريخ التشغيل

KC-135 and SR-71 during an "in-flight" re-fueling
An SR-71 refueling from a KC-135Q Stratotanker during a flight in 1983


أرقام قياسية

View from the cockpit at 73,000 feet (22,000 m) over the Atlantic Ocean.[9]

The SR-71 was the world's fastest and highest-flying operational manned aircraft throughout its career. On 28 July 1976, SR-71 serial number 61-7962, broke the world record: an "absolute altitude record" of 85,069 feet (25,929 m).[8][10][11][12] Several aircraft have exceeded this altitude in zoom climbs, but not in sustained flight.[8] That same day SR-71, serial number 61-7958, set an absolute speed record of 1,905.81 knots (2,193.2 mph; 3,529.6 km/h), approximately Mach 3.3.[8][12]

The SR-71 also holds the "Speed Over a Recognized Course" record for flying from New York to London—distance 3,508 miles (5,646 km), 1,435.587 miles per hour (2,310.353 km/h), and an elapsed time of 1 hour 54 minutes and 56.4 seconds—set on 1 September 1974 while flown by U.S. Air Force Pilot Maj. James V. Sullivan and Maj. Noel F. Widdifield, reconnaissance systems officer (RSO).[13] This equates to an average velocity of about Mach 2.68, including deceleration for in-flight refueling. Peak speeds during this flight were likely closer to the declassified top speed of Mach 3.2+. For comparison, the best commercial Concorde flight time was 2 hours 52 minutes and the Boeing 747 averages 6 hours 15 minutes.

The "Last Flight" of a SR-71. In background SR-71 S/N 61-7972. Foreground Pilot Lt.Col. Raymond E. "Ed" Yielding and RSO Lt.Col. Joseph T. "JT" Vida, 6 March 1990.
Pilot and RSO on 6 March 1990, the last SR-71 Senior Crown flight


المواصفات (SR-71A)

Orthographically projected diagram of the SR-71A Blackbird.

البيانات من Pace[14]

السمات العامة

الأداء


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انظر أيضاً

تطورات ذات صلة

طائرات شبيهة

قوائم ذات صلة

الهامش

تذييل

  1. ^ Maximum speed limit was Mach 3.2, but could be raised to Mach 3.3 if the engine compressor inlet temperature did not exceed 801 °F (427 °C).[16]

ملاحظات

  1. ^ "SR-71 Blackbird." lockheedmartin.com. Retrieved: 14 March 2010.
  2. ^ "SR71 Blackbird." PBS documentary, Aired: 15 November 2006.
  3. ^ Landis and Jenkins 2005, pp. 98, 100–101.
  4. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Pace_p126-7
  5. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Crickmore p64
  6. ^ Landis and Jenkins 2005, p. 78.
  7. ^ Pace 2004, p. 159.
  8. ^ أ ب ت ث "Records: Sub-class : C-1 (Landplanes) Group 3: turbo-jet." records.fai.org. Retrieved: 30 June 2011.
  9. ^ Shul and Watson 1993, pp. 113–114.
  10. ^ Landis and Jenkins 2005, pp. 77–78.
  11. ^ Altitude record
  12. ^ أ ب A-12, YF-12A, & SR-71 Timeline of Events
  13. ^ "Blackbird Records." sr-71.org. Retrieved: 18 October 2009.
  14. ^ أ ب Pace 2004, p. 110.
  15. ^ Graham 1996, p. 48.
  16. ^ Graham 2002, pp. 93, 223.

ببليوگرافيا

  • "A Bittersweet and Fancy Flight." Philadelphia Inquirer, 7 March 1990, p. 1.
  • Crickmore, Paul F. "Blackbirds in the Cold War". Air International, January 2009, pp. 30–38. Stamford, UK: Key Publishing.
  • Crickmore, Paul F. "Lockheed's Blackbirds – A-12, YF-12 and SR-71A". Wings of Fame, Volume 8, 1997, pp. 30–93. London: Aerospace Publishing. ISBN 1-86184-008-X.
  • Donald, David, ed. "Lockheed's Blackbirds: A-12, YF-12 and SR-71". Black Jets. AIRtime, 2003. ISBN 1-880588-67-6.
  • Goodall, James. Lockheed's SR-71 "Blackbird" Family. Hinckley, UK: Aerofax/Midland Publishing, 2003. ISBN 1-85780-138-5.
  • Graham, Richard H. SR-71 Blackbird: Stories, Tales, and Legends. North Branch, Minnesota: Zenith Imprint, 2002. ISBN 0-7603-1142-0.
  • Graham, Richard H. SR-71 Revealed: The Inside Story. St. Paul, Minnesota: MBI Publishing Company, 1996. ISBN 978-0-7603-0122-7.
  • Jenkins, Dennis R. Lockheed Secret Projects: Inside the Skunk Works. St. Paul, Minnesota: MBI Publishing Company, 2001. ISBN 978-0-7603-0914-8.
  • Johnson, C.L. Kelly: More Than My Share of it All. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Books, 1985. ISBN 0-87474-491-1.
  • Landis, Tony R. and Dennis R. Jenkins. Lockheed Blackbirds. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Specialty Press, revised edition, 2005. ISBN 1-58007-086-8.
  • McIninch, Thomas. "The Oxcart Story". Center for the Study of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency, 2 July 1996. Retrieved: 10 April 2009.
  • Merlin, Peter W. From Archangel to Senior Crown: Design and Development of the Blackbird., Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), 2008. ISBN 978-1-56347-933-5.
  • Merlin, Peter W. "The Truth is Out There... SR-71 Serials and Designations". Air Enthusiast, No. 118, July/August 2005. Stamford, UK: Key Publishing, pp. 2–6. ISSN 0143-5450.
  • Pace, Steve. Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird. Swindon, UK: Crowood Press, 2004. ISBN 1-86126-697-9.
  • Remak, Jeannette and Joe Ventolo, Jr. A-12 Blackbird Declassified. St. Paul, Minnesota: MBI Publishing Company, 2001. ISBN 0-7603-1000-9.
  • Rich, Ben R. and Leo Janos. Skunk Works: A Personal Memoir of My Years at Lockheed. New York: Little, Brown and Company, 1994. ISBN 0-316-74330-5.
  • Shul, Brian and Sheila Kathleen O'Grady. Sled Driver: Flying the World's Fastest Jet. Marysville, California: Gallery One, 1994. ISBN 0-929823-08-7.
  • Shul, Brian and Walter Watson, Jr. The Untouchables. Chico, California: Mach 1, Inc. 1993. ISBN 0-929823-12-5.
  • Suhler, Paul A. From RAINBOW to GUSTO: Stealth and the Design of the Lockheed Blackbird (Library of Flight Series) . Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), 2009. ISBN 978-1-60086-712-5.

مصادر اضافية

وصلات خارجية

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