كيكويو (لغة)
| Kikuyu | |
|---|---|
| Gĩgĩkũyũ | |
| النطق | [ɣēkōjó] |
| موطنها | Kenya |
| المنطقة | Central Province |
| العرق | Agĩkũyũ |
الناطقون الأصليون | 6٫6 million (2009 census)e18 |
النيجر-الكونغو
| |
| أكواد اللغات | |
| ISO 639-2 | kik |
| ISO 639-2 | kik |
| ISO 639-3 | kik |
| Glottolog | kiku1240 |
E.51[1] | |
| الشخص | Mũgĩkũyũ/Mũndũ |
| الشعب | Agĩkũyũ |
| اللغة | Gĩgĩkũyũ |
| البلد | Bũrũrĩ Wa Gĩkũyũ |
كيكويو Kikuyu أو گيكويو (Gikuyu ؛ Gikuyu: Gĩkũyũ ؛ [ɣēkōjó]) هي لغة في عائلة لغات البانتو يستخدمها أساساً شعب كيكويو (Agĩkũyũ) في كينيا. كيكويو يُتحدث بها في المنطقة الواقعة بين نييري ونيروبي. عادة ما يحدد شعب كيكويو أراضيهم من خلال السلاسل الجبلية المحيطة في وسط كينيا والتي يسمونها "كيرينياگا Kĩrĩnyaga".
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الأصوات
Symbols shown in parentheses are those used in the orthography.
الصوائت
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | u | |
| Mid-high | e (ĩ) | o (ũ) | |
| Mid-low | ɛ (e) | ɔ (o) | |
| Low | a |
الصوامت
| Bilabial | Dental/ Alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | t (t) | k (k) | |||
| voiced prenasalised | ᵐb (mb) | ⁿd (nd) | ᵑɡ (ng) | |||
| Affricate | ᶮdʒ (nj) | |||||
| Nasal | m (m) | n (n) | ɲ (ny) | ŋ (ng') | ||
| Fricative | voiceless | ʃ (c) | h (h) | |||
| voiced | β (b) | ð (th) | ɣ (g) | |||
| Liquid | ɾ (r) | |||||
| Approximant | j (y) | w (w) | ||||
The prenasalized consonants are often pronounced without prenasalization, and thus /ᵐb ⁿd ᶮdʒ ᵑɡ/ are often realized as [b d dʒ ɡ].
التنغيم
Kikuyu has two level tones (high and low), a low-high rising tone, and downstep.[2]
النحو
The canonical word order of Gĩkũyũ is SVO (subject–verb–object). It uses prepositions rather than postpostions, and adjectives follow nouns.[3]
الأبجدية
Kikuyu is written in a Latin alphabet. It does not use the letters l p q s v x z, and adds the letters ĩ and ũ. The Kikuyu alphabet is:
- a b c d e g h i ĩ j k m n o r t u ũ w y[4]
Some sounds are represented by digraphs such as ng for the velar nasal /ŋ/.
عينة من العبارات
| العربية | گيوكو |
|---|---|
| How are you | Ũhoro waku or kũhana atĩa? |
| Give me water | He maĩ |
| How are you doing? | Ũrĩ mwega? or Wi mwega |
| I am hungry | Ndĩ mũhũtu |
| Help me | Ndeithia |
| I am good | Ndĩ mwega |
| Are you a friend? | Wĩ mũrata? |
| Bye, be blessed | Tigwo na wega/Tigwo na thaayũ |
| I love you | Nĩngwendete. |
| Come here | Ũka haha |
| I will phone you | Nĩngũkũhũrĩra thimũ |
| Am blessed | Ndĩmũrathime |
| God is good | Ngai ni mwega |
| Give me money | He mbeca |
| Stop nonsense | Tiga wana |
| Corona will soon end | Corona nĩĩguthĩra narũa |
| You are learned | Wi műthomű |
الأدب
There is a notable literature written in the Kikuyu language. For instance, Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o's Mũrogi wa Kagogo (Wizard of the Crow) is the longest known book written in Kikuyu. Other authors writing in Kikuyu are Gatua wa Mbũgwa and Waithĩra wa Mbuthia. Mbuthia has published various works in different genres—essays, poetry, children stories and translations—in Kikuyu. The late Wahome Mutahi also sometimes wrote in Kikuyu.
In popular culture
In the 1983 movie Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi, the character Nien Nunb speaks in the Kikuyu language.[5]
References
- ^ Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online
- ^ Kevin C. Ford, 1975. "The tones of nouns in Kikuyu," Studies in African Linguistics 6, 49–64; G.N. Clements & Kevin C. Ford, 1979, "Kikuyu Tone Shift and its Synchronic Consequences", Linguistic Inquiry 10.2, 179–210.
- ^ Wals.info
- ^ [1]
- ^ Feldmann, Compiled From Wire Service Dispatches With Analysis From Monitor Correspondents Around The World,Edited By Linda (1983-07-28). "In Kenya, audiences roar at language in 'Jedi' film". Christian Science Monitor. ISSN 0882-7729. Retrieved 2017-06-24.
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ببليوگرافيا
- Armstrong, Lilias E. 1967. The Phonetic and Tonal Structure of Kikuyu. London: Published for the International African Institute by Dawsons of Pall Mall.
- Barlow, A. Ruffell and T. G. Benson. 1975. English-Kikuyu Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Barlow, A. Ruffell. 1951. Studies in Kikuyu Grammar and Idiom. Edinburgh: William Blackwood & Sons,
- Benson, T. G. 1964. Kikuyu–English Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Gecaga B. M. and Kirkaldy-Willis W.H. 1953. English–Kikuyu, Kikuyu–English Vocabulary. Nairobi: The Eagle Press.
- Leakey L. S. B. 1989. First Lessons in Kikuyu. Nairobi: Kenya Literature Bureau.
- Mugane John 1997. A Paradigmatic Grammar of Gikuyu. Stanford, California: CSLI publications.
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وصلات خارجية
- Robert Englebretson (ed.), "A Basic Sketch Grammar of Gĩkũyũ", 2015.
- Gikuyu alphabet and pronunciation at Omniglot
- African Language Resources
- Muigwithania 2.0 – First Kikuyu Newspaper revived on the Internet
- PanAfrican L10n page on Gikuyu
- Gikuyu blog
- Gĩkũyũ Language Page (Wiki Created by Linguistic Field Methods Course at UMass Amherst)
- First Course in Kikuyu (vol. 1; see ref. for v2 & v3)
- My First Gikuyu Dictionary