كندا (لغة)

(تم التحويل من كنـّدا)
For other uses, see كندا (توضيح).
يجب ألا يـُخلـَط بينها وبين كندا.
كندا Kannada
ಕನ್ನಡ
Kannada in Kedage font.png
النطق[ˈkɐnːɐɖa]
موطنهاالهند
المنطقةكرناتكا
العرقكناديگا
الناطقون الأصليون
43 مليون (2011)[1][2]
المتكلمين كلغة ثانية: 13 مليون[1]
الصيغة المبكرة
كتابة كندا
برايل كندا
الوضع الرسمي
لغة رسمية في
 الهند
ينظمهاVarious academies and the government of Karnataka[4]
أكواد اللغات
ISO 639-2kan
ISO 639-2kan
ISO 639-3kan
Glottolognucl1305
Linguasphere49-EBA-a
Idioma kannada.png
Distribution of Kannada native speakers, majority regions in dark blue and minority regions in light blue.[5]
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

قالب:Culture of Karnataka

Kannada ( /ˈkɑːnədə,_ˈkænʔ/;[6][7] ಕನ್ನಡ, [ˈkɐnːɐɖa]; less commonly known as Kanarese)[8][9] is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by the people of Karnataka in the southwestern region of India. The language is also spoken by linguistic minorities in the states of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Kerala and Goa; and also by Kannadigas abroad. The language had roughly 43 million native speakers by 2011.[10] Kannada is also spoken as a second and third language by over 12.9 million non-native speakers in Karnataka, which adds up to 56.9 million speakers.[11]Kannada was the court language of some of the most powerful empires of South and central India namely Kadambas, Chalukyas, Rashtrakuta, Hoysala dynasty and Vijayanagara empire. It is one of the scheduled languages of India and the official and administrative language of the state of Karnataka.[12]

The Kannada language is written using the Kannada script, which evolved from the 5th-century Kadamba script. Kannada is attested epigraphically for about one and a half millennia and literary Old Kannada flourished in the 6th-century Ganga dynasty[13] and during the 9th-century Rashtrakuta Dynasty.[14][15] Kannada has an unbroken literary history of over a thousand years.[16] Kannada literature has been presented with 8 Jnanapith awards, the most for any Dravidian language and the second highest for any Indian language.[17][18][19]

Based on the recommendations of the Committee of Linguistic Experts, appointed by the ministry of culture, the government of India designated Kannada a classical language of India.[20][21] In July 2011, a center for the study of classical Kannada was established as part of the Central Institute of Indian Languages in Mysore to facilitate research related to the language.[22]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

الوضع

The Director of the Central Institute of Indian Languages, Udaya Narayana Singh, submitted a report in 2006 to the Indian government arguing for Kannada to be made a classical language of India.[23] In 2008 the Indian government announced that Kannada was to be designated as one of the classical languages of India.[20][21]


نظام الكتابة

المقالة الرئيسية: أبجدية كندا and برايل كندا

The language uses forty-nine phonemic letters, divided into three groups: swaragalu (vowels – thirteen letters); vyanjanagalu (consonants – thirty-four letters); and yogavaahakagalu (neither vowel nor consonant – two letters: anusvara ಂ and visarga ಃ). The character set is almost identical to that of other Indian languages. The Kannada script is almost entirely phonetic, but for the sound of a "half n" (which becomes a half m). The number of written symbols, however, is far more than the forty-nine characters in the alphabet, because different characters can be combined to form compound characters (ottakshara). Each written symbol in the Kannada script corresponds with one syllable, as opposed to one phoneme in languages like English. The Kannada script is syllabic.


الصوتيات

Spoken Kannada

Kannada has 34 consonants and 13 vowels.

الحروف الساكنة

Labial Dental/
Alveolar 		Retroflex Post-alv./
Palatal 		Velar Glottal
Nasal m (ಮ) n (ನ) ɳ (ಣ) ɲ (ಞ) ŋ (ಙ)
Stop/
Affricate 		voiceless p (ಪ) t̪ (ತ) ʈ (ಟ) tʃ (ಚ) k (ಕ)
aspirated pʰ (ಫ) t̪ʰ (ಥ) ʈʰ (ಠ) tʃʰ (ಛ) kʰ (ಖ)
voiced b (ಬ) d̪ (ದ) ɖ (ಡ) dʒ (ಜ) ɡ (ಗ)
breathy bʱ (ಭ) d̪ʱ (ಧ) ɖʱ (ಢ) dʒʱ (ಝ) ɡʱ (ಘ)
Fricative s (ಸ) ʂ (ಷ) ʃ (ಶ) h (ಹ)
Approximant ʋ (ವ) l (ಲ) ɭ (ಳ) j (ಯ)
Trill r (ರ)
  • Most consonants can be geminated.
  • Aspirated consonants rarely occur in native vocabulary, but are common in loan words. Many speakers do not aspirate aspirated consonants and therefore make them indistinct from the unaspirated consonants. Aspiration of consonants depends entirely on the speaker.
  • The alveolar trill /r/ may be pronounced as an alveolar tap /ɾ/.
  • The voiceless retroflex sibilant /ʂ/ is commonly pronounced as /ʃ/.

Additionally, Kannada included the following phonemes, which dropped out of common usage in the 12th and 18th century respectively:

  • ɽ ಱ (ṟ), the retroflex tap.
  • ɻ ೞ (ḻ), the retroflex central approximant.

الحروف المتحركة

Front Back
short long short long
Close i (ಇ) iː (ಈ) u (ಉ) uː (ಊ)
Mid e (ಎ) eː (ಏ) o (ಒ) oː (ಓ)
Open a (ಅ) aː (ಆ)
  • /ɐ/ and /aː/ are phonetically central [ɐ, äː]. /ɐ/ may be as open as /aː/ ([ä]) or higher [ɐ].
  • In spoken Kannada, pronunciation can be different and differs depending on the dialect of the speaker. But there are a few basic features that are common in most dialects:
    • The vowels /i iː e eː/ are usually preceded by /j/ and the vowels /u uː o oː/ are usually preceded by /ʋ/ when they are in initial position following a pause. However, the glide /j/ before /i iː/ and the glide /ʋ/ before /u uː/ are often deleted or not pronounced as strongly as they are pronounced before /e eː/ and /o oː/.
    • The short vowels /a i u e o/, when in initial or medial position tend to be pronounced as /ɐ ɪ ʊ ɛ ɔ/. However when in final position, this phenomenon usually does not occur.

نص عينة

The given sample text is Article 1 from the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights Declaration.[24]

ಎಲ್ಲಾ

Ellā

ಮಾನವರೂ

mānavarū

ಸ್ವತಂತ್ರರಾಗಿಯೇ

svatantrarāgiyē

ಹುಟ್ಟಿದ್ದಾರೆ.

huttiddare.

ಹಾಗೂ

Hāgū

ಘನತೆ

ghanate

ಮತ್ತು

mattu

ಅಧಿಕಾರಗಳಲ್ಲಿ

adhikāragaḷalli

ಸಮಾನರಾಗಿದ್ದಾರೆ.

samānarāgiddāre.

ತಿಳಿವು

Thilivu

ಮತ್ತು

mattu

ಅಂತಃಕರಣಗಳನ್ನು

antaḥkaraṇagaḷannu

ಪಡೆದವರಾದ್ದರಿಂದ,

paḍedavarāddarinda

ಅವರು

avaru

ಒಬ್ಬರಿಗೊಬ್ಬರು

obbarigobbaru

ಸಹೋದರ

sahōdara

ಭಾವದಿಂದ

bhāvadinda

ನಡೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳಬೇಕು.

nadedhukollabeku.

ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಮಾನವರೂ ಸ್ವತಂತ್ರರಾಗಿಯೇ ಹುಟ್ಟಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ಹಾಗೂ ಘನತೆ ಮತ್ತು ಅಧಿಕಾರಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಸಮಾನರಾಗಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ತಿಳಿವು ಮತ್ತು ಅಂತಃಕರಣಗಳನ್ನು ಪಡೆದವರಾದ್ದರಿಂದ, ಅವರು ಒಬ್ಬರಿಗೊಬ್ಬರು ಸಹೋದರ ಭಾವದಿಂದ ನಡೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳಬೇಕು.

Ellā mānavarū svatantrarāgiyē huttiddare. Hāgū ghanate mattu adhikāragaḷalli samānarāgiddāre. Thilivu mattu antaḥkaraṇagaḷannu paḍedavarāddarinda avaru obbarigobbaru sahōdara bhāvadinda nadedhukollabeku.

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

انظر أيضاً

ملاحظات

  • Garg, Ganga Ram (1992) [1992]. "Kannada literature". Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World: A-Aj, Volume 1. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 978-81-7022-374-0.
  • Kuiper, Kathleen, ed. (2011). "Dravidian Studies: Kannada". Understanding India-The Culture of India. New York: Britannica educational Printing. ISBN 978-1-61530-203-1.
  • Steever, S. B. (1998). "Kannada". In Steever, S. B. (ed.). The Dravidian Languages (Routledge Language Family Descriptions). London: Routledge. Pp. 436. pp. 129–157. ISBN 978-0-415-10023-6.
  • Kloss and McConnell, Heinz and Grant D. (1978). The Written languages of the world: a survey of the degree and modes of use-vol 2 part1. Université Laval. ISBN 978-2-7637-7186-1.
  • Narasimhacharya, R (1988) [1988]. History of Kannada Literature. New Delhi, Madras: Asian Educational Services. ISBN 978-81-206-0303-5.
  • Narasimhacharya, R. (1934) History of Kannada Language. University of Mysore.
  • Rice, E.P. (1982) [1921]. Kannada Literature. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. ISBN 978-81-206-0063-8.
  • Rice, B.L. (2001) [1897]. Mysore Gazetteer Compiled for Government-vol 1. New Delhi, Madras: Asian Educational Services. ISBN 978-81-206-0977-8.
  • Kamath, Suryanath U. (2002) [2001]. A concise history of Karnata.k.a. from pre-historic times to the present. Bangalore: Jupiter books. LCCN 80905179. OCLC 7796041.
  • Various (1988) [1988]. Encyclopaedia of Indian literature-vol 2. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 978-81-260-1194-0.
  • Sastri, Nilakanta K.A. (2002) [1955]. A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar. New Delhi: Indian Branch, Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-560686-7.
  • Ramesh, K.V. (1984) [1984]. Chalukyas of Vatapi. New Delhi: Agam Kala Prakashan.
  • Kittel, F (1993) [1993]. A Grammar of the Kannada Language Comprising the Three Dialects of the Language (Ancient, Medieval and Modern). New Delhi, Madras: Asian Educational Services. ISBN 978-81-206-0056-0.
  • Bhat, Thirumaleshwara (1993) [1993]. Govinda Pai. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 978-81-7201-540-4.
  • Zvelebil, Kamil (1973) [1973]. Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India. Leiden, Netherlands: BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-03591-1.
  • Shapiro and Schiffman, Michael C., Harold F. (1981) [1981]. Language And Society in South Asia. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. ISBN 978-81-208-2607-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

الهامش

  1. ^ أ ب قالب:E22
  2. ^ "Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother". tongues – 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=7 July 2018}}
  3. ^ Zvelebil (fig. 36) and Krishnamurthy (fig. 37) in Shapiro and Schiffman (1981), pp. 95–96
  4. ^ The Karnataka official language act, 1963 – Karnataka Gazette (Extraordinary) Part IV-2A. Government of Karnataka. 1963. p. 33.
  5. ^ Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). "Currency of Selected Languages and Scripts". A Historical Atlas of South Asia. University of Chicago Press. p. 102. ISBN 978-0195068696.
  6. ^ قالب:MerriamWebsterDictionary
  7. ^ "Kannada". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. قالب:OEDsub
  8. ^ "Kanarese | Definition of Kanarese by Lexico".
  9. ^ "Definition of KANARESE". www.merriam-webster.com.
  10. ^ "Census 2011: Languages by state" (PDF). censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
  11. ^ "Indiaspeak: English is our 2nd language". The Times of India.
  12. ^ "The Karnataka Official Language Act" (PDF). Official website of Department of Parliamentary Affairs and Legislation. Government of Karnataka. Retrieved 29 June 2007.
  13. ^ "Gangas of Talakad". Official website of the Central Institute of Indian Languages, India. classicalkannada.org. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2008.
  14. ^ "Rastrakutas". Official website of the Central Institute of Indian Languages. Archived from the original on 10 January 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2008.
  15. ^ Zvelebil (1973), p. 7 (Introductory, chart)
  16. ^ Garg (1992), p. 67
  17. ^ "Jnanpeeth Awardees from Karnataka | Jnanapeeta Awardees | Jnanpith Award". www.karnatakavision.com.
  18. ^ "Jnanpith Award: Eight Kannada authors who have won 'Jnanpith Award'". 5 September 2017.
  19. ^ "Jnanpith Awards Winners Full List". 27 July 2016.
  20. ^ أ ب Kuiper (2011), p. 74
  21. ^ أ ب R Zydenbos in Cushman S, Cavanagh C, Ramazani J, Rouzer P, The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics: Fourth Edition, p. 767, Princeton University Press, 2012, ISBN 978-0-691-15491-6
  22. ^ "IBNLive – CIIL to head Centre for classical Kannada study". ibnlive.in.com. 23 July 2011. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  23. ^ K.N. Venkatasubba Rao (4 October 2006). "Kannada likely to get classical tag". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 13 October 2006. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
  24. ^ "Universal Declaration of Human Rights". www.un.org (in الإنجليزية). 6 October 2015. Retrieved 29 March 2020.

للاستزادة

  • Masica, Colin P. (1991) [1991]. The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29944-2.
  • Thapar, Romila (2003) [2003]. The Penguin History of Early India. New Delhi: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-302989-2.
  • George M. Moraes (1931), The Kadamba Kula, A History of Ancient and Medieval Karnataka, Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, Madras, 1990 ISBN 81-206-0595-0
  • Varadpande, Manohar Laxman (1987) [1987]. History of Indian Theatre. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 978-81-7017-221-5.
  • Robert Zydenbos (2020): A Manual of Modern Kannada. Heidelberg: XAsia Books (Open Access publication in PDF format)


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

وصلات خارجية

Wikipedia
كندا (لغة) edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

قالب:Dravidian languages

قالب:Languages spoken in Kerala

تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=كندا_(لغة)&oldid=2366876"