كراسنويارسك

Coordinates: 56°00′32″N 92°52′19″E / 56.00889°N 92.87194°E / 56.00889; 92.87194
For other uses, see كراسنويارسك (توضيح).
Krasnoyarsk
Красноярск
City[1]
Красноярск (ночной).jpg
Krsnrsk.jpg
Krs railstation.jpg
Church of the Annunciation, Krasnoyarsk.jpg
Krasnoyarsk Krai government building.jpg
Top to bottom, left to right: Krasnoyarsk along the Yenisey River, Krasnoyarsk at dusk, Krasnoyarsk railway station, Annunciation Cathedral, Krasnoyarsk Krai government building
علم Krasnoyarsk
Flag
درع Krasnoyarsk
Coat of arms
Location of Krasnoyarsk
Krasnoyarsk is located in روسيا
Krasnoyarsk
Krasnoyarsk
Location of Krasnoyarsk
Krasnoyarsk is located in Krasnoyarsk Krai
Krasnoyarsk
Krasnoyarsk
Krasnoyarsk (Krasnoyarsk Krai)
الإحداثيات: 56°00′32″N 92°52′19″E / 56.00889°N 92.87194°E / 56.00889; 92.87194
البلدروسيا
الكيان الاتحاديKrasnoyarsk Krai[1]
FoundedAugust 19, 1628[2]
City status since1690[3]
الحكومة
 • الكيانCity Council of Deputies[2]
 • Head[2]Sergey Yeryomin[4]
المساحة
[5]
 • الإجمالي348 كم² (134 ميل²)
المنسوب
287 m (942 ft)
التعداد
 (2010 Census)[6]
 • الإجمالي973٬826
 • Estimate 
(2018)
1٬090٬811 (+12%)
 • الترتيب14th in 2010
 • الكثافة2٬800/km2 (7٬200/sq mi)
 • Subordinated tokrai city of Krasnoyarsk[1]
 • Capital ofkrai city of Krasnoyarsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai[7]
 • Urban okrugKrasnoyarsk Urban Okrug[8]
 • Capital ofKrasnoyarsk Urban Okrug[8]
منطقة التوقيتUTC+ ([9])
Postal code(s)[10]
660000, 660001, 660003–660005, 660006, 660009–660023, 660025, 660027, 660028, 660030–660032, 660036, 660037, 660041–660043, 660046–660050, 660052, 660054–660056, 660058–660062, 660064, 660067–660069, 660071, 660073–660075, 660077–660079, 660091–660095, 660097–660100, 660113, 660115, 660118, 660119, 660121–660127, 660130–660133, 660135, 660136, 660880, 660890, 660899, 660911–660946, 660960–660966, 660970, 660999, 901175, 901177, 901179, 901181, 993600
Dialing code(s)+7 391[11]
OKTMO ID04701000001
City DaySecond Sunday of June[12]
الموقع الإلكترونيwww.admkrsk.ru

كراسنويارسك ( Krasnoyarsk ؛ /ˌkræsnəˈjɑːrsk,_ˌkrɑːsʔ/ KRA(H)SS-nə-YARSK;[13][14][15][16] روسية: Красноя́рск; النطق الروسي: [krəsnɐˈjarsk]  (Speaker Icon.svg استمع)) is the largest city and administrative center of Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. It is situated along the Yenisey River, and is the second-largest city in Siberia after Novosibirsk, with a population of over 1.1 million.[17] Krasnoyarsk is an important junction of the renowned Trans-Siberian Railway, and is one of the largest producers of aluminium in the country.

The city is known for its natural landscape; author Anton Chekhov judged Krasnoyarsk to be the most beautiful city in Siberia.[18] The Stolby Nature Sanctuary is located 10 km south of the city. Krasnoyarsk is a major educational centre in Siberia, and hosts the Siberian Federal University. In 2019, Krasnoyarsk was the host city of the 2019 Winter Universiade, the third hosted in Russia.

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أصل الاسم

The fort was named Krasny Yar (روسية: Кра́сный Яр) after the Yarin (a dialect of Khakas) name of the place it was built, Kyzyl Char ('red steep-riverbank'),[19] which was translated as Krasny Yar.


التاريخ

نصب الفيلق التشيكوسلوفاكي في مقبرة الثالوث

The city was founded on August 19, 1628[2] as a Russian border fort when a group of service class people from Yeniseysk led by Andrey Dubenskiy arrived at the confluence of the Kacha and Yenisei Rivers and constructed fortifications intended to protect the frontier from attacks of native peoples who lived along the Yenisei and its tributaries. Along with Kansk to the east, it represented the southern limit of Russian expansion in the Yenisei basin during the seventeenth century. In the letter to Tsar Michael I the Cossacks reported:

...The town of trunks (log buildings) we have constructed and around the place of fort, we the servants of thee, our Lord, have embedded posts and fastened them with double bindings and the place of fort have strengthened mightily...

The settlement was granted town status in 1690.[20] An intensive growth of Krasnoyarsk began with the arrival of the Siberian Route (the road M53 nowadays) in 1735 to 1741 which connected the nearby towns of Achinsk and Kansk with Krasnoyarsk and with the rest of Russia.

In 1749, a meteorite with a mass of about 700 kg (1,500 lb) was found 230 km (140 mi) south of Krasnoyarsk. It was excavated by Peter Simon Pallas in 1772 and transported to Krasnoyarsk and subsequently to Saint Petersburg. The Krasnoyarsk meteorite is important because it was the first pallasite ever studied and the first meteorite ever etched.

In 1822 Krasnoyarsk became the administrative center of Yeniseysk Governorate.[20] By the end of the 19th century, Krasnoyarsk had several manufacturing facilities and railroad workshops and an engine-house. Growth continued with the discovery of gold and the arrival of a railroad in 1895.

In the Russian Empire, Krasnoyarsk was one of the places to which political exiles were banished. For example, eight Decembrists were deported from St. Petersburg to Krasnoyarsk after the failure of the revolt.

Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric dam

In the aftermath of the Russian Revolution of 1917, during the Russian Civil War, Siberia east of Omsk was controlled by white forces under Alexander Kolchak, who in December 1919 retreated east to Irkutsk and the Bolsheviks took control of the city. On a plateau 7 km outside of town was a prisoner of war camp with 13,000 German and Austrian troops. Elsa Brändström of the Swedish Red Cross spent almost a year there from July 1919 until May 1920.[21]

During the periods of centralized planning (Five Year Plans) numerous large plants and factories were constructed in Krasnoyarsk: Sibtyazhmash, the dock yard, the paper factory, the hydroelectric power station (now the fifth largest in the world and the second in Russia), and the river port.

In 1934, Krasnoyarsk Krai was formed, with Krasnoyarsk as its administrative center.

During Stalinist times, Krasnoyarsk was a major center of the gulag system. The most important labor camp was the Kraslag or Krasnoyarsky ITL (1938-c.1960) with the two units located in Kansk and Reshyoty. In the city of Krasnoyarsk itself, the Yeniseylag or Yeniseysky ITL labor camp was prominent as well during World War II (c. 1940–41).

During World War II, dozens of factories were evacuated from Ukraine and Western Russia to Krasnoyarsk and nearby towns, stimulating the industrial growth of the city. After the war additional large plants were constructed: the aluminum plant, the metallurgic plant, the plant of base metals and many others.

In the late 1970s, the Soviet Union began constructing a phased array radar station at Abalakova, near Krasnoyarsk, which violated the ABM Treaty. Beginning in 1983, the United States demanded its removal, until the Soviet Union admitted the radar station was a violation in 1989. Equipment was slowly removed from the site and by 1992 it was officially declared to be dismantled, though the equipment from the site was likely relocated to a new site near Komsomolsk-na-Amure.[22] Krasnoyarsk was also a home to Krasnoyarsk Northeast air base, which was turned into living blocks after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union and beginning of privatization, many large plants and factories, such as the Krasnoyarsk Aluminum Plant, became owned by alleged criminal authorities and oligarchs, while others were declared bankrupt. The economic transition resulted in a dramatic rise in unemployment and numerous strikes.

The best known financial scandal of the second half of the 1990s happened when ownership of the مصنع كراسنويارسك للألومنيوم by a known Krasnoyarsk businessman Anatoliy Bykov had been canceled after he was accused of murdering his partner, Vilor Struganov. The accusation eventually turned out to be false.[23] The Krasnoyarsk plant's ownership problems continue through the early 21st century since nearly all of them are owned either by monopolistic financial groups or by oligarchs.[بحاجة لمصدر]

Since the election of Pyotr Pimashkov as the mayor of Krasnoyarsk in 1996, the appearance of the city gradually improved: the old historical buildings were restored, the asphalt walkways were replaced with paving-stone, and numerous squares and recreation areas with fountains were either restored or constructed from scratch. Now the majority of the city keeps only a few traces of its former, drab, post-collapse look.[بحاجة لمصدر]

الجغرافيا

Aerial view of Krasnoyarsk
Church in Krasnoyarsk, 1895
The panorama of Krasnoyarsk from the Karaulnaya Gora hill, 1910

The total area of the city, including suburbs and the river, is 348 km2 (134 sq mi).[5]

The river Yenisei flows from west to east through the city. Due to the Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric dam 32 km (20 mi) upstream, the Yenisei never freezes in winter and never[بحاجة لمصدر] exceeds +14 °C (57 °F) in summer through the city. Near the city center, its elevation is 136 m (446 ft) above sea level. There are several islands in the river, the largest of which are Tatyshev and Otdyha Isles, used mainly for recreation.

To the south and west, Krasnoyarsk is surrounded by forested mountains averaging 410 m (1,350 ft) in height above river level. The most prominent of them are Nikolayevskaya Sopka (notable for its ski jumping tracks), Karaulnaya Gora, and Chornaya Sopka, the latter being an extinct volcano.[24] The gigantic rock cliffs of the Stolby Nature Reserve rise from the mountains of the southern bank of the Yenisei, the western hills from the Gremyachaya Griva crest extending westwards up to the Sobakina River, the north is generally plain, except for the Drokinskaya Sopka hill, with forests to the northwest and agricultural fields to the north and east.

The major rivers in and near Krasnoyarsk are the Yenisei, Mana, Bazaikha, and Kacha Rivers, the latter flowing throughout the historical center of the city. Due to the nature of the terrain, a few natural lakes exist in the vicinity of Krasnoyarsk.

The forests close to the city are mostly pine and birch; further afield, aspen becomes dominant in many areas. The moss-covered fir and Siberian pine replaces other wood in the mountains westward of the Karaulnaya River, in about 15 km (9.3 mi) to the west from the city, the forests to the south are mostly pine, fir and aspen.[25]

Administrative and municipal status

Krasnoyarsk is the administrative center of the krai.[7] Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with one rural locality (the village of Peschanka) incorporated as the krai city of Krasnoyarsk – an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[1] As a municipal division, the krai city of Krasnoyarsk is incorporated as Krasnoyarsk Urban Okrug.[8]

أحياء المدينة

For administrative purposes, Krasnoyarsk is divided into seven city districts:


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الدرع

The Krasno­yarsk Lion

The first version was approved on March 12, 1804. The coat of arms was divided horizontally into two parts, the upper part containing the coat of arms of Tomsk Governorate, and the lower part picturing the Krasny Yar cliff on a silver background. A revised coat of arms, approved on November 23, 1851, had the golden figure of a lion placed on a red heraldic shield with a spade in the right fore paw and a sickle in the left fore paw, both made of the same metal. The shield was topped with the golden crown of the Russian Empire. The current coat of arms (as depicted here) was approved on November 28, 2004. It contains the same red shield as in 1851 but with a slightly changed figure of the lion in the officially approved image. The shield is topped with a form of the mural crown, which is the golden five-tower coronet of rank of a federal subject administrative center.[26][27][28]

المناخ

Krasnoyarsk experiences a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb) bordering on a subarctic climate (Dfc). Krasnoyarsk has high differentials between summer and winter temperatures.

Climate data for كراسنويارسك (1991–2020، القصوى 1891–الحاضر)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 6.0
(42.8) 		8.5
(47.3) 		18.5
(65.3) 		31.4
(88.5) 		34.0
(93.2) 		34.8
(94.6) 		36.4
(97.5) 		35.1
(95.2) 		31.3
(88.3) 		24.5
(76.1) 		13.6
(56.5) 		8.6
(47.5) 		36.4
(97.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −11.6
(11.1) 		−7.5
(18.5) 		0.7
(33.3) 		9.3
(48.7) 		17.1
(62.8) 		23.5
(74.3) 		25.2
(77.4) 		22.2
(72.0) 		14.6
(58.3) 		6.7
(44.1) 		−3.6
(25.5) 		−9.3
(15.3) 		7.3
(45.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) −15.6
(3.9) 		−12.3
(9.9) 		−4.9
(23.2) 		3.4
(38.1) 		10.4
(50.7) 		16.9
(62.4) 		19.1
(66.4) 		16.1
(61.0) 		9.1
(48.4) 		2.3
(36.1) 		−7.3
(18.9) 		−13.2
(8.2) 		2.0
(35.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −19.2
(−2.6) 		−16.3
(2.7) 		−9.4
(15.1) 		−1.4
(29.5) 		4.7
(40.5) 		11.1
(52.0) 		13.7
(56.7) 		11.2
(52.2) 		5.0
(41.0) 		−1.3
(29.7) 		−10.7
(12.7) 		−16.9
(1.6) 		−2.5
(27.5)
Record low °C (°F) −52.8
(−63.0) 		−41.6
(−42.9) 		−38.7
(−37.7) 		−25.7
(−14.3) 		−11.2
(11.8) 		−3.6
(25.5) 		3.3
(37.9) 		−1.0
(30.2) 		−9.6
(14.7) 		−25.1
(−13.2) 		−42.3
(−44.1) 		−47.0
(−52.6) 		−52.8
(−63.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 17
(0.7) 		15
(0.6) 		19
(0.7) 		29
(1.1) 		48
(1.9) 		66
(2.6) 		70
(2.8) 		76
(3.0) 		55
(2.2) 		42
(1.7) 		39
(1.5) 		31
(1.2) 		507
(20.0)
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) 16
(6.3) 		16
(6.3) 		13
(5.1) 		3
(1.2) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		2
(0.8) 		7
(2.8) 		14
(5.5) 		16
(6.3)
Average rainy days 0.3 0.4 2 9 17 19 18 18 19 13 4 0.3 120
Average snowy days 24 21 17 14 4 0.1 0 0.03 2 14 23 25 144
Average relative humidity (%) 73 70 64 58 54 64 72 76 75 71 74 73 69
Mean monthly sunshine hours 63 100 171 216 251 280 281 237 160 111 58 41 1٬969
Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[29]
Source 2: NOAA (sun only 1961–1990)[30]

السكان

The population count by year:[31][32]

1897 26,600 1962 465,000 1982 833,000 2000 875,500 2010 973,826
1923 60,400 1967 576,000 1986 885,000 2001 875,900 2011 979,600
1926 69,300 1970 648,100 1989 912,600 2003 909,300 2012 997,316
1939 186,100 1973 707,000 1992 925,000 2005 917,200 2013 1,016,385
1956 328,000 1976 758,000 1996 871,100 2008 936,400 2014 1,035,528
1959 412,000 1979 796,300 1998 875,300 2009 948,500 2017 1,083,865[33][34]
Population chart (1855–2012)

Population count by districts (2010 Census):[6]

  • Kirovsky: 114,715
  • Leninsky: 145,530
  • Oktyabrsky: 153,112
  • Sovetsky: 281,284
  • Sverdlovsky: 130,596
  • Tsentralny: 55,060
  • Zheleznodorozhny: 93,529

The population of Krasnoyarsk includes a number of peoples, the most numerous are Russians, Ukrainians, Tatars, Germans, and Belarusians. Lately the number of Tajiks, Uzbeks and other Central Asian and Caucasian peoples has grown extensively because of the vast, often illegal immigration in search for work.

Another populous immigrant group is the Chinese who, unlike other foreign workers, are employed in much more lucrative areas and often form business partnerships with local companies. Many Chinese trade at the bazaars, and a special large Chinese bazaar named Sodruzhestvo (Russian for fellowship), and the Chinese Trading Town (known in Russian as Китайский торговый город) or colloquially Kitai-gorod on Strelka.


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العمارة

Intercession church in Krasnoyarsk
Stalinist architecture in Krasnoyarsk

There are a number of historical buildings in Krasnoyarsk, the oldest of them being the Intercession Cathedral (روسية: Покровский собор, 1785 to 1795, restored in 1977 to 1978). Other locally significant samples of Russian Orthodox architecture are the Annunciation Cathedral (روسية: Благовещенский собор, 1802–12), the Holy Trinity Cathedral (روسية: Свято-Троицкий собор, 1802–12), John the Baptist Church (روسية: Церковь Иоанна Предтечи, 1899, former episcopal residence), and the new Michael the Archangel Church (روسية: Церковь Архистратига Михаила, 1998 to 2003).

On the top of the Karaulnaya Hill, originally a pagan shrine, later occupied by the Krasnoyarsk fort watchtower, the Paraskeva Pyatnitsa Chapel (1804, rebuilt 1854–55) still stands. The chapel, displayed on the 10-ruble note, is one of the iconic images of the city. The chapel was abandoned and fell into disrepair during the Soviet era and only when Perestroyka came was it regained by the Yenisei bishopric.

Shopping center "Optima"

Another unofficial symbol of Krasnoyarsk is the incomplete 24-story tower located at Strelka. Construction of the tower had been started just before Perestroyka and then frozen due to the administrative crisis. The outline of the tower is clearly seen from many places in the city.

A bridge near Krasnoyarsk carries the Trans-Siberian Railway across the Yenisei. The original structure, one of the longest at the time, was constructed between 1893 and 1896 to an award-winning design by Lavr Proskuryakov. In 2003 it was rejected for emergency inscription on the World Heritage List.[35] It was described at the time by ICOMOS "an early representation of a typical parabolic polygonal truss bridge in Russia" which became "a testing ground for the application of engineering theories and the development of new innovative solutions, which had numerous successors".[36] The bridge was dismantled between 2002-2007.[37][38]

Among other notable buildings are the mansions of the merchant Nikolay Gadalov (beginning of the 20th century), the Roman Catholic Transfiguration Chapel (روسية: Преображенский собор, 1911, also known as the Krasnoyarsk Organ Hall), the Krasnoyarsk Krai Museum stylized as an Ancient Egyptian temple, the Krasnoyarsk Cultural/Historical Center and the triumphal arch at the Spit (2003), the regional administration building flanked with two towers known as the "Donkey Ears".

There are a number of two-story wooden houses in the city built mostly in the middle of the 20th century as temporary habitations. Many urbanized villages located inside the city keep the remnants of the traditional Russian village architecture: wooden houses with backyards, many somewhat dilapidated now but still inhabited.

View of Strelka district from Tatyshev island



الثقافة

There are a number of local holidays celebrated annually in Krasnoyarsk. The most significant holiday is the Day of the City celebrated in June, usually with a carnival. Other holidays and cultural events are the Mana Festival (روسية: Манский фестиваль. The celebrations take place on the outside of town, on the bank of river Mana) usually held on the last weekend in June with the traditional bard contest, the International Museum Biennale traditionally held in the Krasnoyarsk Cultural/Historical Center, the avant-garde Museum Night festival dedicated to the International Museum Day (May 18), the Jazz on Yenisey festival, the Stolbist Day held many times a year celebrating the traditions of mountain climbing in the Stolby national reserve, and the Bikers' Rally.

Krasnoyarsk has a number of local television companies and the highly developed telecommunications, many districts of the city have LAN-based broadband Internet access.

Historical downtown of Krasnoyarsk.jpg

The city is also home to the Krasnoyarsk Children's Choir, a world-renowned choir that tours in many countries as The Little Eagles of Siberia.

التعليم والعلم

Next to Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk is a prominent scientific and educational center of Siberia, with over 30 higher education facilities, many of which are the branches of the Russian Academy of Science, and about 200 high schools. The most notable higher education institutes are:

Like Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk has a special city district called Akademgorodok ("Academic Town"), where several scientific research institutes are located. Krasnoyarsk's Institute of Biophysics is known for a 1973–1985 experiment on ecological isolation of human beings (the "Bios Experiment"). Sukachev Institute of Forest, founded in 1944 at Moscow and relocated to Krasnoyarsk in 1959. There are several museums in Krasnoyarsk. One is the Krasnoyarsk Regional Museum, containing historical items and exhibits of the region, including ancient history, native Siberians, and woolly rhinos.

The Krasnoyarsk zoo is also a major attraction for residents and tourists.

Transportation

Tram in Krasnoyarsk

Metro

An underground system (three lines) has been in planning and construction phases in Krasnoyarsk for decades. Subway construction was terminated in 2008.

Krasnoyarsk rail station

Public Transportation

The transit system is dominated by buses, but there also are several trolleybus and tram routes.

Railway

Krasnoyarsk Riverport.

Krasnoyarsk lies on the Yenisei River and historically has been an important junction on the Trans-Siberian Railway. Krasnoyarsk-Passazhirsky (روسية: Красноярск-Пассажирский, lit. Krasnoyarsk-Passenger) is the main railway station of Krasnoyarsk. Long-range trains of the Trans-Siberian Railway stop at this station. There are some stations served by Elektrichka and there is Krasnoyarsk-East goods station 26.3 km east of Krasnoyarsk-Passazhirsky.

Airports

Krasnoyarsk was served by two airports: Yemelyanovo Airport is the main airport and handles both medium and long-haul domestic as well as international flights, and is 27 km (17 mi) northwest of the city.[39] The secondary Cheremshanka Airport handled short-haul flights. Cheremshanka has lost its eminent role as the main base airport for an extensive network of local air services (MVL) in Krasnoyarsk Krai formerly served by the local Aeroflot Krasnoyarsk Directorate. In December 2011 a fire broke out at the Cheremshanka airport which destroyed the terminal building and the air traffic control tower.[40]

السياحة

The most popular place of attraction for tourists visiting Krasnoyarsk is the huge national nature reserve Stolby ("pillars"), which covers an area of 470 km2 (180 sq mi) with numerous giant granite rocks formations up to 100 meters high, many of very extraordinary shapes. Stolby is also a major rock climbing location. Many local climbers intentionally do not use any belaying equipment and call their extreme sport stolbizm, known elsewhere as solo climbing.

Other popular showplaces include the Krasnoyarsk Hydroelectric Power Station dam, the Karaulnaya Gora hill with the Paraskeva Pyatnitsa Chapel, museums, theaters, etc.

الرياضة

Krasnoyarsk is a center of Siberian sports. Areas, where Krasnoyarsk excels compared to other Russian cities, include rugby union, bandy, and freestyle wrestling.

Yenisey was the Soviet bandy champions every year in the 1980s as well as in 1991. The first Russian title came in 2001. In 2014 they became champions of the Bandy Super League and had the highest average attendance, 5 747.[41] In 2015 the league title was won again as well as in 2016.[42][43] At the 2019 Winter Universiade, bandy will feature as a demonstration sport for the first time and tournaments for both men and women will be held.[44] An indoor stadium will be built for the occasion.[45][46] It is planned to be ready for use by the end of 2018.[47] The complexity of the construction is considered unique.[48]

The city is considered a stronghold of rugby union in Russia, to the extent that the Rugby Union of Russia was headquartered locally for many years. Two Krasnoyarsk clubs, Krasny Yar and Enisey-STM, participate in the national Professional Rugby League, and European Rugby Challenge Cup, the second-tier pan-European club competition. Matches take precedence in the local media, and the city derby match can attract crowds of about 3000–5000. Many players of the Russian national rugby team hail from the area. Some of Russia's international rugby matches are played at the Central Stadium.

Club Sport Founded Current League League
Rank		 Stadium
Yenisey Krasnoyarsk Football 1937 Russian Premier League 2nd Central Stadium
Sokol Krasnoyarsk Ice Hockey 1977 Higher Hockey League 2nd Arena Sever
Yenisey Krasnoyarsk Bandy 1934 Bandy Super League 1st Yenisey Stadium
BC Enisey Basketball 1993 VTB United League 1st Arena Sever
Krasny Yar Rugby Union 1969 Professional Rugby League 1st Krasny Yar Stadium
Enisey-STM Rugby Union 1975 Professional Rugby League 1st Avangard Stadium
Yenisey Krasnoyarsk Volleyball 1992 Women's Volleyball Super League 1st Dvorkin Sports House
Yenisey Krasnoyarsk Volleyball 1993 Volleyball Supreme League A 2nd Dvorkin Sports House

Former Carolina Hurricanes left winger Alexander Semin is from Krasnoyarsk.

Host of the international wrestling tournament named after Ivan Yarygin.

مناسبات رياضية

Opening Ceremony of the 2019 Winter Universiade

The 2019 Winter Universiade was hosted by Krasnoyarsk in 2019.

أشخاص بارزون

المقالة الرئيسية: List of people from Krasnoyarsk
Monument to Viktor Astafyev
Monument to Vasily Surikov

البلدات التوأم – المدن الشقيقة

انظر أيضاً: قائمة البلدات التوأم والمدن الشقيقة في روسيا

كراسنويارسك متوأمة مع:[49]

اتفاقيات تعاون

كراسنويارسك لها اتفاقيات تعاون مع:

انظر أيضاً

المراجع

الهامش

  1. ^ أ ب ت ث Law #10-4765
  2. ^ أ ب ت ث Charter of Krasnoyarsk
  3. ^ (in روسية)Основание Красноярска
  4. ^ TVK Sergey Yeryomin appointed head of Krasnoyarsk Archived أكتوبر 26, 2017 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ أ ب Poexaly.ru. Krasnoyarsk Tourist Portal. Krasnoyarsk (in روسية)
  6. ^ أ ب Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1". Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (2010 All-Russia Population Census) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved June 29, 2012. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  7. ^ أ ب Law #10-4763
  8. ^ أ ب ت Law #13-3148
  9. ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). 3 June 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  10. ^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in روسية)
  11. ^ "Телефонные коды Красноярский край". Ruspostindex.ru. Archived from the original on October 4, 2018. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
  12. ^ Calend.ru. Krasnoyarsk (in روسية)
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  14. ^ قالب:Cite American Heritage Dictionary
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  16. ^ قالب:Cite Merriam-Webster
  17. ^ invalid reference parameter
  18. ^ Anton Chekhov, "The Crooked Mirror" and Other Stories, Zebra Book, 1995. See page 200 for English translation of his journey through Siberia.
  19. ^ Бутанаев В. Я. "Топонимический словарь Хакасско-Минусинского края". Абакан, 1995.
  20. ^ أ ب Народная энциклопедия "Мой город". Красноярск (Красноярский край)
  21. ^ Elsa Björkman-Goldschmidt, Elsa Brändström (1969), pp. 174–187.
  22. ^ Pike, John. "Yeniseysk (Krasnoyarsk)". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
  23. ^ Latynina, Yulia, "Today, Let's Go Inside the Other Russia", Moscow Times, 21 February 2001
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  25. ^ Окрестности Красноярска. Карта. ФГУП Госцентр "Природа", 2003 г.
  26. ^ Герб города Красноярска (Krasnoyarsk City website) (in روسية)
  27. ^ Администрация г. Красноярска (in روسية)
  28. ^ Решение Красноярского городского Совета депутатов от 26 мая 2010 года No. В-169 (Decision of the Krasnoyarsk City Council of Deputies 26 May 2010) (in روسية)
  29. ^ "Pogoda.ru.net (Weather and Climate – The Climate of Krasnoyarsk)" (in الروسية). Weather and Climate. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
  30. ^ "Krasnojarsk (Krasnoyarsk) Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
  31. ^ "За 2008 год население Красноярска увеличилось на 1,2% / Новости /". Newslab.ru. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
  32. ^ Народная энциклопедия "Мой город". Красноярск (Красноярский край) (in الروسية). Mojgorod.ru. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
  33. ^ Предварительная оценка численности постоянного населения на 1 января 2017 года и в среднем за 2016 год по городским округам и муниципальным районам Красноярского края
  34. ^ "Информационно-аналитическая система "СТАТИСТИКА"". Archived from the original on April 9, 2017. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
  35. ^ "Decision: 27 COM 8C.47 - The First Railway Bridge over the Yenisei River (Russian Federation)". World Heritage Centre (in الإنجليزية). UNESCO. 2003. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  36. ^ International Council on Monuments and Sites (16 June 2003). "Evaluations of Cultural Properties - World Heritage Committee 27th Ordinary Session" (PDF). UNESCO. p. 13.
  37. ^ Muzhschinsky, Andrey (21 May 2018). "Мосты Красноярска. История покорения Енисея". Gor Novosti (in الروسية). ... the dismantling of the Tsar's bridge began in 2002. On August 7, 2007, the dismantled object was handed over for scrap
  38. ^ "В Красноярске уникальный старинный Царский мост пошёл на металлолом". Tayga.info (in الروسية). 7 April 2007.
  39. ^ Yemelyanovo International Airport – About/General Information
  40. ^ The Aviation Herald – Tower and terminal of Krasnojarsk Cheremshanka Airport burned down
  41. ^ "ABC of the golden season". redyarsk.ru. April 10, 2014. Retrieved 2022-03-14 – via Google Translate.
  42. ^ "FHMR congratulates the Krasnoyarsk "Yenisei"". rusbandy.ru. March 26, 2016 – via Google Translate.
  43. ^ https://i.ytimg.com/vi/_Y0lhvnE7pU/hqdefault.jpg قالب:Bare URL image
  44. ^ Sports Archived ديسمبر 14, 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  45. ^ "К Универсиаде в Красноярске появится крытый стадион для хоккея с мячом / Новости спорта Красноярска и Красноярского края / Newslab.Ru". Retrieved 2022-03-14.
  46. ^ "Google Translate". Archived from the original on October 31, 2020. Retrieved December 15, 2016.
  47. ^ "Есть вторая арка! - Архив новостей - Федерация хоккея с мячом России". Retrieved 2022-03-14.
  48. ^ "Делегация FIB и ФХМР посетила арену в Красноярске - Архив новостей - Федерация хоккея с мячом России". Retrieved 2022-03-14.
  49. ^ "Контакты с иностранными городами и организациями". admkrsk.ru (in الروسية). Krasnoyarsk. Retrieved 2021-01-19.
  50. ^ "Krasnoyarsk signed a memorandum of cooperation with the city of Kokshetau of the Republic of Kazakhstan". Krasnoyarsk - City Administration. 2022-08-25. Retrieved 2022-08-27.

Sources

وصلات خارجية

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Krasnoyarsk.

قالب:Krasnoyarsk Krai

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