قوة الصواريخ لجيش التحرير الشعبي

"Strategic Missile Force" redirects here. For قوات الصواريخ الاستراتيجية السوڤيتية والروسية, see قوات الصواريخ الاستراتيجية.
قوة الصواريخ لجيش التحرير الشعبي
中国人民解放军火箭军
Zhōngguó Rénmín Jiěfàngjūn Huǒjiàn Jūn
Emblem of People's Liberation Army Rocket Force.png
Emblem of the People's Liberation Army Rocket Force
نشطة1966–2015 (as Second Artillery Corps)
2016–present (as Rocket Force)
البلد الصين
الولاءFlag of the Chinese Communist Party.svg Chinese Communist Party[1]
النوعقوة الصواريخ الاستراتيجية والتكتيكية
الدورردع استراتيجي
الضربة الثانية
الحجم120,000 مقاتل تحت السلاح
جزء من جيش التحرير الشعبي
المقر الرئيسيQinghe, Haidian District, بكين، الصين
المشية火箭军进行曲
("March of the Rocket Force")
المعداتBallistic missiles, cruise missiles
الاشتباكات
الموقع الإلكترونيwww.81.cn/hjj/index.htm
القادة
CommanderGeneral Wang Houbin
Political CommissarGeneral Xu Xisheng
Chief of StaffGeneral Sun Jinming
أبرز
القادة		General Wei Fenghe
الشارات
FlagRocket Force Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg
BadgePLARF.svg
Sleeve badgeChinese People's Liberation Army Rocket Force shoulder sleeve badge.svg
القوات المسلحة
لجمهورية الصين الشعبية
China Emblem PLA.svg
الأقسام التنفيذية
الأركان
الخدمات
القوات المستقلة
قوة العمليات الخاصة
قوات أخرى
المناطق العسكرية
تاريخ العسكرية الصينية
الرتب العسكرية بالصين

قوة الصواريخ لجيش التحرير الشعبي (People's Liberation Army Rocket Force؛ PLARF؛ صينية: 中国人民解放军火箭军؛ پن‌ين: Zhōngguó Rénmín Jiěfàngjūn Huǒjiàn Jūn�), formerly the Second Artillery Corps (صينية: 第二炮兵�), is the strategic and tactical missile force of the People's Republic of China. The PLARF is the 4th branch of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) and controls China's arsenal of land-based ballistic missiles—both nuclear and conventional. The armed service branch was established on 1 July 1966 and made its first public appearance on 1 October 1984. The headquarters for operations is located at Qinghe, Beijing. The PLARF is under the direct command of the Central Military Commission (CMC).

In total, China is estimated to be in possession of 400 nuclear warheads as of 2023, with an unknown number of them active and ready to deploy.[2] In 2013, the United States Department of Defense estimated the Chinese active ICBM arsenal to range between 50 and 75 land and sea-based missiles.[3] More recent intelligence assessments in 2019 put China's ICBM count at around 90 and growing rapidly.[4] The PLARF comprises approximately 120,000 personnel and six ballistic missile "bases" (units at roughly corps or army group level). The six bases are independently deployed in the five Theaters throughout China.[5][6]

The name was changed from the PLA Second Artillery Corps to the PLA Rocket Force on 1 January 2016.[7][8] Despite claims by some, there appears to be no evidence to suggest that the new generation of Chinese ballistic-missile submarines will come under PLARF control.[9][10]

China has the largest land-based missile arsenal in the world. According to Pentagon estimates, this includes 1,200 conventionally armed short-range ballistic missiles, 200 to 300 conventional medium-range ballistic missiles and an unknown number of conventional intermediate-range ballistic missiles, as well as 200-300 ground-launched cruise missiles. Many of these are extremely accurate, which would allow them to destroy targets even without nuclear warheads.[11]

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التاريخ

للمزيد من المعلومات: الصين وأسلحة الدمار الشامل

In the late 1980s, China was the world's third-largest nuclear power, possessing a small but credible nuclear deterrent force of approximately 100 to 400 nuclear weapons. Beginning in the late 1970s, China deployed a full range of nuclear weapons and acquired a nuclear second-strike capability. The nuclear forces were operated by the 100,000-person Strategic Missile Force, which was controlled directly by the General Staff.

China began developing nuclear weapons in the late 1950s with substantial Soviet assistance. With the Sino-Soviet split in the late 1950s and early 1960s, the Soviet Union withheld plans and data for an atomic bomb, abrogated the agreement on transferring defense and nuclear technology, and began the withdrawal of Soviet advisers in 1960. Despite the termination of Soviet assistance, China committed itself to continue nuclear weapons development to break "the superpowers' monopoly on nuclear weapons," to ensure Chinese security against the Soviet and American threats, and to increase Chinese prestige and power internationally.

China made rapid progress in the 1960s in developing nuclear weapons. In a 32-month period, China successfully tested its first atomic bomb on October 16, 1964, at Lop Nor, launched its first nuclear missile on October 27, 1966, and detonated its first hydrogen bomb on June 17, 1967. Deployment of the Dongfeng-1 conventionally armed short-range ballistic missile and the Dongfeng-2 (CSS-1) medium-range ballistic missile (MRBM) occurred in the 1960s. The Dongfeng-3 (CCS-2) intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM) was successfully tested in 1969. Although the Cultural Revolution disrupted the strategic weapons program less than other scientific and educational sectors in China, there was a slowdown in succeeding years.

Gansu hosted a missile launching area.[12] China destroyed 9 U-2 surveillance craft while two went missing when they attempted to spy on it.[13]

In the 1970s, the nuclear weapons program saw the development of MRBM, IRBM and ICBMs and marked the beginning of a deterrent force. China continued MRBM deployment, began deploying the Dongfeng-3 IRBM and successfully tested and commenced deployment of the Dongfeng-4 (CSS-4) limited-range ICBM.

By 1980, China had overcome the slowdown in nuclear development caused by the Cultural Revolution and had successes in its strategic weapons program. In May 1980, China successfully test launched its full-range ICBM, the Dongfeng-5 (CCS-4); the missile flew from central China to the Western Pacific, where it was recovered by a naval task force. The Dongfeng-5 possessed the capability to hit targets in the western Soviet Union and the United States.

In 1981, China launched three satellites into space orbit from a single launch vehicle, indicating that China might possess the technology to develop multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles (MIRVs). China also launched the Type 092 submarine SSBN (Xia-class) in 1981, and the next year it conducted its first successful test launch of the Julang-2 submarine-launched ballistic missile (CSS-NX-4).

In addition to the development of a sea-based nuclear force, China began considering the development of tactical nuclear weapons. PLA exercises featured the simulated use of tactical nuclear weapons in offensive and defensive situations beginning in 1982. Reports of Chinese possession of tactical nuclear weapons had remained unconfirmed in 1987.

In 1986, China possessed a credible deterrent force with land, sea and air elements. Land-based forces included ICBMs, IRBMs, and MRBMs. The sea-based strategic force consisted of SSBNs. The Air Force's bombers were capable of delivering nuclear bombs but would be unlikely to penetrate the sophisticated air defenses of modern military powers.

China's nuclear forces, in combination with the PLA's conventional forces, served to deter both nuclear and conventional attacks on the Chinese lands. Chinese leaders pledged to not use nuclear weapons first (no first use), but pledged to absolutely counter-attack with nuclear weapons if nuclear weapons are used against China. China envisioned retaliation against strategic and tactical attacks and would probably strike countervalue rather than counterforce targets.

The combination of China's few nuclear weapons and technological factors such as range, accuracy, and response time limited the effectiveness of nuclear strikes against counterforce targets. China has been seeking to increase the credibility of its nuclear retaliatory capability by dispersing and concealing its nuclear forces in difficult terrain, improving their mobility, and hardening its missile silos.

The CJ-10 long-range cruise missile made its first public appearance during the military parade on the 60th Anniversary of the People's Republic of China; the CJ-10 represents the next generation in rocket weapons technology in the PLA.

In late 2009, it was reported that the Corps was constructing a 3,000–5,000-kilometre (1,900–3,100 mi) long underground launch and storage facility for nuclear missiles in the Hebei province.[14] 47 News reported that the facility was likely located in the Taihang Mountains.[15]

On 9 January 2014, a Chinese hypersonic glide vehicle (HGV) referred to as the WU-14 was allegedly spotted flying at high speeds over the country. The flight was confirmed by the Pentagon as a hypersonic missile delivery vehicle capable of penetrating the U.S. missile defense system and delivering nuclear warheads. The WU-14 is reportedly designed to be launched as the final stage of a Chinese ICBM traveling at Mach 10, or 12,360 km/h (7,680 mph).[16]

Two Chinese technical papers from December 2012 and April 2013 show that China has concluded that hypersonic weapons pose "a new aerospace threat" and that they are developing satellite directed precision guidance systems. China is the third country to enter the "hypersonic arms race" after Russia and the United States. The U.S. Air Force has flown the X-51A Waverider technology demonstrator and the U.S. Army has flight tested the Advanced Hypersonic Weapon.[16] China later confirmed the successful test flight of a "hypersonic missile delivery vehicle," but claimed it was part of a scientific experiment and not aimed at a target.[17]

US Air Force National Air and Space Intelligence Center estimated that by 2022 the number of Chinese nuclear warheads capable of reaching the United States could expand to well over 100.[18]

In June 2021, James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies has found out that China is constructing new missile silo field in Gansu in western China. According to the satellite picture, 119 missile silos for intercontinental ballistic missiles are under construction near Yumen City.[19] In July, Federation Of American Scientists found out there are another 110 silos being built in Hami, Xinjiang. The two significant expansion projects include silos more than ten times the number of ICBM silos in operation of PLARF today.[20]

In July 2021, China tested globe-circling hypersonic missile including the unprecedented launch of a separate 2nd missile from the ultra-high-speed vehicle according to the Financial Times and Wall Street Journal. The test showed China's development of its strategic, nuclear-capable weapons as more advanced than any had thought, surprising Pentagon officials, the two newspapers said. Neither the United States nor Russia has demonstrated the same ability, which requires launching a missile from a parent vehicle traveling five times the speed of sound. According to reporting by the Financial Times, this weapons system consists of two parts: a fractional orbital bombardment system (FOBS) and a hypersonic glide vehicle (HGV).[21][22]

في يوليو 2023, South China Morning Post reported that PLARF commander Li Yuchao and deputy commander Liu Guangbin were under the investigation of the Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission. Later that month, both Li Yuchao and Liu Guangbin were officially removed from their posts, while Wang Houbin was appointed as the commander PLARF.[23] Additionally, Xu Xisheng was appointed as the political commissar.[24]


مدى المقذوفات

  • Chinese Conventional Strike Ranges as of 2022

    Chinese Conventional Strike Ranges as of 2022

  • Chinese Nuclear Ballistic Missile Strike Ranges as of 2022

    Chinese Nuclear Ballistic Missile Strike Ranges as of 2022

الرتب

الضباط

المسمى 上将
Shang jiang 		中将
Zhong jiang 		少将
Shao jiang 		大校
Da xiao 		上校
Shang xiao 		中校
Zhong xiao 		少校
Shao xiao 		上尉
Shang wei 		中尉
Zhong wei 		少尉
Shao wei 		学员
Xue yuan
الترجمة الإنجليزية General Lieutenant general Major general Senior colonel عقيد Lieutenant colonel Major Captain First lieutenant Second lieutenant Officer cadet
شارة الكتف PLAGF-0720-GEN.png PLAGF-0719-LTG.png PLAGF-0718-MG.png PLAGF-0717-SNC.png PLAGF-0716-COL.png PLAGF-0715-LTC.png PLAGF-0714-MAJ.png PLAGF-0713-CPT.png PLAGF-0712-1LT.png PLAGF-0711-2LT.png PLAGF-0710-CDT.png
شارة الياقة PLAGF-Collar-0720-GEN.png PLAGF-Collar-0719-LTG.png PLAGF-Collar-0718-MG.png PLAGF-Collar-0717-SNC.png PLAGF-Collar-0716-COL.png PLAGF-Collar-0715-LTC.png PLAGF-Collar-0714-MAJ.png PLAGF-Collar-0713-CPT.png PLAGF-Collar-0712-1LT.png PLAGF-Collar-0711-2LT.png PLAGF-Collar-0710-CDT.png

الجنود

المسمى 一级军士长
Yi ji jun shi zhang 		二级军士长
Er ji jun shi zhang 		三级军士长
San ji jun shi zhang 		四级军士长
Si ji jun shi zhang 		上士
شانگ شي 		中士
Zhong shi 		下士
شيا شي 		上等兵
Shang deng bing 		列兵
ليى بينگ
الترجمة المكافئة Master sergeant first class Master sergeant second class Master sergeant third class Master sergeant fourth class Staff sergeant رقيب عريف Lance Corporal Private
شارة الكتف PLAGF-0709-1CSGT.png PLAGF-0708-2CSGT.png PLAGF-0707-3CSGT.png PLAGF-0706-4CSGT.png PLAGF-0705-SSG.png PLAGF-0704-SGT.png PLAGF-0703-CPL.png PLAGF-0702-PFC.png PLAGF-0701-PVT.png
شارة الياقة PLAGF-Collar-0709-1CSGT.png PLAGF-Collar-0708-2CSGT.png PLAGF-Collar-0707-3CSGT.png PLAGF-Collar-0706-4CSGT.png PLAGF-Collar-0705-SSG.png PLAGF-Collar-0704-SGT.png PLAGF-Collar-0703-CPL.png PLAGF-Collar-0702-PFC.png PLAGF-Collar-0701-PVT.png


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الصواريخ في الخدمة

للمزيد من المعلومات: Dongfeng (missile)

It is currently somewhat unclear as to whether the Chinese theater commands or the PLARF itself has operational control over the conventional ballistic missile units, though it seems likely that the PLARF acts in coordination with, but not taking orders from, the theater commands with regards to the use of conventional ballistic missiles, with control of nuclear weapons continuing to be exercised at the Central Military Commission level.[25]

Missiles Operated by the PLARF[26]
Missile Chinese name NATO name Image Est. Max Range Estimated Launchers Est. Nuclear Warheads
Hypersonic Glide Vehicles (HGVs) صينية: 高超音速飞行器؛ پن‌ين: gāochāo yīnsù fēixíngqì�
DF-ZF "DF-ZF"[27] None (WU-14) Dongfeng-17 sketch.svg 1500+ km ? 0
Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs) صينية: 洲际弹道导弹؛ پن‌ين: zhōujì dàndào dǎodàn�
Dongfeng-41 الصينية المبسطة: 东风-41؛ الصينية التقليدية: 東風-41� CSS-20 Dongfeng-41 CSS-20 sketch.svg 12,000–15,000 km Mobile:28
Silo:? 		84
Dongfeng-31 الصينية المبسطة: 东风-31؛ الصينية التقليدية: 東風-31� CSS-10 DF-31 ballistic missiles 20170919.jpg 12,000 km DF-31:6
DF-31A:24
DF-31AG:60 		90
Dongfeng-5 الصينية المبسطة: 东风-5؛ الصينية التقليدية: 東風-5� CSS-4 DF-5B intercontinental ballistic missiles during 2015 China Victory Day parade.jpg 12,000–15,000 km DF-5A:6
DF-5B:12 		66
Dongfeng-4 الصينية المبسطة: 东风-4؛ الصينية التقليدية: 東風-4� CSS-3 DF-4 Missile (Horizontal).png 5,500 km 6? 0
Intermediate-Range Ballistic Missiles (IRBMs) صينية: 远程弹道导弹؛ پن‌ين: yuǎnchéng dàndào dǎodàn�
Dongfeng-26 الصينية المبسطة: 东风-26؛ الصينية التقليدية: 東風-26� CSS-18 Dong-Feng 26.JPG 5,000 km
Medium-Range Ballistic Missiles (MRBMs) صينية: 中程弹道导弹؛ پن‌ين: zhōng chéng dàndào dǎodàn�
Dongfeng-21 الصينية المبسطة: 东风-21؛ الصينية التقليدية: 東風-21� CSS-5 DF-21A TEL - Chinese Military Museum Beijing.jpg 1,500–1,770 km DF-21A/E: 24
DF-21D: 		24
Dongfeng-17 الصينية المبسطة: 东风-17؛ الصينية التقليدية: 東風-17� CSS-22 Dongfeng-17 sketch.svg 1,800–2,500 km 54 ?
Dongfeng-16 الصينية المبسطة: 东风-16؛ الصينية التقليدية: 東風-16� CSS-11 DF-16 Ballistic Missile 20170919.jpg 800-1,000 km
Short-Range Ballistic Missiles (SRBMs) صينية: 短程弹道导弹؛ پن‌ين: duǎnchéng dàndào dǎodàn�
Dongfeng-15 الصينية المبسطة: 东风-15؛ الصينية التقليدية: 東風-15� CSS-6 Dongfeng-15B.JPG 600–900 km
Dongfeng-12 (M20) الصينية المبسطة: 东风-12؛ الصينية التقليدية: 東風-12� CSS-X-15 Not available 280–420 km
Dongfeng-11 (M11) الصينية المبسطة: 东风-11؛ الصينية التقليدية: 東風-11� CSS-7 DF-11 TEL vehicle -1.jpg 300–600 km
B-611 "B611" CSS-11 Not available 480 km
Cruise Missiles صينية: 巡航导弹؛ پن‌ين: xúnháng dǎodàn�
CJ-10 الصينية المبسطة: 长剑-10؛ الصينية التقليدية: 長劍-10� None CJ-10 Cruise missile 20170919.jpg 1,500+ km
Sources:[28][2][3][4]

صواريخ أحيلت للتقاعد

النسق القتالي

The PLARF is organised into Bases, sometimes called Armies, with each Base commanding a number of Brigades, and each Brigade commanding a number of Battalions. As a rule of thumb, each Base operates between 3 and 5 brigades, with a mix of conventional and nuclear-capable Brigades in each. The exception is Base 61, which is believed to have 7 Brigades, all of which are conventional.[29]

It is currently somewhat unclear as to whether the Chinese theater commands or the PLARF itself has operational control over the conventional ballistic missile units, though it seems likely that the PLARF acts in coordination with, but not taking orders from, the theater commands with regards to the use of conventional ballistic missiles, with control of nuclear weapons continuing to be exercised at the Central Military Commission level.[30] It appears that the number of missiles assigned to each Brigade differs by missile type, as well as the individual Brigade itself.

Base 61, Huangshan

The garrisoned unit was founded in August 1965 as unit 121 in Guangyang Township of Shitai County in the Anhui Province and is responsible for the construction of missile silos.[31] The base itself was built in June 1966 under Project 303, and was designated as the 52nd Base of the Second Artillery Corp under the Nanjing Military Region on 25 May 1968. In 2016, the PLA Rocket Force assumed authority over the base. On 18 April 2017, under orders from Xi Jinping and the Central Military Commission, the base was re-designated Base 61.

Brigade No Location Missile Type
611 Chizhou City, Anhui Province (صينية: 安徽省池州市�) DF-21A
612 Jingdezhen City, Jiangxi Province (صينية: 江西省景德镇市�) DF-21A
613 Shangrao City, Jiangxi Province (صينية: 江西省上饶市�) DF-15B
614 Yong'an City, Fujian Province (صينية: 福建省永安市�) DF-11A
615 Meizhou City, Guangdong Province (صينية: 广东省梅州市�) DF-11A
616 Ganzhou City, Jiangxi Province (صينية: 江西省赣州市�) DF-15
617 Jinhua City, Zhejiang Province (صينية: 浙江省金华市�) DF-16


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Base 62, Kunming

[32][33][31]

  • 621 Brigade, Yibin, (DF-21C)
  • 622 Brigade, Yuxi, (DF-31A)
  • 623 Brigade, Liuzhou, (CJ-10A)
  • 624 Brigade, Danzhou, (DF-21D)
  • 625 Brigade, Jianshui, (DF-26)
  • 626 Brigade, Qingyuan, (DF-26)
  • 627 Brigade, Jieyang, (DF-17)

Base 63, Huaihua

[31]

  • 631 Brigade, Jingzhou, (DF-5B)
  • 632 Brigade, Shaoyang, (DF-31)
  • 633 Brigade, Huitong, (DF-5A)
  • 634 Brigade, Tongdao, missile type unknown.
  • 635 Brigade, Yichun, (CJ-10)
  • 636 Brigade, Shaoguan, (DF-16)
  • 637 Brigade, location and missile type unknown

Base 64, Lanzhou

[31]

  • 641 Brigade, Hancheng, (DF-31)
  • 642 Brigade, Datong, (DF-31A)
  • 643 Brigade, Tianshui, (DF-31AG)
  • 644 Brigade, Hanzhong, missile type unknown
  • 645 Brigade, Yinchuan, missile type unknown
  • 646 Brigade, Korla, (either DF-21B or 21C)

Base 65, Shenyang

This Base is stationed in Shenyang City, capital of Liaoning Province, under the Northern Theatre Command. The Base was founded in September 1964 as the 51st Base Command of the Second Artillery Corps under the 302 Project, and then approved by committee on November 1st. On 25 May 1968, it was transferred to the Second Artillery Force.

In 1970, it moved to Tonghua City in Jilin Province. In 1992, it moved to its current home in Shenyang. It was transferred to the PLA Rocket Force in 2016. On 18 April 2017, under orders from CCP general secretary and CMC chairman Xi Jinping, the base was realigned and redesignated as the 65th Base.

The following brigades are subordinate: [31][33]

  • 651 Brigade, Dalian, (DF-21, sub-type unknown)
  • 652 Brigade, Tonghua, (DF-21C or DF-21D)
  • 653 Brigade, Laiwu, (DF-21D)
  • 654 Brigade, Dalian, (DF-26)

Base 66, Luoyang

  • 661 Brigade, Lingbao, (DF-5B)
  • 662 Brigade, Luanchuan, (DF-4)
  • 663 Brigade, Nanyang, (DF-31A)
  • 664 Brigade, Luoyang, (DF-31AG)
  • 665 Brigade, location and missile type unknown
  • 666 Brigade, Xinyang, (DF-26)

The PLARF operates another Base, Base 67,[33] which is responsible for nuclear warhead storage, warhead transport, warhead inspection and nuclear weapon's training. It is believed to form part of the nuclear C3 [Command, Control and Communications] network, though it is unknown if this network is PLARF-only, shared between the PLARF and military commands, or if it used by the Central Military Commission, which is believed to have its own communication system for the nuclear forces.[34]

The main nuclear storage facility is reportedly located in Taibai County, where large-scale tunneling activities have taken place. The main storage depot is apparently under Mount Taibai itself, with related Base 67 facilities spread throughout the rest of the county. It appears that each missile Base also has a smaller storage facility and depot.[34]

It is likely that warheads that require maintenance or testing, as well as a centralised reserve stock, are held at the Mount Taibai facility, with relatively few warheads distributed to the Bases and Brigades. It is likely that missile Bases would receive additional warheads from the central depot in times of high tension. It seems that the structure of a main unit in Taibai County, with smaller replica units throughout the Bases, is repeated in the transportation units.[34]

Warhead and missile transport in China is heavily reliant on the rail and road systems, likely why a large-scale rail project was constructed in the 1960s by the PLA in the area of Baoji, a large city in Shaanxi province and the location of Base 67's headquarters since that same time period. This became a concern after the 2008 Sichuan earthquake, where the vulnerability of transport networks in Shaanxi province was dramatically proven. While it is difficult to gain an accurate OOB for Base 67, with open-source documentation dating back to before the 2015 reforms, some details are known and have been reproduced below:[34]

Base 67, Baoji

[34]

  • Equipment Inspection Institute, called Unit 96411 pre-reform
  • Unknown unit, known as Unit 96412
  • Technology Service Regiment, called Unit 96421 pre-reform
  • Transportation Regiment, called Unit 96422 pre-reform
  • Training Regiment, called Unit 96423 pre-reform
  • Maintenance Regiment, called Unit 96424 pre-reform
  • Communications Regiment, called Unit 96425 pre-reform

القيادة والتحكم والاتصالات

The PLARF has operated a separate command and control structure from the rest of the PLA since 1967.[35] The goal of the system is to ensure tight control of nuclear warheads at the highest levels of government. This is done by the Central Military Commission having direct control of the PLARF, outside of the structure of military regions.

For nuclear weapons, the command structure is believed to run from the CMC, to the headquarters of the PLARF in Beijing, from there to each Artillery Base, and from each Artillery Base down to the individual Brigade. From there, the Brigade transmits firing orders to the launch companies under its control. In the case of conventional ballistic missiles, it is reasonable to assume that more autonomy will be provided in wartime, with command likely being issued from the Bases, which are believed to coordinate with their respective Military Regions on targeting and conventional missile use.

Chinese nuclear C3 capabilities are centered around fibre-optic and satellite-based communication networks, replacing older radio command networks that made up the-then Second Artillery's C3 infrastructure before the 1990s. While historically Chinese nuclear missile forces had to launch from pre-prepared sites, the newest generation of nuclear-capable missiles (the DF-26 and DF-31AG) have been seen deploying to, and launching from, unprepared sites in exercises.

This would corroborate reports that PLARF communications regiments are being trained in the ability to set up telephone and command networks "on-the-fly". The reason for these changes likely has to do with concerns about PLARF survivability; China's commitment to a no-first-use policy means that its nuclear forces have to be capable of both surviving a first-strike, and receiving the orders required to fire back.

Transporter Erector Launchers

Tractor Trucks

العمليات في السعودية

The PLARF Golden Wheel Project (Chinese Wikipedia: 金轮工程) co-operates the DF-3 and DF-21 medium-range ballistic missiles in Saudi Arabia since the establishment of Royal Saudi Strategic Missile Force in 1984.

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المراجع

الهامش

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defenseone.com (March,2019) [5]

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