قائمة أقدم الأشجار

پاندو، هي مستعمرة أشجار عمرها 80,000 سنة من نوع quaking aspen، هي أقدم شجرة مستنسخة معروفة، توجد في يوتا، الولايات المتحدة
"شجرة الحياة" في جنوب أفريقيا، يبلغ عمرها 2,000 سنة.

تحتوي هذه المقالة قائمة "أقدم الأشجار المعروفة" في العالم كما وردت من مصادر موثوقة. هذا وتختلف التعريفات المعتمدة لاعتبار شجرة معينة كشجرة معمرة. إضافة لذلك، تشتق أعمار الأشجار من مصادر مختلفة، بما في ذلك اعتماد عدد الحلقات الدائرية في جذع الشجرة، والرجوع إلى التقديرات. لهذه الأسباب، تعرض هذه المقالة 3 قوائم لأقدم الأشجار حسب معايير مختلفة.

هناك ثلاثة جداول من الأشجار ، والتي يتم سردها حسب العمر و الأنواع. يتضمن الجدول الأول الأشجار التي تم تحديد الحد الأدنى لسنها بشكل مباشر ، إما من خلال العد أو الإسناد الترافقي حلقات الشجرة أو من خلال مواعدة الكربون المشع. قد تكون العديد من هذه الأشجار أكبر من أعمارهم المدرجة في القائمة ، ولكن أقدم الخشب في الشجرة قد تعثر. بالنسبة إلى بعض الأشجار القديمة ، يفتقد جزء كبير من المركز بحيث لا يمكن تحديد عمرهم بشكل مباشر. بدلاً من ذلك ، يتم إجراء التقديرات بناءً على حجم الشجرة ومعدل النمو المفترض. يتضمن الجدول الثاني الأشجار مع هذه الأعمار المقدرة. بينما يسرد الجدول الأخير مستعمرات clonal التي قد لا يكون فيها جذوع الأشجار الفردية قديمة بشكل ملحوظ ولكن يُعتقد أن الكائن ككل قديم جدًا.

تعتبر أشجار الصنوبر المعمر الموجودة في كاليفورنيا ونيفادا في الولايات المتحدة أقدم الأشجار المعمرة في العالم بحسب السجلات والمرجعيات المختلفة، وأشهرها اعتماد الحلقات الدائرية والتي تشير إلى أن عمرها يزيد عن 5000 عام.

يمكن أن تعيش مستعمرة مستنسخة لفترة أطول بكثير من شجرة فردية. مستعمرة مكونة من 47000 quing aspen أشجار (الملقب پاندو ) ، تغطي 106 acres (43 ha) في Forestlake National Forest من يوتا ، تعتبر واحدة من أقدم وأكبر الكائنات الحية في العالم. قدرت المستعمرة بعمر 80،000 عام ، على الرغم من أن عينات حلقات الأشجار لا تتعدى تاريخ الأشجار الفردية ، فوق الأرض ، بمعدل 130 عامًا فقط.[1][2][3][4] تقدر مستعمرة Huon pine التي تغطي 2.5 acres (1.0 ha) في Mount Read (Tasmania) بحوالي 10000 عام ، على النحو الذي تحدده عينات DNA المأخوذة من حبوب اللقاح جمعت من رواسب بحيرة قريبة. يرجع تاريخ الأشجار الفردية في هذه المجموعة إلى ما لا يزيد عن 4000 عام ، على النحو الذي تحدده عينات حلقات الأشجار.[5]



. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

أشجار منفردة بأعمار محققة

Name Age
(years)		 Species Location Country Notes
Prometheus
(WPN-114)		 4,900+ Great Basin bristlecone pine
Pinus longaeva		 Wheeler Peak, Nevada United States Cut down by Donald Rusk Currey in 1964.[6]
Methuselah &&&&&&&&&&&04856.&&&&&04٬856[nb 1] Great Basin bristlecone pine
Pinus longaeva		 White Mountains (California) United States It is the oldest-known living tree in the world.[8]
Gran Abuelo &&&&&&&&&&&03653.&&&&&03٬653 Patagonian cypress
Fitzroya cupressoides		 Cordillera Pelada, Los Ríos Chile Alive.[8][9] Located within Alerce Costero National Park.[10]
CBR26 3,266 Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum		 Sierra Nevada, California United States Dead.[8]
D-21 3,220 Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum		 Sierra Nevada, California United States Dead.[8]
D-23 3,075 Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum		 Sierra Nevada, California United States Dead.[8]
CMC 3 3,033 Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum		 Sierra Nevada, California United States Dead.[8]
Scofield Juniper 2,675 Western Juniper
Juniperus occidentalis		 Sierra Nevada, California United States Dead.[8]
BLK227 2,625 Bald cypress
Taxodium distichum		 Three Sisters Cove, Black River (North Carolina) United States [11]
CB-90-11 &&&&&&&&&&&02467.&&&&&02٬467 Rocky Mountain Bristlecone Pine
Pinus aristata		 central Colorado United States [8][12]
Panke Baobab 2,419 African Baobab
Adansonia digitata		 Matabeleland North Zimbabwe Dead in 2011; the oldest non-clonal angiosperm ever documented.[13]
Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi 2,305 Sacred fig
Ficus religiosa		 Anuradhapura, North Central Province Sri Lanka A sapling from the historical Bodhi tree under which the Buddha became enlightened. It was planted in 288 BC and is the oldest living human-planted tree in the world with a known planting date.[8]
? 2,200 Coast Redwood
Sequoia sempervirens		 northern California United States Dead.[8]
Bennett Juniper 2,200 Western Juniper
Juniperus occidentalis		 Sierra Nevada, California United States [8]
SHP 7 2,110 Foxtail Pine
Pinus balfouriana		 Sierra Nevada California United States [8]
BLK232 2,089 Bald cypress
Taxodium distichum		 Three Sisters Cove, Black River (North Carolina) United States [11]
? &&&&&&&&&&&01951.&&&&&01٬951 Subalpine Larch
Larix lyallii		 Kananaskis, Alberta Canada [8][14]
CRE 175 1,889 Rocky Mountain Juniper
Juniperus scopulorum		 northern New Mexico United States [8]
Miles Juniper &&&&&&&&&&&01836.&&&&&01٬836 Western Juniper
Juniperus occidentalis		 Sierra Nevada, California United States [8][15]
Jōmon Sugi &&&&&&&&&&&01813.&&&&&01٬813 Sugi
Cryptomeria japonica		 Yakushima Island Japan [16]
KET 3996 &&&&&&&&&&&01726.&&&&&01٬726 Limber Pine
Pinus flexilis		 Ketchum, Idaho United States [8][17]
BFR-46 1,697 Limber Pine
Pinus flexilis		 Wasatch Mountains, Utah United States [8]
FL117 &&&&&&&&&&&01686.&&&&&01٬686 Northern Whitecedar
Thuja occidentalis		 Ontario Canada [8][18]
ERE 1,670 Limber Pine
Pinus flexilis		 northern New Mexico United States [8]
RCR 1 1,666 Foxtail Pine
Pinus balfouriana		 Sierra Nevada, California United States [8]
? 1,661 Limber Pine
Pinus flexilis		 South Park (Park County, Colorado) United States [8]
BBL 2 1,649 Foxtail Pine
Pinus balfouriana		 Sierra Nevada, California United States [8]
BCK 69 &&&&&&&&&&&01658.&&&&&01٬658 Bald cypress
Taxodium distichum		 Bladen County, North Carolina United States [8][19]
? 1,636 Nootka Cypress
Callitropsis nootkatensis		 Vancouver Island Canada [8]
FL101 1,567 Northern Whitecedar
Thuja occidentalis		 Ontario Canada [8]
? 1,542 Limber Pine
Pinus flexilis		 central Colorado United States [8]


أقدم الأشجار مع تقدير لأعمارهم

'ملاحظة:' أعمار الأشجار في هذه القائمة تعتمد علي المقاربة وربما لا يمكن الاعتماد عليها.

الاسم العمر
(بالسنين)		 النوع الموقع البلد Notes
?[nb 2] &&&&&&&&&&&05074.&&&&&05٬074 Great Basin bristlecone pine
Pinus longaeva		 White Mountains (California) United States Tree cored by Edmund Schulman, age determined by Tom Harlan. However, core is missing and date is unconfirmed.[8]
Llangernyw Yew 4,000–5,000 Common Yew
Taxus baccata		 Llangernyw, Conwy Wales Girth of 10.75 m. Situated in the churchyard of St Dygain's Church in Llangernyw village. One of the 50 Great British Trees.
Sarv-e Abarkuh 4,500 Mediterranean cypress
Cupressus sempervirens		 Abarkuh, Yazd Iran Also called "Zoroastrian Sarv",[20][21]
Koca Porsuk 4,112 Yew
Taxus baccata		 Zonguldak Turkey Alive, found in 2016.[22][23]
The Ancient Yew 4,000 Yew
Taxus baccata		 Tisbury, Wiltshire England 37 feet in circumference. Situated in the churchyard of St John's, Tisbury. Carbon dated by David Bellamy.[24]
The Senator 3,500 Pond cypress
Taxodium ascendens		 Longwood, Florida United States Destroyed in January 2012 by an addicted former model, who was taking illegal drugs inside the hollow tree and lit a fire to look for her things. She took photos of the fire with her cellphone and later sent them to friends, ultimately leading to her arrest.[25][26][27][28][29]
Oliveira do Mouchão (KNJ1/601) 3,350 European olive tree

Olea europea L. var. europaea

Mouriscas, Abrantes Portugal Alive.[30][31]
The President 3,200 Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum		 Sierra Nevada, California United States Alive.
Fortingall Yew 3,000 Common Yew
Taxus baccata		 Fortingall, Perthshire Scotland Alive. Possibly the oldest tree in Britain.[32][33]
Alishan Sacred Tree 3,000 Formosan cypress
Chamaecyparis formosensis		 Alishan National Scenic Area, Chiayi Taiwan Collapsed on July 1, 1997, following heavy rainstorms.[34]
S’Ozzastru 3,000–4,000 Olive
Olea europaea		 Luras, Sardinia Italy [35]
Patriarca da Floresta (pt) 3,020 Jequitibá-rosa

Cariniana legalis

Santa Rita do Passa Quatro, São Paulo Brazil Alive. Probably the oldest non-conifer in Brazil. Its name translates as "Patriarch of the Forest". Located at the Vassununga State Park.[36]
Raintree 3,000 Great Basin bristlecone pine Spring Mountains, Nevada United States Great Basin Bristlecone Pine located near Kyle Canyon in the Spring Mountain range in Southern Nevada, USA. Estimated 3000 years old but never cored.
[[{{{2}}}]] ([[:Oliveira de Santa Iria de Azóia:{{{2}}}|Oliveira de Santa Iria de Azóia]]) 2,850 Olive
Olea europaea		 Santa Iria de Azóia (pt), Loures, Lisbon Portugal Magnificent Olive tree, probably the last one from a large olive grove. Studied by UTAD University and now classified "Public interest tree" by the Portuguese National Forest Authority; Tree ID[37]
Mother of the Forest 2,520 Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum		 Calaveras Big Trees State Park, California United States Dead.
General Sherman 2,300–2,700 Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum 		Giant Forest, Sequoia National Park, California United States Alive with a height of 83.8 meters (275 ft), a diameter of 11 m (36 ft) at its base, and an estimated bole volume of 1,487 m3 (52,513 cu ft), it is among the tallest, widest, and longest-lived of all trees on the planet.[38]
Kayano Ōsugi 2,300 Japanese cedar
Cryptomeria japonica		 Yamanaka Onsen, Ishikawa Japan Girth of 9.6 m. One of the four trees believed to be sacred in the precincts in a Shinto shrine. Its name translates as "Great Sugi of Kayano".
Jōmon Sugi 2,170–7,200 Japanese cedar
Cryptomeria japonica		 Yakushima Japan Girth of 16.4 m. Exact dating is made difficult by the rotten core of the trunk. Its name is a reference to the Jōmon period of Japanese prehistory.[39][40][41]
Koca Katran 2,022 Lebanon Cedar
Cedrus libani		 Antalya Turkey Alive.[42]
Ballyconnell Yew 2,000–5,000 Yew
Taxus baccata		 Ballyconnell, Annagh Ireland Oldest tree in Ireland and possibly in Europe.[بحاجة لمصدر]
Elia Vouvon 2,000–5,000 Olive
Olea europaea		 Kolymvari, Crete Greece Its name translates as "Olive Tree of Vouves".[43]
Castagnu dê Centu Cavaddi 2,000–4,000 Sweet chestnut
Castanea sativa		 Sicily Italy Its name translates as the "Hundred Horse Chestnut".
Ulleungdo Hyangnamu 2,000–3,000 Chinese Juniper
Juniperus chinensis		 Ulleung-gun, Gyeongbuk South Korea Girth of 4.5 m. One of the main branch was broken in 1985 by typhoon "Brenda".
Lady Liberty 2,000 Bald cypress
Taxodium distichum		 Longwood, Florida United States Sometimes called the "Companion Tree" to 'Senator".
Tnjri 2,000 Oriental plane
Platanus orientalis		 Martuni Region Azerbaijan Oldest tree in Azerbaijan. Its trunk is hollow. Also known as "Sose's Tree".
Stara Maslina 2,000 Olive
Olea europaea		 Stari Bar, Bar Montenegro
The Pechanga Great Oak Tree 2,000 Coast live oak
Quercus agrifolia		 Temecula, California United States Oldest oak tree in the United States, possibly in the world.
? 2,000 Olive
Olea europaea		 Tavira, Algarve Portugal Possibly oldest olive tree in Portugal.[44]
Tejo Milenario 2,000+ Yew
Taxus baccata		 Cazorla, Jaén Spain Oldest tree in Spain.[45]
? 2,000 Olive
Olea europaea		 Exo Hora, Zakynthos Greece [46]
? 2,000 Yew
Taxus		 Sochi, Krasnodar Krai Russia A grove known to possess several 2,000-year-old specimens.[47]
Houkisugi at Nakagawa 2,000 Japanese cedar
Cryptomeria japonica		 Nakagawa Settlement, Yamakita town, Ashigarakami District, Kanagawa Prefecture Japan
Methuselah 1,800 Coast redwood
Sequoia sempervirens		 Woodside, California United States [48]
Araucaria Madre 1,800 Araucaria Araucana Araucanía Chile Located in Parque Nacional Conguillío. 1,800 rings account for at least 1,800 years.[49]
Granit oak 1,700 Pedunculate oak
Quercus robur		 Granit Bulgaria
Kongeegen 1,500–2,000 Pedunculate oak
Quercus robur		 Jægerspris Nordskov, Zealand Denmark [50]
Stelmužė Oak 1,500-2,000 Pedunculate oak
Quercus robur		 Stelmužė, Zarasai Lithuania Oldest tree in the Baltic states. Supposedly oldest oak in Europe.
Aubépines 1,500 Common hawthorn
Crataegus monogyna		 Saint-Mars-sur-la-Futaie, Mayenne France Oldest tree in France.[بحاجة لمصدر]
Seven Sisters Oak 1,500 Southern live oak
Quercus virginiana		 Mandeville, Louisiana United States Highly speculative; live oaks are extremely difficult to age, and rarely live more than 500 years.[51]
Jardine Juniper 1,500 Rocky Mountain juniper
Juniperus scopulorum		 Logan Canyon, Utah United States [52]
Árbol del Tule 1,433–1,600 Montezuma cypress
Taxodium mucronatum		 Santa María del Tule, Oaxaca Mexico Stoutest tree trunk in the world. Its name translates as the "Tule Tree".
Baikushev's pine 1300+ Pinus heldreichii Pirin Mountain Bulgaria Oldest forest tree in Bulgaria
Cedars of God 1000+ Cedrus libani
Cedars of Lebanon		 Mount Lebanon Lebanon Oldest forest of cedars in Lebanon[53]
Te Matua Ngahere 1,200–4,000 Kauri
Agathis australis		 Waipoua Forest, Northland New Zealand Oldest tree in New Zealand. Its name translates as "Father of the Forest".
Algarrobo Abuelo 1,200+ Algarrobo blanco
Prosopis chilensis		 Merlo Forest, Merlo, San Luis Argentina Oldest tree in Central Argentina.
The Old Elm 1,100+ Field Elm (Ulmus minor) Center of Sliven, Bulgaria The Old Elm won the 2014 European Tree of the Year Award. The tree has sat in the center of Sliven for 1100 years, serving as a gathering point and a historical marker. It is also part of the city coat of arms.[54]

أشجار مستنسخة

كما هو الحال مع جميع الأنواع النباتية والفطرية طويلة العمر ، لا يوجد جزء فردي من مستعمرة clonal على قيد الحياة (بمعنى نشاط التمثيل الغذائي) . قد تكون بعض مستعمرات clonal متصلة تمامًا عبر systems root ، في حين أن معظمها غير مترابط فعليًا ، ولكنها مستنسخة متطابقة وراثياً والتي ملأت منطقة ما عبر التكاثر الخضري. الأعمار بالنسبة للمستعمرات المستنسخة ، والتي تعتمد غالبًا على معدلات النمو الحالية ، هي تقديرات.[بحاجة لمصدر]

Name Age
(years)		 Species Location Country Notes
Pando 80,000[55]–1,000,000[56] Quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides		 Fishlake National Forest, Utah United States Covers 107 acres (0.43 km2) and has around 47,000 stems (average age 130 years), which continually die and are renewed by its roots. Is also the heaviest-known organism, weighing 6,000 tonnes.
Jurupa Oak[57] 13,000[58] Palmer oak
Quercus palmeri		 Jurupa Mountains, California United States Quercus palmeri Engelm. = Quercus dunnii Kellogg.[58]
Old Tjikko 9,550 Norway spruce
Picea abies		 Fulufjället National Park, Dalarna Sweden The tree's stems live no more than 600 years, but its root system's age[59][60] was established using carbon dating and genetic matching.[61] Elsewhere in the Fulu mountains, 20 spruces have been found older than 8,000 years.[62]
Old Rasmus 9,500 Norway spruce
Picea abies		 Sonfjället, Härjedalen Sweden [63]
unknown 3,000[64]–10,000[65] Huon Pine
Lagarostrobos franklinii		 Mount Read, Tasmania Australia Several genetically identical males that have reproduced vegetatively. Although single trees in this stand may be around 3 to 4 thousand years old, the stand itself as a single organism has existed for 10,000 years.[5]


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

انظر أيضاً

ملاحظات

  1. ^ It is uncertain when Methuselah's age was determined, but "it seems likely the tree had 4,789 rings (crossdated) in the summer of 1957".[7] The age given here is based on this reference point.
  2. ^ Not named yet

المراجع

  1. ^ Grant, Michael C. (1 October 1993). "The Trembling Giant". Discover Magazine. Archived from the original on 2 May 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2008.
  2. ^ "Botanical Record-Breakers". W.P Armstrong. Archived from the original on 19 December 2010. Retrieved 7 May 2008.
  3. ^ "Quaking Aspen". National Park Service - Bryce Canyon. Archived from the original on 10 February 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2008.
  4. ^ "SPECIES: Populus tremuloides". USDA - United States Forest Service. Archived from the original on 2 September 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2008.
  5. ^ أ ب "Native Conifers of Tasmania". Paks and Wildlife Service, Tasmania. Archived from the original on 2 September 2012. Retrieved 6 May 2008.
  6. ^ (May 13-17, 2013) "Dendrochronology of the "Currey Tree"" in Second American Dendrochronology Conference.. 
  7. ^ "Pinus longaeva". Gymnosperm Database. March 15, 2007. Archived from the original on May 17, 2019. Retrieved 2008-06-20.
  8. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق ك ل م ن هـ و "OldList, A Database Of Old Trees". Rocky Mountain Tree-Ring Research. May 2019. Archived from the original on 2 February 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
  9. ^ Lara, Antonio; Villalba, Ricardo (21 May 1993). "A 3620-Year Temperature Record from Fitzroya cupressoides Tree Rings in Southern South America". Science. 260 (5111): 1104–1106. Bibcode:1993Sci...260.1104L. doi:10.1126/science.260.5111.1104. PMID 17806339.
  10. ^ "Parque Nacional Alerce Costero". Conaf.cl (in Spanish). National Forest Corporation. Archived from the original on 6 أكتوبر 2014. Retrieved 16 مارس 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  11. ^ أ ب Stahle, D. W.; Edmondson, J. R.; Howard, I. M.; Robbins, C. R.; Griffin, R. D.; Carl, A.; Hall, C. B.; Stahle, D. K.; Torbenson, M. C. A. (May 16, 2019). "Longevity, climate sensitivity, and conservation status of wetland trees at Black River, North Carolina". Environmental Research Communications. 1 (4): 041002. Bibcode:2019ERCom...1d1002S. doi:10.1088/2515-7620/ab0c4a.
  12. ^ Brunstein, F. Craig; Yamaguchi, David K. (Aug 1992). "The Oldest Known Rocky Mountain Bristlecone Pines (Pinus aristata Engelm.)". Arctic and Alpine Research. 24 (3): 253–256. doi:10.2307/1551666. JSTOR 1551666.
  13. ^ Adrian Patrut et al. (2018) The demise of the largest and oldest African baobabs. Nature Plants 4: 423–426. DOI: 10.1038/s41477-018-0170-5
  14. ^ Worrall, John (1990). "Subalpine Larch: Oldest Trees in Canada?". The Forestry Chronicle. 66 (5): 478–479. doi:10.5558/tfc66478-5.
  15. ^ Miles, D.H.; Worthington, M.J. (17–21 June 1998). "Sonora Pass junipers from California USA: construction of a 3,500-year chronology". In Stravinskiene, V.; Juknys, R. (eds.). Dendrochronology and Environmental Trends - Proceedings of the International Conference. Kaunas, Lithuania: Vytautas Magnas University Department of Environmental Sciences.
  16. ^ Suzuki, Eizi; Tsukahara, Jun (1987). "Age structure and regeneration of old growth Cryptomeria japonica forests on Yakushima Island". Journal of Plant Research. 100 (3): 223–241. doi:10.1007/BF02492832.
  17. ^ Schulman, E. (1956). Dendroclimatic Changes in Semiarid America. Tucson: Univ. of Ariz. Press.
  18. ^ Larson, D. W.; Kelly, P. E. (1991). "The extent of old-growth Thuja occidentalis on cliffs of the Niagara Escarpment". Canadian Journal of Botany. 69 (7): 1628–1636. doi:10.1139/b91-206.
  19. ^ Stahle, D. W.; Cleaveland, M. K.; Hehr, J. G. (10 June 1988). "North Carolina Climate Changes Reconstructed from Tree Rings: A.D. 372 to 1985". Science. 240 (4858): 1517–1519. Bibcode:1988Sci...240.1517S. doi:10.1126/science.240.4858.1517. PMID 17798982.
  20. ^ "Cypress". Encyclopædia Iranica. Archived from the original on 2017-11-17.
  21. ^ "Trees in ancient Iran". Earthwatchers. Archived from the original on 2013-01-17. Retrieved 2013-01-11.
  22. ^ "Oldest yew tree found in Turkey's north". Archived from the original on July 20, 2016. Retrieved July 9, 2016.
  23. ^ "Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi". www.ktu.edu.tr. Retrieved 2020-01-05.
  24. ^ "The ancient yew tree". St Johns Tisbury. Archived from the original on 10 September 2018. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  25. ^ Pavuk, Amy. "'The Senator' Catches Fire". Orlando Sentinel. Times Newspaper. Archived from the original on 31 January 2012. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
  26. ^ Scheper, J. "Florida's Big Tree". Floridata.com. Archived from the original on 20 July 2008. Retrieved 7 May 2008.
  27. ^ "Model who burned down 3,500-year-old Tree while high on meth avoids jail time". news.asiantown.net. Retrieved 2019-06-14.
  28. ^ "Woman charged with burning down 'The Senator,' a 3,500-year-old tree". MNN - Mother Nature Network (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2016-12-23. Retrieved 2019-06-14.
  29. ^ Stutzman, Rene. "Woman who burned down giant tree going to prison". OrlandoSentinel.com (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Archived from the original on 2018-11-15. Retrieved 2019-06-14.
  30. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-11-04. Retrieved 2016-11-03.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  31. ^ "FLORESTAS — ICNF" (in البرتغالية). Archived from the original on 2018-08-09. Retrieved 2016-11-03.
  32. ^ Bevan-Jones, Robert (2004). The ancient yew: a history of Taxus baccata. Bollington: Windgather Press. pp. 38–39. ISBN 978-0-9545575-3-9.
  33. ^ Hidson, Toby (2014). "Addressing the claim that the Defynnog yewsin Powysmay be 5,000 years old" (PDF). Ancient Yew Group. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 24, 2018. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
  34. ^ "Alishan Forest Recreation area has new "tree king"". Taipei Times. 2006-07-02. Archived from the original on 2018-10-17. Retrieved 2013-01-11.
  35. ^ "A Luras il patriarca degli olivastri millenari d'Europa" (PDF) (in Italian). COMUNE DI LURAS. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-01-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  36. ^ Botosso, Paulo Cesar (November 2002). "Conhecer a Idade das Árvores: Importância e Aplicação" (PDF). Embrapa Florestas. Documentos 75: 25. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-10-26. Retrieved 2017-10-26.
  37. ^ "UTAD classificou oliveira com 2.850 anos!" (in Portuguese). CienciaPT. 2011-07-08. Archived from the original on 2012-03-19. Retrieved 2013-01-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  38. ^ "The General Sherman Tree - Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2018-03-17. Retrieved 2018-03-03.
  39. ^ Hobson, Jake (2007). Niwaki: Pruning, Training and Shaping Trees the Japanese Way. Timber Press. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-88192-835-8. Retrieved 25 August 2008.
  40. ^ Flora and Fauna Fact Sheet (Web Japan)
  41. ^ Miyazaki, Makoto. "The old men of the mountains". The Yomiuri Shimbun. Archived from the original on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 15 June 2008.
  42. ^ "Locals want quarries out of Çığlıkara Forest". Retrieved July 9, 2016.
  43. ^ "The Olive Tree and Olive Oil". Sfakia-crete.com. Archived from the original on 2018-12-12. Retrieved 2013-01-11.
  44. ^ "The oldest olive tree in Europe". Waymarking.com. Archived from the original on 2018-08-09. Retrieved 2013-01-11.
  45. ^ "Andalucía alberga el árbol más longevo de toda España". Cambio16. 2018-05-04. Archived from the original on 2019-10-14. Retrieved 2019-10-15.
  46. ^ "the-oldest-olive-tree pictures, videos and albums". Webshots.com. Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2013-01-11.
  47. ^ "О Кавказе". Wwf.ru. 2008-07-24. Archived from the original on 2016-12-16. Retrieved 2013-01-11.
  48. ^ ""Methuselah" Redwood - Woodside, California". Waymarking.com. Archived from the original on 2018-08-09. Retrieved 2013-01-11.
  49. ^ ""Parque de Araucarias Araucanas" - Chile: La edad milenaria e indefinida de las Araucarias Araucanas". parquedearaucarias.blogspot.cl. Archived from the original on 2016-01-08. Retrieved 2015-12-30.
  50. ^ "Kong Frederik den Syvendes Stiftelse Paa Jægerspris". Kongfrederik.dk. Archived from the original on 2018-10-21. Retrieved 2013-01-11.
  51. ^ Koder, K. "Live Oak, Pillars of a Nation". Urban Forestry South. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-12-10.
  52. ^ "Jardine Juniper Trail". Utahmountainbiking.com. 2001-08-31. Archived from the original on 2019-03-10. Retrieved 2013-01-11.
  53. ^ The Gymnosperm Database - Cedrus libani (December, 2011) http://www.conifers.org/pi/Cedrus_libani.php Archived 2016-08-23 at the Wayback Machine
  54. ^ "2014 European Tree of the Year". 2014. Archived from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
  55. ^ Quaking Aspen Archived 2015-02-10 at the Wayback Machine by the Bryce Canyon National Park Service
  56. ^ Genetic Variation and the Natural History of Quaking Aspen, Mitton, J. B. & Grant, M. C. (1996). BioScience 46 (1): 25-31.
  57. ^ Connor, Steve (Science Editor), "At 13,000 years, tree is world's oldest organism Archived 2017-10-22 at the Wayback Machine", The Independent (newspaper), United Kingdom, December 23, 2009, online article December 22, 2009.
  58. ^ أ ب May, Michael R.; Provance, Mitchell C.; Sanders, Andrew C.; Ellstrand, Norman C.; and Ross-Ibarra, Jeffrey, "A Pleistocene Clone of Palmer's Oak Persisting in Southern California", PLoS ONE, Vol. 4, Issue 12, December, 2009.
  59. ^ "Swedes find 'world's oldest tree'". BBC News. 17 April 2008. Archived from the original on 21 April 2008. Retrieved 20 April 2008.
  60. ^ Owen, James (14 April 2008). "Oldest Living Tree Found in Sweden". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 18 April 2008. Retrieved 16 April 2008.
  61. ^ "World's oldest living tree discovered in Sweden". Swedish Research Council. 16 April 2008. Archived from the original on 2 September 2012. Retrieved 16 April 2008.
  62. ^ Roger Highfield (17 April 2008). "World's oldest tree discovered in Sweden". London: The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 26 August 2008. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
  63. ^ Swedish dn.se
  64. ^ "The Oldest Living Tasmanian: The Huon Pine". Australian Broadcasting Company. Archived from the original on 2012-11-09. Retrieved 2013-01-11.
  65. ^ "Oldest Living Tree Found in Sweden". National Geographic News. 2008-04-08. Archived from the original on 2012-11-01. Retrieved 2013-01-11.
تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=قائمة_أقدم_الأشجار&oldid=3557571"