غافدوس

Coordinates: 34°50′N 24°05′E / 34.833°N 24.083°E / 34.833; 24.083
گاڤدوس
Γαύδος Gavdos
صورة بالقمر الصناعي لگاڤدوس.
صورة بالقمر الصناعي لگاڤدوس.
گاڤدوس is located in اليونان
گاڤدوس
گاڤدوس
الموقع في المنطقة
2011 Dimos Gavdou.png
الإحداثيات: 34°50′N 24°05′E / 34.833°N 24.083°E / 34.833; 24.083
البلد اليونان
المنطقة الاداريةكريت
الوحدة المحليةخانيا
المساحة
 • البلدية33٫0 كم² (12٫7 ميل²)
أعلى منسوب
345 m (1٬132 ft)
أوطى منسوب
0 m (0 ft)
التعداد
 (2001)[1]
 • البلدية
98
 • كثافة البلدية3�0/km2 (7٫7/sq mi)
منطقة التوقيتUTC+2 (EET)
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC+3 (EEST)
Postal code
730 01
مفتاح الهاتف28230
Vehicle registrationΧΝ

گاڤدوس Gavdos (باليونانية: Γαύδος، [ˈɣavðos]) هي جزيرة تقع في أقصى جنوب اليونان، جنوب جزيرة كريت. وگاڤدوس تتبع اداريا مقاطعة خانيا. وتشكل گاڤدوس تجمع يحيط به مجموعة من الجزر الصغيرة. وهي أقصى النقاط جنوباً في اوروپا.


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التسمية

رأس تريپيتي، أقصى النقاط جنوباً في أوروپا.

Gavdos has been known by a wide variety of names. فعلى سبيل المثال، فهي تظهر في القصص الإنجيلي في رحلة پولس إلى روما في الأعمال 27 بإسم "كلاودا Clauda" (Κλαῦδα) أو "كاودا Cauda" (Καῦδα). كما أشير إلى الجزيرة بإسم "كاودا Cauda" من قِبل الجغرافي الروماني Pomponius Mela, and as "Gaudos" by پليني. Ptolemy called Gavdos "Claudos" (Κλαῦδος).[2] أسماها البنادقة "گوتسو Gotzo"، ربما تقليداً للجزيرة المالطية "گوزو Gozo".[3] منذ القرن السابع عشر حتى القرن التاسع عشر، كانت الجزيرة تُعرف باسم "گوندزو Gondzo". وكان الاسم بالتركية هو "بوگادوز Bougadoz".


الجغرافيا

شاطئ پتاموس في جزيرة گاڤدوس، وتظهر جزيرة كريت في الخلفية.

الجغرافيا

The island is 26 nautical miles (48 km) south of Chora Sfakion. The area of the municipality, which includes the small island Gavdopoula, is 32.424 square kilometres (12.5 sq mi).[4] The island is roughly triangular in shape. Its highest point is Mount Vardia, 345 metres (1,132 feet). The southeastern corner is a rocky peninsula with a natural arch carved by the elements, called Trypiti. A concrete sculpture of an oversized chair, built by a group of Russians who came to the island in the 1990s, sits on top of Trypiti.[5]

البيئة

There is an islet called Gavdopoula (Γαυδοπούλα, "little Gavdos") to the north west of Gavdos. Gavdos and Gavdopoula are covered with phrygana (φρύγανα), low-lying shrubs. Both are important stops for migrating birds.[6] Local birds include the Eurasian scops owl and the European shag. Both Gavdos and Gavdopoula have been designated by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area (IBA).[7] Gavdos also has a variety of other vegetation, such as maquis as well as forests of pines and junipers.[8]

Potamos-beach on Gavdos with the island of Crete in the background.

Climate

Gavdos is the southernmost island in Greece and all of Europe. The island has a hot summer Mediterranean climate. Summers are constantly hot, with daily temperatures reaching 27 °C (81 °F) in July and August. Extremes are occasional, sometimes reaching up to 40 °C (104 °F), and it has extremely mild winters by European standards. January, the coldest month, has an average temperature of 13 °C (55 °F). The Mediterranean Sea is an important thermal regulator that surrounds its island in all its directions, while maintaining the high temperature of the sea, especially in summer passing from 26 °C (79 °F). The mild climate is aided by hot winds blowing from the Sahara Desert. The countless mountains of the Balkans protect from the cold, continental air, in addition to its island condition. As a result of the Subtropical High of the Azores precipitation is concentrated in winter, making summers dry with no precipitation days during June, July and August months. It is one of the sunniest places in Europe and with the highest number of radiation: between 1800 and 1900 kWh/m2 (ideal for solar panels), values closer to North Africa and the Middle East.[9][10]

Climate data for Gavdos
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 15.1
(59.2) 		16.1
(61.0) 		17.2
(63.0) 		19.4
(66.9) 		24.5
(76.1) 		28.3
(82.9) 		32
(90) 		32.7
(90.9) 		29.3
(84.7) 		25.2
(77.4) 		21.5
(70.7) 		18.1
(64.6) 		23.3
(74.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 10
(50) 		11.3
(52.3) 		12.1
(53.8) 		13.8
(56.8) 		17.7
(63.9) 		21
(70) 		24.1
(75.4) 		25
(77) 		22.9
(73.2) 		19.9
(67.8) 		17.3
(63.1) 		13.3
(55.9) 		17.4
(63.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 95.7
(3.77) 		85.5
(3.37) 		34.6
(1.36) 		18.9
(0.74) 		2.3
(0.09) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		22.7
(0.89) 		89.9
(3.54) 		61.2
(2.41) 		79.5
(3.13) 		490.3
(19.3)
Source: https://cretaweather.gr/gavdos/ (2019-2021 averages)

السكان

There are only a small number of year-round residents of Gavdos and services for tourists are basic. اعتبارا من 2011, the total population of Gavdos was 152.[11] In reality, fewer than 50 people live permanently on the island.[بحاجة لمصدر] In the summer the total people on the island can reach over 3,500, most of whom are campers and tourists. The largest man-made harbour is at Karave. The island's capital is Kastri. The southernmost populated village is Vatsiana, with a total permanent population of 31 people. Fokia (with Korfos beach area), Ampelos and the area around Sarakiniko beach are the other main populated places.

التاريخ

The concrete chair on Gavdos (Cape Tripiti) that symbolizes the southernmost point of Europe.

Gavdos has supported a permanent population since Neolithic times and the Bronze Age.[12]

Gavdos has been identified as a possible site of the mythical Ogygia where Kalypso held Odysseus prisoner. Archaeological evidence showed that the Roman empire was active on the island. During that time the flora of the island was overexploited and that started a process of erosion which has continued to this day.

Gavdos, under the name of Cauda, was briefly referenced in the Bible's New Testament in the book of Acts. In chapter 27 whilst Paul is a prisoner being transported to Rome by ship they encounter a storm, in verse 16 it reads "As we passed to the lee of a small island called Cauda, we were hardly able to make the lifeboat secure...". (NIV Version) They eventually shipwrecked in Malta.

Gavdos had approximately 8,000 inhabitants by 900 AD. During the Ottoman Empire's reign on the island, which lasted from 1665 until 1895, Gavdos was known as Gondzo. During this period the population decreased considerably to only 500 by 1882. A reference to Saracens on the island survives: the beach Sarakiniko ("of the Saracens").

In the 1930s the island was used as a place of exile of communists; more than 250 people were exiled including leading figures of the Greek movement, such as Markos Vafiadis and Aris Velouchiotis. During World War II, Allied forces evacuated some forces to Gavdos following the German victory in the battle of Crete.[13] Gavdos was then occupied by the Axis powers from June 1941 until liberation in October 1944.

Later on, the general phase of urbanization that started in other parts of Greece in the 1960s took place in the 1950s on Gavdos. During that period the islanders exchanged their land on Gavdos with ex-Turkish land on Crete, which had now become exchangeable via the state.[14] Upon settling in Crete they created a community known as Gavdiotika, which is part of the town of Paleochora.


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الاقتصاد

There are many abandoned terraces on Gavdos where farmers used to grow crops on the hillsides. There still is some agriculture on Gavdos. During the summer, the population of the island swells to a few thousand because of tourists, although there are few facilities for tourists. There is one year-round cafe in Carave (Karabe) on Gavdos run by Evangelina Tsigonakis.[15] There is a modern non-functioning reproduction lighthouse tower on Gavdos which now serves as a cafe during the summer season; the complex also contains a museum on the history of the original lighthouse with several rooms of photos and antique equipment. Gavdos has an FM radio station, Gavdos FM 88.8, which is also available online.[16]

A beach on the northern part of the island.


النقل

Ferries connect the port of Karave with those of Paleochora, Sougia, Agia Roumeli, Loutro and Hóra Sfakíon. There is a heliport in the northern part of the island. Bus services connect the island's main locations. The island's road network is a mixture of paved, unsurfaced and dirt roads.

السياسة

Following years of isolation, in 1996 the island came to media prominence. In a NATO exercise Gavdos was the focal point of a confrontation between Greece and Turkey. Following that, Prime Minister Costas Simitis visited Gavdos and announced a five-year, €1.5 million plan for the island's development.

In 2001, Costis Stephanopoulos, the Greek President, inaugurated a telemedicine centre on Gavdos, an island which has not had a full-time doctor in recent memory. This effort, however, was marred as the island's infrastructure could not provide the necessary power required by the centre. For the purposes of the inauguration, generators were brought in, which were then removed. However, according to a 2008 BBC News report the island now features stable electrical power, and young medical graduates can serve for six months on Gavdos in lieu of compulsory military service. But visitors to Gavdos in June 2008 found that the power station was not functioning and that businesses were relying on gas generators operated for a few hours per night; locals stated that the power station worked initially, but no longer serves the entire island reliably.[15]

In 2002, the island was in the news again, due to the arrests of members of the extremist Marxist group 17 November. The leader of this organization had been living openly for several years on Gavdos as a beekeeper.[15]

For the first time, a military outpost was established on the Island of Gavdos by the Greek defence ministry on 30 November 2020. The ministry announced plans of doing the same at the Othonoi island, the westernmost point of the country, following the establishment at the southernmost point of Greece. A total of 9 soldiers were deployed at the outpost in Gavdos at the Cape Tripiti. The decision followed the announcement made by the ministry of expanding Greek territorial waters to 12 nautical miles in the Ionian Sea.[17]

گاڤدوس في الأدب

Rocky coast of the southern part of Gavdos.

جاء ذكر گاڤدوس في رواية كتبها جيمس ألدريدج عام 1944 باسم "نسر البحر"، وتدور حول قصة هروب مجموعة اليونانيين المناصرين للحلفاء مع جنود أستراليين لجزيرة گاڤدوس بعد معركة كريت. The three join an expedition to liberate some Cretan fishermen from a Metaxas-era prison on the eastern end of the island. The attack on the cliffs of Khavro Spahti Bay is described in Chapters 24–28.

انظر أيضاً

المصادر

  1. ^ أ ب De Facto Population of Greece Population and Housing Census of March 18th, 2001 (PDF 39 MB). National Statistical Service of Greece. 2003.
  2. ^ Acts 27:16, Biblos.com parallel bible
  3. ^ The island of Gavdos, Crete Travel Guide
  4. ^ "Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation)" (PDF) (in اليونانية). National Statistical Service of Greece. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-21.
  5. ^ "Gavdos: The island of the immortals", The World Weekly, 23 October 2014 Archived 11 يونيو 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 11 August 2021
  6. ^ European populations of migratory birds Archived 2011-07-11 at the Wayback Machine, Natural History Museum of Crete of the University of Crete, Flora and Fauna on Gavdos, Gavdos Online Service Archived 2010-03-10 at the Wayback Machine, March 1, 2008.
  7. ^ "Gavdos and Gavdopoula islands, Crete". BirdLife Data Zone. BirdLife International. 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
  8. ^ GR181 Gavdos and Gavdopoula islands, Important Areas for the Birds of Greece, Hellenic Ornithological Society, 2007
  9. ^ "Gavdos, Greece". Tourist Maker (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 2018-08-29.
  10. ^ "Solar Sun Hours | Average Daily Solar Insolation | Europe". www.hotspotenergy.com. Retrieved 2018-08-29.
  11. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة census11
  12. ^ Kopaka, Katérina (2015). "The Gavdos project. An island culture on the Cretan and Aegean fringe". The European Archaeologist. 46: 62–67.
  13. ^ "Nazis Pound Crete Allies". Los Angeles Times. June 1, 1941. Retrieved 2007-09-27.
  14. ^ ?
  15. ^ أ ب ت The Med's 'forgotten' island: It is hard to imagine a more spectacular edge of a continent, John Pickford, BBC News, January 24, 2008.
  16. ^ Gavdosfm homepage
  17. ^ "Greece Establishes Military Outposts at the Most Remote Edges of its Territory". Greek Reporter. Retrieved 30 November 2020.

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