عمر الأقطع

عمر بن عبد الله بن مروان الأقطع
أمير ملاطية
العهدع830–863
توفي3 سبتمبر 863
پورسون
الديانةمسلم سني

عمر بن عبد الله بن مروان[1] or عمرو بن عبيد الله بن مروان,[2] surnamed الأقطع، "ذو اليد الواحدة"، كما ورد أيضاً عامر أو Ambros (باليونانية: Ἄμερ أو Ἄμβρος) في المصادر البيزنطية،[1] كان شبه أمير عربي مستقل على ملاطية (Melitene) من عقد 830 وحتى وفاته في معركة لالاكاؤن في 3 سبتمبر 863. وأثناء ذلك الوقت، فقد كان أحد أكبر أعداء الامبراطورية البيزنطية على ثغورها الشرقية،[3] وأصبح شخصية بارزة في أدب الملاحم العربي والتركي.

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سيرته

خريطة آسيا الصغرى البيزنطية والتخوم العربية-البيزنطية في عهد عمر الأقطع.

انحدر عمر الأقطع من قبيلة بني سليم، التي كانت تقطن غرب الجزيرة في زمن الفتوحات الإسلامية and played an important role in the affairs of Malatya and the Jaziran frontier zone (الثغور) with the Byzantine Empire as well as the Caucasian frontier with the الخزر.[4] His father, ʿAbdallah or ʿUbaydallah, is little known, except that he was also emir of Malatya, and that ca. 810 he surrendered to the Byzantines the fortress of Kamacha to obtain the release of his son, who was held captive.[5]

ʿUmar himself probably became emir of Malatya in the 830s,[6] and first appears in 838, in the Amorium campaign of the Caliph al-Mu'tasim (r. 833–842). The campaign was waged in retaliation for a large-scale raid in the previous year by the Byzantine emperor Theophilos (r. 829–842) against the Arab border emirates, including Malatya, whose territory was laid waste and depopulated.[7] During the Amorium campaign, ʿUmar took part with his men in the great Arab victory over Theophilos himself at the Battle of Dazimon in July 838.[6][7] In the 840s, he provided refuge to the surviving members of the Paulicians, who were fleeing persecution in Byzantium, and allocated them the area around the fortresses of Tephrike, Amara and Argaoun. The Paulician leader Karbeas turned this into a separate Paulician principality, allied with ‘Umar and launching frequent expeditions against Byzantium, either in conjunction with ʿUmar or independently.[3][7][8] In 844, ʿUmar's forces participated in a major raid that inflicted a heavy defeat upon an army led by the Byzantine chief minister, Theoktistos, at the Battle of Mauropotamos. In the late 840s, he was also engaged in warfare against a neighbouring Armenian lord named Skleros, whom he finally vanquished after a protracted and bloody conflict.[6][9]

In the 850s, ʿUmar is recorded as having defeated an expedition led by the Byzantine emperor Michael III (r. 842–867) against Samosata, and to have carried out a number of successful raids into Byzantium. One of them swept through the themes of Thrakesion and Opsikion and reached up to the great Byzantine army base of Malagina in Bithynia.[6] He was unable, however, to stop a retaliatory expedition launched in 856 by Petronas against Melitene and Tephrike, which raided all the way to Amida, taking many prisoners before returning home.[10]

In 860, along with Karbeas, ʿUmar launched a major raid into Anatolia which reached the Black Sea port of Sinope, returning with over 12,000 head of captured livestock.[10][11] Three years later, he was part of a major Abbasid force that invaded Anatolia through the Cilician Gates. After splitting off from the main force and repulsing a Byzantine army under Emperor Michael III at Mardj al-Usquf ("Bishop's Meadow") in Cappadocia, ʿUmar with his men headed north to sack the port city of Amisos. On his return, however, he was encircled by the Byzantines and killed at the Battle of Lalakaon on 3 September 863. Only a splinter of his army escaped under his son, but was then defeated and captured by the commander of the Charsianon district.[6][3][12][13] According to al-Tabari, when the news of ʿUmar's death, along with that of another celebrated leader, Ali ibn Yahya al-Armani, arrived in Iraq, they provoked riots among the populace of Baghdad, Samarra, and other cities, angry at the Abbasid government's perceived incompetence.[14]

Indeed, ʿUmar's death marked the end of Malatya as a military threat to Byzantium, although the city itself would remain in Muslim hands for 70 more years. ʿUmar himself was succeeded by his son, Abu Abdallah, and grandson, Abu Hafs, who was forced to surrender the city to the Byzantine general John Kourkouas in 934.[6][7][15]


الذكرى في الثقافة

Like many other protagonists of the Arab–Byzantine Wars, ʿUmar figures in both Arab and Byzantine legend. In the Arab epic romance "Tale of Delhemma and al-Battal" (Sīrat Ḏāt al-Himma wa-l-Baṭṭāl), he is a major figure, although his role has been diminished and he is often cast as almost a villain, due to the tale's bias in favour of the Banu Sulaym's rivals, the Banu Kilab, who furnish most of the heroic characters.[16] Traditions about ʿUmar seem also to have influenced the story cycle around ‘Umar ibn al-Numan and his sons which became included in the One Thousand and One Nights, while ʿUmar himself features in later Turkish epic literature centred around the heroic figure of Battal Ghazi (inspired by the real-life Umayyad general Abdallah al-Battal), who is also one of the main heroes of the Delhemma.[17][18]

In Byzantine literature, ʿUmar is regarded by modern scholars as the probable prototype for the emir Ambron, the grandfather of the eponymous hero in the epic poem Digenes Akritas,[5][19] while the Greek scholar G. Veloudis suggested him as the origin of the eponymous hero of the Song of Armouris. The German scholar Hans-Georg Beck finds this identification unlikely, but points out the reference to a "short-armed" Arab leader in the same tale, which may reflect a folk tradition based on ʿUmar.[20] Finally, the 10th-century scholar al-Mas'udi reports (The Meadows of Gold, VIII, 74–75) that ʿUmar was among the "illustrious Muslims" whose portraits were displayed in Byzantine churches in recognition of their valour.[5]

الهامش

  1. ^ أ ب Winkelmann et al. 2001, p. 76.
  2. ^ Canard 1961, pp. 170–171.
  3. ^ أ ب ت Hollingsworth 1991, pp. 2139–2140.
  4. ^ Canard 1961, pp. 159, 171.
  5. ^ أ ب ت Canard 1961, p. 170.
  6. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة PBZ
  7. ^ أ ب ت ث Honigmann 1987, p. 193.
  8. ^ Treadgold 1997, pp. 448, 451.
  9. ^ Treadgold 1997, p. 447.
  10. ^ أ ب Treadgold 1997, p. 451.
  11. ^ Whittow 1996, p. 310.
  12. ^ Whittow 1996, p. 311.
  13. ^ Treadgold 1997, p. 452.
  14. ^ Saliba 1985, pp. 9–11.
  15. ^ Whittow 1996, pp. 311, 317.
  16. ^ Canard 1961, pp. 169–171.
  17. ^ Canard 1961, pp. 167–169.
  18. ^ Dedes 1996, pp. 3–16.
  19. ^ Beck 1971, pp. 73–75.
  20. ^ Beck 1971, pp. 54–55.

المراجع

  • Beck, Hans Georg (1971). Geschichte der byzantinischen Volksliteratur (in German). Munich: C.H. Beck. ISBN 978-3-406-01420-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  • Canard, Marius (1961). "Les principaux personnages du roman de chevalerie arabe Ḏāt al-Himma wa-l-Baṭṭāl". Arabica. Journal of Arabic and Islamic studies (in French). 8: 158–173. ISSN 0570-5398. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  • Dedes, Georgios (1996). The Battalname, an Ottoman Turkish Frontier Epic Wondertale: Introduction, Turkish Transcription, English Translation and Commentary (PDF). Sources of Oriental Languages and Literatures. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, Department of Near Eastern languages and Literatures. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Hollingsworth, Paul A. (1991). "'Umar". In Kazhdan, Alexander Petrovich (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 2139–2140. ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Honigmann, E. (1987). "Malaṭya". In Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor (ed.). E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936, Volume V: L–Moriscos. Leiden: BRILL. pp. 192–197. ISBN 978-90-04-08265-6. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Treadgold, Warren (1997). A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-2630-2. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Whittow, Mark (1996). The Making of Byzantium, 600–1025. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-20496-4. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Winkelmann, Friedhelm; Lilie, Ralph-Johannes; Ludwig, Claudia; Pratsch, Thomas; Rochow, Ilse; Zielke, Beate (2001). "ʿUmar ibn ʿAbdallāh ibn Marwān al-Aqta' (#8552)". Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit: I. Abteilung (641–867), 5. Band: Theophylaktos (#8346) – az-Zubair (#8675), Anonymi (#10001–12149) (in German). Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 76–77. ISBN 978-3-11-016675-0. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Invalid |display-authors=6 (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
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