علم الرخويات

A bigfin reef squid displaying considerably developed ocular, locomotive, and bioluminescent organs, all particularly of interest to the malacological study of its class Cephalopoda.

علم الرخويات Malacology[1] is the branch of invertebrate zoology that deals with the study of the Mollusca (mollusks or molluscs), the second-largest phylum of animals in terms of described species[2] after the arthropods. Mollusks include snails and slugs, clams, and cephalopods, along with numerous other kinds, many of which have shells. Malacology derives من يونانية قديمة μαλακός (malakós)، وتعني "soft", و -λογία (-logía).

Fields within malacological research include taxonomy, ecology and evolution. Several subdivisions of malacology exist, including conchology, devoted to the study of mollusk shells, and teuthology, the study of cephalopods such as octopus, squid, and cuttlefish. Applied malacology studies medical, veterinary, and agricultural applications, for example the study of mollusks as vectors of schistosomiasis and other diseases.

Archaeology employs malacology to understand the evolution of the climate, the biota of the area, and the usage of the site.[بحاجة لمصدر]

Zoological methods are used in malacological research. Malacological field methods and laboratory methods (such as collecting, documenting and archiving, and molecular techniques) were summarized by Sturm et al. (2006).[3]

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التاريخ

In 1681, Filippo Bonanni wrote the first book ever published that was solely about seashells, the shells of marine mollusks.[4] The book was entitled: Ricreatione dell' occhio e dela mente nell oservation' delle Chiociolle, proposta a' curiosi delle opere della natura, &c.[5] In 1868, the German Malacological Society was founded.


علماء الرخويات

المقالة الرئيسية: List of malacologists

Those who study malacology are known as malacologists. Those who study primarily or exclusively the shells of mollusks are known as conchologists, while those who study mollusks of the class Cephalopoda are teuthologists.

الجمعيات

الدوريات

More than 150 journals within the field of malacology are being published from more than 30 countries, producing an overwhelming amount of scientific articles.[8] They include:

المتاحف

متحف الرخويات في ماكرسكا، كرواتيا (المدخل)

Museums that have either exceptional malacological research collections (behind the scenes) and/or exceptional public exhibits of mollusks:

انظر أيضاً

المراجع

  1. ^ من الفرنسية malacologie، وهي اختصار لكلمة malacozoologie؛ من اللاتينية الحديثة Malacozoa "zoological group including soft-bodied animals"; من يونانية قديمة μαλακός (malakós)، وتعني "soft", و ζῷον (zôion)، وتعني "animal".
  2. ^ "Home – Division of Invertebrate Zoology". Archived from the original on 2007-02-08. Retrieved 2007-02-08.
  3. ^ Charles F. Sturm; Timothy A. Pearce; Ángel Valdés (July 2006). The mollusks. Universal-Publishers. ISBN 978-1-58112-930-4.
  4. ^ "Buonanni's Chiocciole (1681)". ansp.org. Archived from the original on 22 March 2010. Retrieved 8 August 2009.
  5. ^ (in إيطالية) Bonanni F. 1681. Ricreatione dell' occhio e dela mente nell oservation' delle Chiociolle, proposta a' curiosi delle opere della natura, &c. 1681. Varese, Rome, xiv, 384 pp., 109 plates. figure 101.
  6. ^ "Sociedade Brasileira de Malacologia". Archived from the original on 2015-04-14.
  7. ^ "Sociedad de Malacolología de México A.C." Archived from the original on 2012-03-26.
  8. ^ Bieler & Kabat, Malacological Journals and Newsletters, 1773–1990; The Nautilus 105(2):39–61, 1991 Archived 2018-05-09 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ Tryon, George Washington, 1838–1888. "Details – American journal of conchology. – Biodiversity Heritage Library". Archived from the original on 2017-09-30.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ "American Malacological Society". Archived from the original on 2010-12-03.
  11. ^ "Archiv für Molluskenkunde (ISSN 1869-0963, e-ISSN 2367-0622), Optional Open Access)".
  12. ^ Basteria Archived 2015-07-17 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ The Bulletin of the Russian Far East Malacological Society Archived 2011-08-26 at the Wayback Machine
  14. ^ Elsevier. "Fish and Shellfish Immunology". Archived from the original on 2010-01-12.
  15. ^ GuppY. "Cernuelle – Folia Conchyliologica" (in الفرنسية). Archived from the original on 2011-01-27.
  16. ^ "Editorial SMP". Archived from the original on 2008-09-22.
  17. ^ Folia Malacologica Archived 2009-02-01 at the Wayback Machine
  18. ^ "Heldia - Münchner malakologische Mitteilungen". Archived from the original on 2011-07-18. Retrieved 2011-07-18.
  19. ^ "Details – Journal de conchyliologie. – Biodiversity Heritage Library". Archived from the original on 2017-10-27.
  20. ^ "Journal de conchyliologie – 77 années disponibles – Gallica". Archived from the original on 2016-02-16.
  21. ^ "Journal of Conchology – The Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland".
  22. ^ "Journal of Medical and Applied Malacology". Archived from the original on 2010-07-29.
  23. ^ "Malacologica Bohemoslovaca" (in الإنجليزية and التشيكية). Archived from the original on 2008-04-20.
  24. ^ "Malacological Review". Archived from the original on 2012-07-03.
  25. ^ [1][dead link]
  26. ^ Menke, Karl Theodor, 1791–1861. "Details – Zeitschrift für Malakozoologie. – Biodiversity Heritage Library". Archived from the original on 2017-07-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  27. ^ Clessin, Steph., 1833–. "Details – Malakozoologische Blätter. – Biodiversity Heritage Library". Archived from the original on 2017-07-15.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  28. ^ "Mollusca Journal – 2007 to 2009 – The Last Issue – Senckenberg Naturhistorische Sammlungen Dresden". Archived from the original on 2008-10-11.
  29. ^ "Molluscan Research – online contents".
  30. ^ General Information. accessed 6 December 2010].
  31. ^ "Mollusca in Deutschland - Malakozoologische Zeitschriften". Archived from the original on 2017-03-29. Retrieved 2017-03-28.
  32. ^ "Occasional Molluscan Papers" Archived 2015-08-22 at the Wayback Machine. last change 2 December 2014, accessed 23 August 2016.
  33. ^ Harvard University. Museum of Comparative Zoology. "Details – Occasional papers on mollusks. – Biodiversity Heritage Library". Archived from the original on 2017-07-20.
  34. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-02-07. Retrieved 2011-04-24.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  35. ^ "Strombus online". www.conchasbrasil.org.br. Archived from the original on 26 October 2012. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
  36. ^ "TENTACLE". Archived from the original on 2010-06-03.
  37. ^ "Details – The Conchologist. – Biodiversity Heritage Library". www.biodiversitylibrary.org. Archived from the original on 20 November 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
  38. ^ "Details – The Journal of malacology. – Biodiversity Heritage Library". www.biodiversitylibrary.org. Archived from the original on 12 January 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
  39. ^ Official site of The Festivus Archived 2009-10-26 at the Wayback Machine
  40. ^ "THE NAUTILUS. A Quarterly Devoted to Malacology". shellmuseum.org. Archived from the original on 30 November 2010. Retrieved 6 December 2010.
  41. ^ "THE VELIGER". Archived from the original on 2008-05-01. Retrieved 2008-04-21.
  42. ^ "Journal Impact Factor 2003". sciencegateway.org. Retrieved 6 December 2010.
  43. ^ "CiNii Articles – 貝類学雑誌Venus : the Japanese journal of malacology" (in اليابانية). Archived from the original on 2009-12-26.
  44. ^ Vita marina. Stichting Biologia Maritima (Netherlands). 'S Gravenhage. OCLC 13862636.

للاستزادة

  • Cox L. R. & Peake J. F. (eds.). Proceedings of the First European Malacological Congress. September 17–21, 1962. Text in English with black-and-white photographic reproductions, also maps and diagrams. Published by the Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland and the Malacological Society of London in 1965 with no ISBN.
  • Heppel D. (1995). "The long dawn of Malacology: a brief history of malacology from prehistory to the year 1800." Archives of Natural History 22(3): 301–319.

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