صوفيا من هانوڤر

Sophia of the Palatinate
Sophia of the Palatinate
Electress consort of Hanover
Tenure	19 December 1692 – 23 January 1698
Duchess consort of Brunswick-Lüneburg
Tenure	18 December 1679 – 23 January 1698
وُلِد	14 أكتوبر 1630; The Hague, Netherlands
توفي	8 يونيو 1714 (aged 83); Herrenhausen, Hanover
الدفن	9 June 1714; Leine Castle, Hanover
الزوج	Ernest Augustus, Elector of Hanover
الأنجال; more...	George I of Great Britain; Prince Frederick Augustus; Prince Maximilian William; Sophia Charlotte, Queen in Prussia; Prince Charles Philip; Prince Christian Henry; Prince Ernest Augustus, Duke of York and Albany;
البيت	Palatinate-Simmern
الأب	Frederick V, Elector Palatine
الأم	Elizabeth Stuart

Sophia of the Palatinate (commonly referred to as Sophia of Hanover; 14 October 1630 – 8 June 1714^[2]) was the Electress of Hanover from 1692 to 1698. She became heir presumptive to the crowns of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Ireland under the Act of Settlement 1701. After the Act of Union, 1707 unified the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland, she became heir presumptive to the throne of the Kingdom of Great Britain.

Sophia, a granddaughter of James VI and I, died less than two months before she would have become queen; her claim to the throne passed on to her eldest son, George Louis, Elector of Hanover, who ascended as George I on 1 August 1714 (Old Style).

Born to Frederick V, Elector Palatine, and Elizabeth Stuart, in 1630, Sophia grew up in the Dutch Republic, where her family had sought refuge after the sequestration of their Electorate during the Thirty Years' War. Sophia's brother Charles Louis was restored to the Palatinate as part of the Peace of Westphalia. Sophia married Ernest Augustus of Brunswick-Lüneburg in 1658. Despite his jealous temper and frequent absences, Sophia loved him, and bore him seven children who survived to adulthood. Initially a landless cadet, Ernest Augustus succeeded in having the House of Hanover raised to electoral dignity in 1692. Therefore, Sophia became Electress of Hanover, the title by which she is best remembered. A patron of the arts, Sophia commissioned the palace and gardens of Herrenhausen and sponsored philosophers, such as Gottfried Leibniz and John Toland.

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Early life

Sophia, dressed as an Indian. Painted by her sister (circa 1644), Louise Hollandine of the Palatinate

A daughter of Frederick V, Elector Palatine, and Elizabeth Stuart, also known as the "Winter King and Queen of Bohemia" for their short rule in that country, Sophia was born in The Wassenaer Hof, The Hague, Dutch Republic, where her parents had fled into exile after the Battle of White Mountain. Through her mother, she was the granddaughter of James VI and I, king of Scotland and England.^[3] At birth, Sophia was granted an annuity of 40 thalers by the Estates of Friesland. Sophia was courted by her first cousin, Charles II of England, but she rebuffed his advances as she thought he was using her in order to get money from her mother's supporter, Lord William Craven.^[4]

Marriage

Sophia, Princess Palatine, and Electress of Brunswick-Lüneburg

Issue

Sophia had several children. Those who reached adulthood were:

Electress Sophia and her daughter

George I of Great Britain (1660–1727)
Frederick Augustus of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1661–90), Imperial General
Maximilian William of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1666–1726), field marshal in the Imperial Army
Sophia Charlotte (1668–1705), Queen in Prussia
Charles Philip of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1669–90), colonel in the Imperial Army
Christian Henry of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1671–1703)
Ernest Augustus of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Duke of York and Albany (1674–1728), became prince-bishop of Osnabrück as Ernest Augustus II

وفاتها وذكراها

Summer Palace of Herrenhausen and the Great Garden, ca 1708

وقد أسهمت إمارة هانوفر الناخبة في التاريخ هذه الحقبة بإيوائها ليبنتنر وضمها إنجلترا. وفي 1685، تزوجت صوفيا أميرة بالاتين المخلوعة، وابنة اليزابيث ستيوارت (ملكه بوهيميا)، من ارنست أوغسطس، الذي أصبح ناخب هانوفر. وقد أربك علمها الواسع زوجها، فقد كانت تتحدث خمس لغات بطلاقة تكاد تكون تامة، وتعرف من التاريخ الإنجليزي أكثر مما يعرفه السفراء الإنجليز في بلاطها. وظلت حيناً تحتفظ في هانوفر بصالون يؤمه العلماء والفلاسفة. ولكنها كانت تتحرق شوقاً للحصول على عرش إنجلترا لولدها جورج: كان دمها يختلج بالملوكية، لأنها لم تنس قط أنها حفيدة جيمس الأول. وفي 1701 قرر البرلمان الإنجليزي كما رأينا حق وراثة العرش لصوفيا و "ورثتها من دمها شريطة أن يكونوا من البروتستانت". وتأملت في سرور مشهد ولدها حين يصبح جورج الأول، وفي كدر مشهد زوجته صوفيا دوروتياً ملكة له، وتطلعت في هدوء إلى فسخ زواجهما. واشتبه جورج في أن تكون زوجته خانته مع الكونت فيليب فون كونجزمارك، فقتل بأمره، وطلق صوفيا دوروتيا، وسجنها من 1694 إلى أن ماتت في 1726. وفي غضون هذا ماتت الناخبة الأرملة في يونيو 1714 وقد بلغت الرابعة والثمانين، قبل أن يهبط تاج إنجلترا على رأس ولدها بشهرين فقط. وكذلك يتصرف إله الحظ العظيم، من عرشه الكلي الوجود، في المصائر والدول والرجال.

Ancestry