صنوبر صخري

Not to be confused with Japanese umbrella-pine or Swiss stone pine

صنوبر صخري
Stone pine forest كوستا دى لا لوث، اسبانيا
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 2.3)
التصنيف العلمي
أصنوفة غير معروفة (أصلحها):	Pinus subsect. Pinaster
Species:	Template:Taxonomy/PinusP. pinea
Binomial name
Template:Taxonomy/PinusPinus pinea ل.
Distribution map

الصنوبر الصخري Pinus pinea ، وموطنه الأصلي البلاد التي تخيط بالبحر المتوسط. وهو يزرع للزينة ، وجذعه محمر اللون حرشفي ، ويتفرع عند القمة فقط ، مما يضفي على الشجرة شكلا مميزا يشبه المظلة. ويشذ هذا الصنوبر في أنه ينتج بذورا تسمى بذور الصنوبر، وتعتبر طعاما شهيا، يستخدم في عمل الحلوى.

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 التوزيع

Stone pines in Tudela de Duero (Valladolid), Spain.

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  Needles of a juvenile (left) and adult (right)

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  Cone and seeds

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  Seedling

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  Adult stone pine in Catalonia, Spain

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  Adult stone pine with a flatter crown in Tuscany, Italy

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  Very old pine in Fluminimaggiore, Sardinia, Italy

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  Close-up of the bark's vertical texture

 الاستخدامات

 كغذاء

Pinus pinea has been cultivated extensively for at least 6,000 years for its edible pine nuts, which have been trade items since early historic times. The tree has been cultivated throughout the Mediterranean region for so long that it has naturalized, and is often considered native beyond its natural range.

 شجرة زينة

In Italy, the stone pine has been an aesthetic landscape element since the Italian Renaissance garden period. The tree is among the symbols of Rome, where many historic Roman roads, such as the Via Appia, are embellished with lines of stone pines. Stone pines were planted on the hills of the Bosphorus strait in Istanbul for ornamental purposes during the Ottoman period. In the 1700s, P. pinea began being introduced as an ornamental tree to other Mediterranean climate regions of the world, and is now often found in gardens and parks in South Africa, California, and Australia. It has naturalized beyond cities in South Africa to the extent that it is listed as an invasive species there. It is also planted in western Europe up to southern Scotland, and on the East Coast of the United States up to New Jersey.

In the United Kingdom it has won the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

Small specimens are used for bonsai, and also grown in large pots and planters. The year-old seedlings are seasonally available as table-top Christmas trees 20–30 centimetres (7.9–11.8 in) tall.

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  The tree is among the symbols of Rome and its historic streets, such as the Via dei Fori Imperiali.

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  Stone pines along the Via Appia, one of the most important Roman roads, near Rome, Italy.

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  Stone pines were planted on the hills of the Bosphorus strait in Istanbul for ornamental purposes during the Ottoman period.

 غيره

Other products of economic value include resin, bark for tannin extraction, and empty pine cone shells for fuel. Pinus pinea is also currently widely cultivated around the Mediterranean for environmental protection such as consolidation of coastal dunes, soil conservation and protection of coastal agricultural crops.

 الآفات

The introduced western conifer seed bug (Leptoglossus occidentalis) was accidentally imported with timber to northern Italy in the late 1990s from western USA, and has spread across Europe as an invasive pest species since then. It feeds on the sap of developing conifer cones throughout its life, and its sap-sucking causes the developing seeds to wither and misdevelop. It has destroyed most of the pine nut seeds in Italy, threatening P. pinea in its native habitats there.

 وصلات خارجية

• Pinus pinea − distribution map, genetic conservation units and related resources. European Forest Genetic Resources Programme (EUFORGEN)
• [1] The Gymnosperm Database
• efri.gov.tr: A case study on stone pine farms in Turkey