زرع الخلايا

	مراجع مكتبية عن ; زرع الخلايا
	Resources in your library; Resources in other libraries;

مزرعة خلايا في صحن مزرعة نسيج خاص.

خلايا إبيثيلية في الزرع مصبوغة لل كيراتين (أحمر) والـDNA (أخضر)

زرع الخلايا Cell culture هي عملية يتم بها تنمية خلايا حقيقية النواة وبدائية النواة تحت ظروف مسيطرة. بصورة عامة، يدل مصطلح "زرع الخلايا" على زرع خلايا مأخوذة من كائنات متعددة الخلايا، خاصة خلايا الحيوان. التطور والطرق التأريخية لزرع الخلايا متعلقة بصورة كبيرة بزرع الأنسجة وزرع الأعضاء.

أصبح زرع الخلايا الحيوانية تقنية مختبرية روتينية في الخمسينات من القرن العشرين،^[1] ولكن مبدأ المحافظة على خلايا حية مفصولة عن النسيج المصدر الأصلي هي عملية اكتشفت في القرن التاسع عشر.^[2]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

التاريخ

في القرن 19، طوّر عالم الفسيولوجيا الإنگليزي سيدني رينگر محاليل ملحية تحتوي كلوريدات الصوديوم والپوتاسيوم والكالسيوم والمغنسيوم مناسبين للحفاظ على خفقان قلب حيوان معزول خارج الجسد.^[3] وفي 1885، أزال ڤلهلم رو جزءاً من medullary plate لجنين دجاجة وخفظه في محلول ملحي دافئ لعدة أيام، مرسياً مبدأ زراعة الأنسجة tissue culture.^[4] نشر روس گرانڤل هاريسون، الذي كان يعمل في كلية طب جونز هوپكنز ثم جامعة يل، نتائج تجاربه من 1907 حتى 1910، مؤسساً منهاجية زراعة الأنسجة tissue culture.^[5]

مفاهيم في زراعة الخلايا الثديية

عزل الخلايا
صيانة خلايا في مزرعة
- كثافة التصحن

مكونات وسط زراعة الخلايا

المكون	الوظيفة
Carbon source (glucose/glutamine)	Source of energy
Amino acid	Building blocks of protein
Vitamins	Promote cell survival and growth
Balanced salt solution	An isotonic mixture of ions to maintain optimum osmotic pressure within the cells and provide essential metal ions to act as cofactors for enzymatic reactions, cell adhesion etc.
Phenol red dye	pH indicator. The color of phenol red changes from orange/red at pH 7-7.4 to yellow at acidic (lower) pH and purple at basic (higher) pH.
Bicarbonate /HEPES buffer	It is used to maintain a balanced pH in the media

ظروف النمو النمطية

المتغير
درجة الحرارة	37 °س
CO2	5%
الرطوبة	95%

التلوث المتبادل لخطوط الخلايا

مسائل تقنية أخرى

خطوط الخلايا البشرية المؤسسة

Cultured HeLa cells have been stained with Hoechst turning their nuclei blue, and are one of the earliest human cell lines descended from Henrietta Lacks, who died of cervical cancer from which these cells originated.

Cell strains

اللقاحات

زراعة الخلايا غير الثديية

خطوط الخلايا الشائعة

Human cell lines

DU145 (prostate cancer)
H295R (adrenocortical cancer)
HeLa (cervical cancer)
KBM-7 (chronic myelogenous leukemia)
LNCaP (prostate cancer)
MCF-7 (breast cancer)
MDA-MB-468 (breast cancer)
PC3 (prostate cancer)
SaOS-2 (bone cancer)
SH-SY5Y (neuroblastoma, cloned from a myeloma)
T47D (breast cancer)
THP-1 (acute myeloid leukemia)
U87 (glioblastoma)
National Cancer Institute's 60 cancer cell line panel (NCI60)

Primate cell lines

Vero (African green monkey Chlorocebus kidney epithelial cell line)

Mouse cell lines

MC3T3 (embryonic calvarium)

Rat tumor cell lines

GH3 (pituitary tumor)
PC12 (pheochromocytoma)

Plant cell lines

Tobacco BY-2 cells (kept as cell suspension culture, they are model system of plant cell)

Other species cell lines

Dog MDCK kidney epithelial
Xenopus A6 kidney epithelial
Zebrafish AB9

قائمة خطوط الخلايا

هذه القائمة غير مكتملة؛ بإمكانك المساعدة بتنميتها.

Cell line	Meaning	Organism	Origin tissue	Morphology	Links
3T3-L1	"3-day transfer, inoculum 3 x 10^5 cells"	Mouse	Embryo	Fibroblast	ECACC Cellosaurus
4T1		Mouse	Mammary gland		ATCC Cellosaurus
9L		Rat	Brain	Glioblastoma	ECACC Cellosaurus
A172		Human	Brain	Glioblastoma	ECACC Cellosaurus
A20		Mouse	B lymphoma	B lymphocyte	Cellosaurus
A253		Human	Submandibular duct	Head and neck carcinoma	ATCC Cellosaurus
A2780		Human	Ovary	Ovarian carcinoma	ECACC Cellosaurus
A2780ADR		Human	Ovary	Adriamycin-resistant derivative of A2780	ECACC Cellosaurus
A2780cis		Human	Ovary	Cisplatin-resistant derivative of A2780	ECACC Cellosaurus
A431		Human	Skin epithelium	Squamous cell carcinoma	ECACC Cellosaurus
A549		Human	Lung	Lung carcinoma	ECACC Cellosaurus
AB9		Zebrafish	Fin	Fibroblast	ATCC Cellosaurus
AHL-1	Armenian Hamster Lung-1	Hamster	Lung		ECACC Cellosaurus
ALC		Mouse	Bone marrow	Stroma	PubMed^[6] Cellosaurus
B16		Mouse	Melanoma		ECACC Cellosaurus
B35		Rat	Neuroblastoma		ATCC Cellosaurus
BCP-1		Human	PBMC	HIV+ primary effusion lymphoma	ATCC Cellosaurus
BEAS-2B	Bronchial epithelium + Adenovirus 12-SV40 virus hybrid (Ad12SV40)	Human	Lung	Epithelial	ECACC Cellosaurus
bEnd.3	Brain Endothelial 3	Mouse	Brain/cerebral cortex	Endothelium	Cellosaurus
BHK-21	Baby Hamster Kidney-21	Hamster	Kidney	Fibroblast	ECACC Cellosaurus
BOSC23	Packaging cell line derived from HEK 293	Human	Kidney (embryonic)	Epithelium	Cellosaurus
BT-20	Breast Tumor-20	Human	Breast epithelium	Breast carcinoma	ATCC Cellosaurus
BxPC3	Biopsy xenograft of Pancreatic Carcinoma line 3	Human	Pancreatic adenocarcinoma	Epithelial	ECACC Cellosaurus
C2C12		Mouse	Myoblast		ECACC Cellosaurus
C3H-10T1/2		Mouse	Embryonic mesenchymal cell line		ECACC Cellosaurus
C6		Rat	Brain astrocyte	Glioma	ECACC Cellosaurus
C6/36		Insect - Asian tiger mosquito	Larval tissue		ECACC Cellosaurus
Caco-2		Human	Colon	Colorectal carcinoma	ECACC Cellosaurus
Cal-27		Human	Tongue	Squamous cell carcinoma	ATCC Cellosaurus
CGR8		Mouse	Embryonic stem cells		ECACC Cellosaurus
CHO	Chinese Hamster Ovary	Hamster	Ovary	Epithelium	ECACC Cellosaurus
CML T1	Chronic myeloid leukemia T lymphocyte 1	Human	CML acute phase	T cell leukemia	DSMZ Cellosaurus
CMT12	Canine Mammary Tumor 12	Dog	Mammary gland	Epithelium	Cellosaurus
COR-L23		Human	Lung	Lung carcinoma	ECACC Cellosaurus
COR-L23/5010		Human	Lung	Lung carcinoma	ECACC Cellosaurus
COR-L23/CPR		Human	Lung	Lung carcinoma	ECACC Cellosaurus
COR-L23/R23-		Human	Lung	Lung carcinoma	ECACC Cellosaurus
COS-7	Cercopithecus aethiops, origin-defective SV-40	Old World monkey - Cercopithecus aethiops (Chlorocebus)	Kidney	Fibroblast	ECACC Cellosaurus
COV-434		Human	Ovary	Ovarian granulosa cell carcinoma	PubMed^[7] ECACC Cellosaurus
CT26		Mouse	Colon	Colorectal carcinoma	Cellosaurus
D17		Dog	Lung metastasis	Osteosarcoma	ATCC Cellosaurus
DAOY		Human	Brain	Medulloblastoma	ATCC Cellosaurus
DH82		Dog	Histiocytosis	Monocyte/macrophage	ECACC Cellosaurus
DU145		Human	Androgen insensitive prostate carcinoma		ATCC Cellosaurus
DuCaP	Dura mater cancer of the Prostate	Human	Metastatic prostate carcinoma	Epithelial	PubMed^[8] Cellosaurus
E14Tg2a		Mouse		Embryonic stem cells	ECACC Cellosaurus
EL4		Mouse		T cell leukemia	ECACC Cellosaurus
EM-2		Human	CML blast crisis	Ph+ CML line	DSMZ Cellosaurus
EM-3		Human	CML blast crisis	Ph+ CML line	DSMZ Cellosaurus
EMT6/AR1		Mouse	Mammary gland	Epithelial-like	ECACC Cellosaurus
EMT6/AR10.0		Mouse	Mammary gland	Epithelial-like	ECACC Cellosaurus
FM3		Human	Lymph node metastasis	Melanoma	ECACC Cellosaurus
GL261	Glioma 261	Mouse	Brain	Glioma	Cellosaurus
H1299		Human	Lung	Lung carcinoma	ATCC Cellosaurus
HaCaT		Human	Skin	Keratinocyte	CLS Cellosaurus
HCA2		Human	Colon	Adenocarcinoma	ECACC Cellosaurus
HEK 293	Human Embryonic Kidney 293	Human	Kidney (embryonic)	Epithelium	ECACC Cellosaurus
HEK 293T	HEK 293 derivative	Human	Kidney (embryonic)	Epithelium	ECACC Cellosaurus
HeLa	"Henrietta Lacks"	Human	Cervix epithelium	Cervical carcinoma	ECACC Cellosaurus
Hepa1c1c7	Clone 7 of clone 1 hepatoma line 1	Mouse	Hepatoma	Epithelial	ECACC Cellosaurus
Hep G2		Human	Liver	Hepatoblastoma	ECACC Cellosaurus
High Five		Insect (moth) - Trichoplusia ni	Ovary		Cellosaurus
HL-60	Human Leukemia-60	Human	Blood	Myeloblast	ECACC Cellosaurus
HT-1080		Human		Fibrosarcoma	ECACC Cellosaurus
HT-29		Human	Colon epithelium	Adenocarcinoma	ECACC Cellosaurus
J558L		Mouse	Myeloma	B lymphocyte cell	ECACC Cellosaurus
Jurkat		Human	White blood cells	T cell leukemia	ECACC Cellosaurus
JY		Human	Lymphoblastoid	EBV-transformed B cell	ECACC Cellosaurus
K562		Human	Lymphoblastoid	CML blast crisis	ECACC Cellosaurus
KBM-7		Human	Lymphoblastoid	CML blast crisis	Cellosaurus
KCL-22		Human	Lymphoblastoid	CML	DSMZ Cellosaurus
KG1		Human	Lymphoblastoid	AML	ECACC Cellosaurus
Ku812		Human	Lymphoblastoid	Erythroleukemia	ECACC Cellosaurus
KYO-1	Kyoto-1	Human	Lymphoblastoid	CML	DSMZ Cellosaurus
L1210		Mouse	Lymphocytic leukemia	Ascitic fluid	ECACC Cellosaurus
L243		Mouse	Hybridoma	Secretes L243 mAb (against HLA-DR)	ATCC Cellosaurus
LNCaP	Lymph Node Cancer of the Prostate	Human	Prostatic adenocarcinoma	Epithelial	ECACC Cellosaurus
MA2.1		Mouse	Hybridoma	Secretes MA2.1 mAb (against HLA-A2 and HLA-B17)	ATCC Cellosaurus
Ma-Mel 1, 2, 3....48		Human	Skin	A range of melanoma cell lines	ECACC Cellosaurus
MC-38	Mouse Colon-38	Mouse	Colon	Adenocarcinoma	Cellosaurus
MCF-7	Michigan Cancer Foundation-7	Human	Breast	Invasive breast ductal carcinoma ER+, PR+	ECACC Cellosaurus
MCF-10A	Michigan Cancer Foundation-10A	Human	Breast epithelium		ATCC Cellosaurus
MDA-MB-157	M.D. Anderson - Metastatic Breast-157	Human	Pleural effusion metastasis	Breast carcinoma	ECACC Cellosaurus
MDA-MB-231	M.D. Anderson - Metastatic Breast-231	Human	Pleural effusion metastasis	Breast carcinoma	ECACC Cellosaurus
MDA-MB-361	M.D. Anderson - Metastatic Breast-361	Human		Melanoma (contaminated by M14)	ECACC Cellosaurus
MDA-MB-468	M.D. Anderson - Metastatic Breast-468	Human	Pleural effusion metastasis	Breast carcinoma	ATCC Cellosaurus
MDCK II	Madin Darby Canine Kidney II	Dog	Kidney	Epithelium	ECACC Cellosaurus
MG63		Human	Bone	Osteosarcoma	ECACC Cellosaurus
MOR/0.2R		Human	Lung	Lung carcinoma	ECACC Cellosaurus
Mono-Mac-6		Human	White blood cells	Myeloid metaplasic AML	DSMZ Cellosaurus
MRC-5	Medical Research Council cell strain 5	Human	Lung (fetal)	Fibroblast	ECACC Cellosaurus
MTD-1A		Mouse		Epithelium	Cellosaurus
MyEnd	Myocardial Endothelial	Mouse		Endothelium	Cellosaurus
NCI-H69		Human	Lung	Lung carcinoma	ECACC Cellosaurus
NCI-H69/CPR		Human	Lung	Lung carcinoma	ECACC Cellosaurus
NCI-H69/LX10		Human	Lung	Lung carcinoma	ECACC Cellosaurus
NCI-H69/LX20		Human	Lung	Lung carcinoma	ECACC Cellosaurus
NCI-H69/LX4		Human	Lung	Lung carcinoma	ECACC Cellosaurus
Neuro-2a		Mouse	Nerve/neuroblastoma	Neuronal stem cells	ECACC Cellosaurus
NIH-3T3	NIH, 3-day transfer, inoculum 3 x 10⁵ cells	Mouse	Embryo	Fibroblast	ECACC Cellosaurus
NALM-1		Human	Peripheral blood	Blast-crisis CML	ATCC Cellosaurus
Neuro2a		Mouse	Nerve/neuroblastoma	Neuronal stem cells	Cellosaurus
NK-92		Human	Leukemia/lymphoma		ATCC Cellosaurus
NTERA-2		Human	Lung metastasis	Embryonal carcinoma	ECACC Cellosaurus
NW-145		Human	Skin	Melanoma	ESTDAB Cellosaurus
OK	Opossum Kidney	Virginia opossum - Didelphis virginiana	Kidney		ECACC Cellosaurus
OPCN / OPCT cell lines		Human	Prostate	Range of prostate tumour lines	Cellosaurus
P3X63Ag8		Mouse	Myeloma		ECACC Cellosaurus
PC12		Rat	Adrenal medulla	Pheochromocytoma	ECACC Cellosaurus
PC-3	Prostate Cancer-3	Human	Bone metastasis	Prostate carcinoma	ECACC Cellosaurus
Peer		Human	T cell leukemia		DSMZ Cellosaurus
PNT1A		Human	Prostate	SV40-transformed tumour line	ECACC Cellosaurus
PNT2		Human	Prostate	SV40-transformed tumour line	ECACC Cellosaurus
Pt K2	The second cell line derived from Potorous tridactylis	Long-nosed potoroo - Potorous tridactylus	Kidney	Epithelial	ECACC Cellosaurus
Raji		Human	B lymphoma	Lymphoblast-like	ECACC Cellosaurus
RBL-1	Rat Basophilic Leukemia-1	Rat	Leukemia	Basophil cell	ECACC Cellosaurus
RenCa	Renal Carcinoma	Mouse	Kidney	Renal carcinoma	ATCC Cellosaurus
RIN-5F		Mouse	Pancreas		ECACC Cellosaurus
RMA-S		Mouse		T cell tumour	Cellosaurus
S2	Schneider 2	Insect - Drosophila melanogaster	Late stage (20–24 hours old) embryos		ATCC Cellosaurus
SaOS-2	Sarcoma OSteogenic-2	Human	Bone	Osteosarcoma	ECACC Cellosaurus
Sf21	Spodoptera frugiperda 21	Insect (moth) - Spodoptera frugiperda	Ovary		ECACC Cellosaurus
Sf9	Spodoptera frugiperda 9	Insect (moth) - Spodoptera frugiperda	Ovary		ECACC Cellosaurus
SH-SY5Y		Human	Bone marrow metastasis	Neuroblastoma	ECACC Cellosaurus
SiHa		Human	Cervix epithelium	Cervical carcinoma	ATCC Cellosaurus
SK-BR-3	Sloan-Kettering Breast cancer 3	Human	Breast	Breast carcinoma	DSMZ Cellosaurus
SK-OV-3	Sloan-Kettering Ovarian cancer 3	Human	Ovary	Ovarian carcinoma	ECACC Cellosaurus
SK-N-SH		Human	Brain	Epithelial	ATCC Cellosaurus
T2		Human		T cell leukemia/B cell line hybridoma	ATCC Cellosaurus
T-47D		Human	Breast	Breast ductal carcinoma	ECACC Cellosaurus
T84		Human	Lung metastasis	Colorectal carcinoma	ECACC Cellosaurus
T98G		Human	Glioblastoma-astrocytoma	Epithelium	ECACC Cellosaurus
THP-1		Human	Monocyte	Acute monocytic leukemia	ECACC Cellosaurus
U2OS		Human	Osteosarcoma	Epithelial	ECACC Cellosaurus
U373		Human	Glioblastoma-astrocytoma	Epithelium	ECACC Cellosaurus
U87		Human	Glioblastoma-astrocytoma	Epithelial-like	ECACC Cellosaurus
U937		Human	Leukemic monocytic lymphoma		ECACC Cellosaurus
VCaP	Vertebral Cancer of the Prostate	Human	Vertebra metastasis	Prostate carcinoma	ECACC Cellosaurus
Vero	Vero (truth)	African green monkey - Chlorocebus sabaeus	Kidney epithelium		ECACC Cellosaurus
VG-1		Human		Primary effusion lymphoma	Cellosaurus
WM39		Human	Skin	Melanoma	ESTDAB Cellosaurus
WT-49		Human	Lymphoblastoid		ECACC Cellosaurus
YAC-1		Mouse	Lymphoma		ECACC Cellosaurus
YAR		Human	Lymphoblastoid	EBV-transformed B cell	Human Immunology^[9] ECACC Cellosaurus

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

انظر أيضاً

المراجع والهامش

^ ""Cell Culture"". Retrieved 2006-04-19.
^ ""Some landmarks in the development of tissue and cell culture."". Retrieved 2006-04-19.
^ "Whonamedit - Ringer's solution". whonamedit.com. Retrieved 2014-06-09.
^ "Animals and alternatives in testing". Archived from the original on 2006-02-25. Retrieved 2006-04-19.
^ Schiff, JudithAnn. "An unsung hero of medical research". Retrieved 2006-04-19. Yale Alumni Magazine, February 2002.
^ Hunt, P; Robertson, D; Weiss, D; Rennick, D; Lee, F; Witte, ON (1987). "A single bone marrow-derived stromal cell type supports the in vitro growth of early lymphoid and myeloid cells". Cell. 48 (6): 997–1007. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(87)90708-2. PMID 2435412.
^ Van Den Berg-Bakker, CA; Hagemeijer, A; Franken-Postma, EM; Smit, VT; Kuppen, PJ; Van Ravenswaay Claasen, HH; Cornelisse, CJ; Schrier, PI (1993). "Establishment and characterization of 7 ovarian carcinoma cell lines and one granulosa tumor cell line: Growth features and cytogenetics". International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 53 (4): 613–20. doi:10.1002/ijc.2910530415. PMID 8436435.
^ Lee, YG; Korenchuk, S; Lehr, J; Whitney, S; Vessela, R; Pienta, KJ (2001). "Establishment and characterization of a new human prostatic cancer cell line: DuCaP". In vivo (Athens, Greece). 15 (2): 157–62. PMID 11317521.
^ Ou, Dawei; Mitchell, Leslie Ann; Décarie, Diane; Tingle, Aubrey J; Nepom, Gerald T (1998). "Promiscuous T-Cell Recognition of a Rubella Capsid Protein Epitope Restricted by DRB1*0403 and DRB1*0901 Molecules Sharing an HLA DR Supertype". Human Immunology. 59 (3): 149–57. doi:10.1016/S0198-8859(98)00006-8. PMID 9548074.

Public Health England, Public Health England Culture Collections (ECACC)
MacLeod, R. A. F.; Dirks, Wilhelm G.; Matsuo, Yoshinobu; Kaufmann, Maren; Milch, Herbert; Drexler, Hans G. (1999). "Widespread intraspecies cross-contamination of human tumour cell lines". International Journal of Cancer. 83 (4): 555–563. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19991112)83:4<555::AID-IJC19>3.0.CO;2-2. PMID 10508494.
Masters, John R. (2002). "HeLa cells 50 years on: the good, the bad and the ugly". Nature Reviews Cancer. 2 (4): 315–319. doi:10.1038/nrc775. PMID 12001993.
Recently invented was the 3D Petri dish, the first 3D cell culture offering.

وصلات خارجية

Table of common cell lines from Alberts 4th ed.
Cancer Cells in Culture
Evolution of Cell Culture Surfaces
Hypertext version of the Cell Line Data Base
Microcarrier Cell Culture Handbook by GE Healthcare Life Sciences
Cell Culture Applications - Resources including application notes and protocols to create an ideal environment for growing cells, right from the start.
Cell Culture Basics - Introduction to cell culture, covering topics such as laboratory set-up, safety and aseptic technique including basic cell culture protocols and video training
Database of Who's Who in Cell Culture and Related Research
Witkowski, Jan A. (2012). "Experimental pathology and the origins of tissue culture: Leo Loeb's contribution". Medical History. 27 (3): 269–88. doi:10.1017/S0025727300042964. PMC 1139336. PMID 6353093.
Coriell Cell Repositories
Strategies for Protein Purification Handbook
An Introduction To Cell Culture. This webinar introduces the history, theory, basic techniques, and potential pit-falls of mammalian cell culture.
The National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune, India; national repository for cell lines/hybridomas etc.
Pacey, Laura; Stead, Shelley; Gleave, Jacqueline; Tomczyk, Kasia; Doering, Laurie (2006). "Neural Stem Cell Culture: Neurosphere generation, microscopical analysis and cryopreservation". Protocol Exchange. doi:10.1038/nprot.2006.215.
Gilabert, Juan A.; Montalvo, Gema B.; Artalejo, Antonio R. (2006). "Rat Chromaffin cells primary cultures: Standardization and quality assessment for single-cell assays". Protocol Exchange. doi:10.1038/nprot.2006.294.
Losardo, Ricardo J.; Cruz-Gutiérrez, Rolando; Prates, José C.; Moscovici, Mauricio; Rodríguez-Torres, Alberto; Arteaga-Martinez, Manuel (2015). "Sergey Fedoroff: A Pioneer of the Neuronal Regeneration. Tribute from the Pan American Association of Anatomy". International Journal of Morphology. doi:10.4067/S0717-95022015000200059.

قالب:Molecular biology

الكلمات الدالة:

جامعة يل

[1] ""Cell Culture"". Retrieved 2006-04-19.

[NIHtimeline-2] ""Some landmarks in the development of tissue and cell culture."". Retrieved 2006-04-19.

[whonamedit-3] "Whonamedit - Ringer's solution". whonamedit.com. Retrieved 2014-06-09.

[Zurlow-4] "Animals and alternatives in testing". Archived from the original on 2006-02-25. Retrieved 2006-04-19.

[Schiff-5] Schiff, JudithAnn. "An unsung hero of medical research". Retrieved 2006-04-19. Yale Alumni Magazine, February 2002.

[Missingor-6] Hunt, P; Robertson, D; Weiss, D; Rennick, D; Lee, F; Witte, ON (1987). "A single bone marrow-derived stromal cell type supports the in vitro growth of early lymphoid and myeloid cells". Cell. 48 (6): 997–1007. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(87)90708-2. PMID 2435412.

[Missingor_a-7] Van Den Berg-Bakker, CA; Hagemeijer, A; Franken-Postma, EM; Smit, VT; Kuppen, PJ; Van Ravenswaay Claasen, HH; Cornelisse, CJ; Schrier, PI (1993). "Establishment and characterization of 7 ovarian carcinoma cell lines and one granulosa tumor cell line: Growth features and cytogenetics". International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 53 (4): 613–20. doi:10.1002/ijc.2910530415. PMID 8436435.

[Lee2001-8] Lee, YG; Korenchuk, S; Lehr, J; Whitney, S; Vessela, R; Pienta, KJ (2001). "Establishment and characterization of a new human prostatic cancer cell line: DuCaP". In vivo (Athens, Greece). 15 (2): 157–62. PMID 11317521.

[9] Ou, Dawei; Mitchell, Leslie Ann; Décarie, Diane; Tingle, Aubrey J; Nepom, Gerald T (1998). "Promiscuous T-Cell Recognition of a Rubella Capsid Protein Epitope Restricted by DRB1*0403 and DRB1*0901 Molecules Sharing an HLA DR Supertype". Human Immunology. 59 (3): 149–57. doi:10.1016/S0198-8859(98)00006-8. PMID 9548074.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]