ذخيرة الهجوم المباشر المشترك

ذخيرة الهجوم المباشر المشترك
Joint Direct Attack Munition
(JDAM)
GBU-31 xxl.jpg
GBU-31: A Mk84 bomb fitted with JDAM kit
النوعالأهداف الثابتة، الضربات الدقيقة، المركبات المتحركة
مكان الأصلالولايات المتحدة الأمريكية
تاريخ الخدمة
في الخدمة1997-الآن
يستخدمهانظر المشغلون
الحروب
تاريخ الانتاج
صممهLate 1980s–1996
الصانعBoeing Defense, Space & Security
تكلفة الوحدةUS $21,000–$36,000[note 1]
التنويعاتانظر التنويعات
المواصفات
منصة
الإطلاق
F-15E, F-16, F/A-18, F/A-18E/F, AV-8B, A-10, B-1B, B-52H, F-22, B-2A, F-35, MQ-9, MiG-29, Su-27, Tornado, Gripen
المراجعJanes[3][4] & The War Zone[1][2]

ذخيرة الهجوم المباشر المشترك (Joint Direct Attack Munition واختصارها: JDAM)، هي طقم توجيه يحوّل القنابل غير الموجهة أو "القنابل الغبية" إلى ذخائر "ذكية" تعمل في كل الأجواء. ذخيرة الهجوم المباشر المشترك معبأة بقنابل يتم توجيهها بواسطة نظام توجيه داخلي متطور إلى جانب مستقبل نظام التموقع العالمي، مما يمنحها مدى واسع يزيد عن 15 كم. مدى القنابل المستخدمة يتراوح من 500 كگ إلى 2.000 كگ.[5] وحين تـُركـَّب على قنبلة، فإن طقم JDAM يُعطى تسمية GBU (وحدة قنبلة موجهة)، لتحل محل تسمية Mark 80 أو BLU (قنبلة، وحدة حية) للقنبلة المُثبَّتة فيها.

طقم JDAM ليس سلاحاً قائماً بذاته، بل هو "bolt-on" guidance package that converts unguided gravity bombs into Precision-Guided Munitions, or PGMs. The key components of the system consist of a tail section with aerodynamic control surfaces, a (body) strake kit, and a combined inertial guidance system and GPS guidance control unit.

The JDAM was meant to improve upon laser-guided bomb and imaging infrared technology, which can be hindered by bad ground and weather conditions. Laser seekers are now being fitted to some JDAMs.[6][dead link]

From 1998 to November 2016, Boeing completed more than 300,000 JDAM guidance kits. In 2017 it built more than 130 kits per day.[7] As of January 2024, 550,000 kits had been produced.[8]

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التسمية

نظام توجيه ذخيرة الهجوم المباشر المشترك قامت بتطويره القوات الجوية الأمريكية بالإشتراك مع البحرية الأمريكية، لذلك أطلق عليه اسم "المشترك".


التاريخ

التطوير

U.S. Navy sailors attach a JDAM kit aboard the يوإس‌إس Constellation (CV-64), in March 2003.

The U.S. Air Force's bombing campaign during the Persian Gulf War's Operation Desert Storm was less effective than initially reported, in part because it had no precision bombs that were accurate in all types of weather. Laser guidance packages on bombs proved exceptionally accurate in clear conditions, but amid airborne dust, smoke, fog, or cloud cover, they had difficulty maintaining "lock" on the laser designation. Research, development, testing and evaluation (RDT&E) of an "adverse weather precision guided munition" began in 1992. Several proposals were considered, including a radical concept that used GPS.[9]

At the time, there were few GPS satellites and the idea of using satellite navigation for real-time weapon guidance was untested and controversial. To identify the technical risk associated with an INS/GPS guided weapon, the Air Force created in early 1992 a rapid-response High Gear program called the "JDAM Operational Concept Demonstration" (OCD) at Eglin Air Force Base. Honeywell, Interstate Electronics Corporation, Sverdrup Technology, and McDonnell Douglas were hired to help the USAF 46th Test Wing demonstrate the feasibility of a GPS weapon within one year. The OCD program fitted a GBU-15 guided bomb with an INS/GPS guidance kit and on 10 February 1993, dropped the first INS/GPS weapon from an F-16 on a target 88,000 feet (27 km) downrange. Five more tests were run in various weather conditions, altitudes, and ranges.[9] The OCD program demonstrated a 36-foot (11 m) Circular Error Probable (CEP).

The first flight test of the first GPS-guided weapon resulted in a direct hit on a target at Eglin Air Force Base on 10 February 1993.

The first JDAM kits were delivered in 1997, with operational testing conducted in 1998 and 1999. During testing, over 450 JDAMs were dropped achieving a system reliability in excess of 95% with a published accuracy under 33-foot (10 m) CEP.[10] In addition to controlled parameter drops, the testing and evaluation of the JDAM also included "operationally representative tests" consisting of drops through clouds, rain and snow with no decrease in accuracy from clear-weather tests. In addition, there have been tests involving multiple weapon drops with each weapon being individually targeted.[11]

Ex-Schenectady (LST-1185) damaged by seven 2,000-pound JDAMs during USAF exercise Resultant Fury in November 2004.

JDAM and the B-2 Spirit stealth bomber made their combat debuts during Operation Allied Force. The B-2s, flying 30-hour, nonstop, round-trip flights from Whiteman Air Force Base, Missouri, delivered more than 650 JDAMs during Allied Force. An article published in the Acquisition Review Journal in 2002 cites that "during Operation Allied Force ... B-2s launched 651 JDAMs with 96% reliability and hit 87% of intended targets..."[12] Due to the operational success of the original JDAM, the program expanded to the 500-pound (230 kg) Mark 82 and 1,000-pound (450 kg) Mark 83, beginning development in late 1999. As a result of lessons from Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom, both the US Navy and US Air Force pursued improvements to the kits such as better GPS accuracy as well as a precision seeker for terminal guidance for use against moving targets.

JDAM bombs are inexpensive compared to alternatives such as cruise missiles. The original cost estimate was $40,000 each for the tail kits; however, after competitive bidding, contracts were signed with McDonnell Douglas (later Boeing) for delivery at $18,000 each. Unit costs, in current-year dollars, have since increased to $21,000 in 2004 and $27,000 by 2011.[13] To the cost of the tail kit should be added the costs of the Mk80-series iron bomb, the fuze and proximity sensor which bring the overall weapon cost to about $30,000. For comparison, the newest Tomahawk cruise missile, dubbed the Tactical Tomahawk, costs nearly $730,000 (FY 2006).[14][15]

الاستخدام العملياتي

JDAMs loaded under the left wing of a F-16 Fighting Falcon with a LITENING II Targeting Pod visible beneath the fuselage
تفجيرات باستخدام ذخيرة الهجوم المباشر المتشرك-38 في العراق، 2008.
JDAMs prior to being loaded for operations over Iraq, 2003

التحديثات

DSU-33 Airburst sensor (right)


GBU-54 laser seeker.


اتساع المدى

التكامل

JDAMs loaded onto a Heavy Stores Adaptor Beam (HSAB) under the wing of a B-52H Stratofortress
2000lb GBU-31s ripple drop in Afghanistan by two F-15Es, 2009.


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حالياً

حالياً، هي متوافقة مع الطائرات التالية:

الماضي

كانت متوافقة مع الطائرات الآتية:

المشغلون

بعيداً عن مستخدمها الرئيسي - الجيش الأمريكي، وافقت الحكومة الأمريكية أيضاً على تصدير القنبلة تحت قانون تصدير الأسلحة، بأعداد محدودة لعدد قليل من البلدان.

عملاء التصدير

المواصفات العامة

  • المهمة الأساسية الأسلحة الجو-أرض الموجهة
  • الهدف: تفجير
  • الطول: (JDAM and warhead) GBU-31 (v) 1/B: 152.7 inches (3,880 mm); GBU-31 (v) 3/B: 148.6 inches (3,770 mm); GBU-32 (v) 1/B: 119.5 inches (3,040 mm)
  • وزن الاطلاق: (JDAM and warhead) GBU-31 (v) 1/B: 2,036 pounds (924 kg); GBU-31 (v) 3/B: 2,115 pounds (959 kg); GBU-32 (v) 1/B: 1,013 lb 1,013 pounds (459 kg)
  • باع الجناح: GBU-31: 25 inches (640 mm); GBU-32: 19.6 inches (500 mm)
  • المدى: أكثر من 15 nautical miles (28 km)
  • أقصى ارتفاع: 45,000 feet (14,000 m)
  • نظام التوجيه: GPS/INS
  • سعر الوحدة: حوالي 21.000 دولار أمريكي لكل طائرة
  • تاريخ الانتشار: 1999
  • المخزون: The tailkit is in full-rate production. Projected inventory is approximately 240,000 total, 158,000 for the US Air Force and 82,000 for the US Navy. (As of October 2005)


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المتغيرات

USAF artist rendering of JDAM kits fitted to Mk 84, BLU-109, Mk 83, and Mk 82 unguided bombs.
  • 2,000 رطل (900 كگ) الوزن الاسمي
  • 1,000 رطل (450 كگ) الوزن الاسمي
    • GBU-32(V)1/B (USAF) Mk-83
    • GBU-32(V)2/B (USN/USMC) Mk-83
    • GBU-35(V)1/B (USN/USMC) BLU-110
  • 500 رطل (225 ك) الوزن الاسمي

أنظمة مشابهة

انظر أيضاً

المصادر

  1. ^ أ ب Trevithick, Joseph (18 February 2020). "Here Is What Each Of The Pentagon's Air-Launched Missiles And Bombs Actually Cost". The Drive. Archived from the original on 24 November 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
  2. ^ أ ب Newdick, Thomas; Rogoway, Tyler (15 December 2022). "What Joint Direct Attack Munitions Could Do For Ukraine". The Drive. Archived from the original on 16 December 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
  3. ^ Janes (1 June 2023), GBU-31/32/38 Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM), Coulsdon, Surrey: Jane's Group UK Limited., https://customer.janes.com/display/JALW3667-JALW, retrieved on 28 August 2023 
  4. ^ Janes (30 May 2023), GBU-54/55/56 Laser Joint Direct Attack Munition (LJDAM), Coulsdon, Surrey: Jane's Group UK Limited., https://customer.janes.com/display/JALWA091-JALW, retrieved on 28 August 2023 
  5. ^ "JDAM continues to be warfighter's weapon of choice". Retrieved 2007-07-27.
  6. ^ "Laser Guided JDAM Debuts in Iraq". Defense Update. Retrieved 2010-10-05.
  7. ^ Bogan, Jesse (27 January 2017). "Boeing boosts production of precision-guided bomb kits made in St. Charles to fight ongoing wars by air". St Louis Post-Dispatch. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023.
  8. ^ "Boeing: Boeing - Precision Engagement Systems". www.boeing.com. Retrieved 2024-01-22.
  9. ^ أ ب INS/GPS Operational Concept Demonstration (OCD) High Gear Program, IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, 8 August 1994.
  10. ^ Davis, Charles H. (19 April 2000). "JDAM: The Kosovo Experience and DPAS" (PDF). The Boeing Company. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 September 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-01.
  11. ^ "U.S. Air Force B-2 Bomber Drops 80 JDAMS in Historic Test". Boeing. 17 September 2003. Archived from the original on 26 September 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2007.
  12. ^ Myers, Dominique (2002). "Acquisition Reform-Inside The Silver Bullet" (PDF). Acquisition Review Journal. IX (Fall 2002): 312–322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 September 2007. Retrieved 1 September 2007.
  13. ^ "Air Force Justification Book Procurement of Ammunition, Air Force" (PDF). Department of Defense Fiscal Year (FY) 2012 Budget Estimates. US Air Force. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 29 December 2011.
  14. ^ Grier, Peter (1 September 2006). "The JDAM Revolution". Air & Space Forces Magazine. Archived from the original on 31 May 2023.
  15. ^ "BGM-109 Tomahawk - Tomahawk Variants". Global Security. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023.
  16. ^ "Bringing Back Counter-Insurgency: AT-6B vs. A-29B" Defence Talk, 10 September 2011. Retrieved: 15 January 2012.
  17. ^ "boeing.com Boeing JDAM Wins Australian Competition". Archived from the original on 2007-04-11. Retrieved 2007-07-27.
  18. ^ "CF-188 Hornets on Op MOBILE drop first JDAM bombs". Retrieved 2011-10-27.
  19. ^ "FMS: Third Phase of Finnish F/A-18 MLU". Retrieved 2007-07-27.
  20. ^ DoD
  21. ^ http://hellenicdefencenews.blogspot.com/search/label/JDAM
  22. ^ "First International JDAM Sale: Boeing to Integrate Weapon on Israeli Aircraft". Retrieved 2007-07-27.
  23. ^ "global security.org". Retrieved 2007-07-27.
  24. ^ "armada.mde.es". Retrieved 2013-05-25.
  25. ^ 航空ファン 2008-12 P118
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  27. ^ "Norway Signs Contract for Boeing JDAM". Retrieved 2007-07-27.
  28. ^ [1]
  29. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة sunstar.com.ph
  30. ^ "Gates says Washington to sell smart bombs to Saudi Arabia". Retrieved 2007-07-27.
  31. ^ "Komutanlar Anadolu Kartali'nda (In Turkish)". Retrieved 2010-10-05.
  32. ^ "Anadolu Kartali'na Yerli Bilim Katkisi (In Turkish)". Retrieved 2010-10-05.
  33. ^ Kristensen, Hans. "B61 LEP: Increasing NATO Nuclear Capability and Precision Low-Yield Strikes." FAS, 15 June 2011.

المراجع

وصلات خارجية


خطأ استشهاد: وسوم <ref> موجودة لمجموعة اسمها "note"، ولكن لم يتم العثور على وسم <references group="note"/>

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