ديناميكا (ميكانيكا)
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الديناميكا في علم الفيزياء عادة ما تشير إلى التطور عبر الوقت الذي يحدث في العمليات الطبيعية. فالأجسام قد تغير سرعتها واتجاه حركتها نتيجة قوى تؤثر عليها [1] ضمن مجموعة من العمليات الفيزيائية. هذه العمليات يمكن أن تكون عمليات مجهرية مثل فيزياء الجسيمات، نظرية الحركة وتوقعات الميكانيكا الإحصائية، والتفاعلات الكيميائية، [2] والديناميكا الحرارية خارج التوازن.
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المبادئ
Generally speaking, researchers involved in dynamics study how a physical system might develop or alter over time and study the causes of those changes. In addition, Newton established the fundamental physical laws which govern dynamics in physics. By studying his system of mechanics, dynamics can be understood. In particular, dynamics is mostly related to Newton's second law of motion. However, all three laws of motion are taken into account because these are interrelated in any given observation or experiment.
الديناميكا الخطية والدورانية
The study of dynamics falls under two categories: linear and rotational. Linear dynamics pertains to objects moving in a line and involves such quantities as force, mass/inertia, displacement (in units of distance), velocity (distance per unit time), acceleration (distance per unit of time squared) and momentum (mass times unit of velocity). Rotational dynamics pertains to objects that are rotating or moving in a curved path and involves such quantities as torque, moment of inertia/rotational inertia, angular displacement (in radians or less often, degrees), angular velocity (radians per unit time), angular acceleration (radians per unit of time squared) and angular momentum (moment of inertia times unit of angular velocity). Very often, objects exhibit linear and rotational motion.
For classical electromagnetism, Maxwell's equations describe the kinematics. The dynamics of classical systems involving both mechanics and electromagnetism are described by the combination of Newton's laws, Maxwell's equations, and the Lorentz force.
القوة
From Newton, force can be defined as an exertion or pressure which can cause an object to accelerate. The concept of force is used to describe an influence which causes a free body (object) to accelerate. It can be a push or a pull, which causes an object to change direction, have new velocity, or to deform temporarily or permanently. Generally speaking, force causes an object's state of motion to change.[3]
قوانين نيوتن
Newton described force as the ability to cause a mass to accelerate. His three laws can be summarized as follows:
- First law: If there is no net force on an object, then its velocity is constant. Either the object is at rest (if its velocity is equal to zero), or it moves with constant speed in a single direction.[4][5]
- Second law: The rate of change of linear momentum P of an object is equal to the net force Fnet, i.e., dP/dt = Fnet.
- Third law: When a first body exerts a force F1 on a second body, the second body simultaneously exerts a force F2 = −F1 on the first body. This means that F1 and F2 are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.
Newton's Laws of Motion are valid only in an inertial frame of reference.
انظر أيضاً
مراجع
- ^ الموسوعة المعرفية الشاملة
- ^ Niels E. Henriksen, Flemming Y. Hansen (2008). Theories of Molecular Reaction Dynamics: The Microscopic Foundation of Chemical Kinetics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0199203865.
- ^ Goc, Roman (2005) [2004 copyright date]. "Force in Physics". Archived from the original (Physics tutorial) on 2010-02-22. Retrieved 2010-02-18.
- ^ Browne, Michael E. (July 1999). Schaum's outline of theory and problems of physics for engineering and science (Series: Schaum's Outline Series). McGraw-Hill Companies. pp. 58. ISBN 978-0-07-008498-8.
newton's first law of motion.
- ^ Holzner, Steven (December 2005). Physics for Dummies. Wiley, John & Sons, Incorporated. pp. 64. ISBN 978-0-7645-5433-9.
Newton's laws of motion.
للاستزادة
- Swagatam (25 March 2010). "Calculating Engineering Dynamics Using Newton's Laws". Bright Hub. Archived from the original on April 12, 2011. Retrieved 2010-04-10.
- Wilson, C. E. (2003). Kinematics and dynamics of machinery. Pearson Education. ISBN 978-0-201-35099-9.
- Dresig, H.; Holzweißig, F. (2010). Dynamics of Machinery. Theory and Applications. Springer Science+Business Media, Dordrecht, London, New York. ISBN 978-3-540-89939-6.