دولار أسترالي

"AUD" redirects here. For other uses, see AUD (توضيح).

قالب:Use Australian English

دولار أسترالي
Australian 100 dollar note Obverse Fourth Series.jpeg Australian $1 Coin.png
$100 banknote (2020, obverse)$1 coin (reverse)
ISO 4217
الكودAUD
الفئات
الوحدة الأصغر
 1⁄100cent
الرمز$
 centc
الأوراق النقدية
 Freq. used$5, $10, $20, $50, $100
 نادرة الاستخدام$1, $2 (no longer in production)
عملات
 شائعة الاستخدام5c, 10c, 20c, 50c, $1, $2
 نادرة الاستخدام1c, 2c (no longer in production)
الديمغرافيا
تاريخ الطرح14 فبراير 1966; منذ 59 سنة (1966-02-14[1]
حلت محلAustralian pound
المستخدم أستراليا
الإصدار
البنك المركزيReserve Bank of Australia
 الموقع الإلكترونيrba.gov.au
المطبعةNote Printing Australia
 Websitenoteprinting.com
MintRoyal Australian Mint
 Websiteramint.gov.au
القيمة
التضخم2.8% (Australia only)
 المصدرReserve Bank of Australia, September quarter 2024.
مربوط بواسطةTuvaluan dollar and Kiribati dollar at par

الدولار الأسترالي هو العملة الرسمية في كومنولث أستراليا ، والذي يتضمن جزر الكريسماس ، كوكس ، جزر نورفوك ، وكذلك جزر المحيط الهادي (كيريباتس ، نورو ، وتوفالو). ينقسم الدولار الأسترالي إلى 100 سنت.[2][3] and also referred to as the dollar or Aussie dollar) is the official currency and legal tender of Australia, including all of its external territories, and three independent sovereign Pacific Island states: Kiribati, Nauru, and Tuvalu.[4][5][6][7] اعتبارا من أبريل 2022, it was the sixth most-traded currency in the foreign exchange market[8] and اعتبارا من 2024 the sixth most-held reserve currency in global reserves.[9]

The Australian dollar was introduced as a decimal currency on 14 February 1966 to replace the non-decimal Australian pound, with the conversion rate of two dollars to the pound (A£1 = A$2). It is subdivided into 100 cents. The $ symbol precedes the amount. On the introduction of the currency, the $ symbol was intended to have two strokes, but the version with one stroke has also always been acceptable.[10][11]

اعتبارا من 2023, there were A$4.4 billion in coins[12] and A$101.3 billion in notes[13] of Australian currency in circulation, or around A$6,700 per person in Australia,[14] which includes cash reserves held by the banking system and cash in circulation in other countries or held as a foreign exchange reserve.

Constitutional basis

Section 51(xii) of the Constitution of Australia gives the Commonwealth (federal) Parliament the power to legislate with respect to "currency, coinage, and legal tender".[15] The states are not allowed to coin money, in accordance with section 115 which provides that "[a] State shall not coin money, nor make anything but gold and silver coin a legal tender in payment of debts".[16] Australian coins are now produced at the Royal Australian Mint in Canberra.


التاريخ

"Australian Royal" redirects here. For Australian royalty, see Monarchy of Australia.
المقالة الرئيسية: History of Australian currency

Background

Before Federation in 1901, the six colonies that comprised Australia had separate currencies, all of which closely replicated the British currency system, and were usually exchangeable with each other on a one-to-one basis. Hence Federation was not seen as urgently requiring a single, unified currency. For another 10 years, colonial banknotes and coins continued to be the main circulating currencies.

In 1902, a select committee of the House of Representatives, chaired by George Edwards, had recommended that Australia adopt a single, national decimal currency, with a pound divided into ten florins and each florin comprising 100 cents.[17] However, the recommendation was not acted upon.

The Australian pound (A£) was introduced in 1910, at par with the pound sterling (A£1 = UK£1). Like the UK pound, it was divided into 240 pence, or 20 shillings (each comprising 12 pence). In December 1931, the Australian currency was devalued by 25%, so that one pound five shillings Australian was equivalent to one pound sterling.[18]

In 1937, a banking royal commission, appointed by the Lyons government, recommended that Australia adopt "a system of decimal coinage ... based upon the division of the Australian pound into 1000 parts".[19][20] This recommendation was not accepted either.

Adoption of the dollar

In February 1959, treasurer Harold Holt appointed a Decimal Currency Committee, chaired by Walter D. Scott, to examine the merits of decimalisation. The committee reported in August 1960 in favour of decimalisation and proposed that a new currency be introduced (from February 1963), to be modelled on South Africa's replacement of the South African pound with the rand (worth 10 shillings or 1⁄2 pound). The Menzies government announced its support for decimalisation in July 1961, but delayed the process in order to give further consideration to the implementation process.[21] In April 1963, Holt announced that a decimal currency was scheduled to be introduced in February 1966, with a base unit equal to 10 shillings, and that a Decimal Currency Board would be established to oversee the transition process.[19]

A public consultation process was held in which over 1,000 names were suggested for the new currency. This was reduced to a shortlist of seven names: austral, crown, dollar, pound, regal, tasman and royal.[22] In June 1963, Holt announced that the new currency would be called the "royal". This met with widespread public disapproval, and three months later it was announced that it would instead be named the "dollar".[23]

The pound was replaced by the dollar on 14 February 1966[24] with the conversion rate of A$2 = A£1. For example, a pre-decimal amount of nine pounds, sixteen shillings and sixpence (£9 16s 6d) became $19.65 in terms of dollars and cents. Since Australia was still part of the fixed-exchange sterling area, the exchange rate was fixed to the pound sterling at a rate of A$1 = 8s sterling (or £1 stg = A$2.50, and in turn £1 stg = US$2.80). In 1967, Australia effectively left the sterling area when the pound sterling was devalued against the US dollar from US$2.80 to US$2.40, but the Australian dollar chose to retain its peg to the US dollar at A$1 = US$1.12 (hence appreciating in value versus sterling).

The Australian dollar is legal tender in its external territories: Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, and Norfolk Island; and is also official currency in Kiribati, Nauru, and Tuvalu. It was legal tender in Papua New Guinea until 31 December 1975 when it was replaced by the kina, and in Solomon Islands until 1977 when it was replaced by the Solomon Islands dollar.

العملات المعدنية

المقالة الرئيسية: Coins of the Australian dollar

In 1966, coins were introduced in denominations of 1 and 2 cents (bronze); 5, 10, and 20 cents (cupronickel; 75% copper, 25% nickel); and 50 cents (silver, then cupronickel). The 50-cent coins in 80% silver were no longer minted after March 1968 due to the intrinsic value of the silver content rising to exceed the face value of the coins.[25] Aluminium bronze (92% copper, 6% aluminium, 2% nickel) 1 dollar coins were introduced in 1984, followed by aluminium bronze 2 dollar coins in 1988, to replace the banknotes of that value. In everyday Australian parlance, these coins collectively are referred to as "gold coins". 1 and 2 cent coins were discontinued in 1991 and withdrawn from circulation in 1992; since then cash transactions have been rounded to the nearest 5 cents.

Australian coins
Image Value Technical parameters Description Date of first minting
Obverse Reverse Diameter Thickness Weight Composition Edge Obverse Reverse
Australian 1c Coin.png 1c
17.65 mm >1.4 mm 2.60 g 97% copper
2.5% zinc
0.5% tin 		Plain Queen Elizabeth II Feathertail glider 1966–1991 (no longer issued)
Australian 2c Coin.png 2c
21.59 mm <1.9 mm 5.20 g Frill-necked lizard
Australian Five Cents Rev.png 5c 19.41 mm 1.3 mm 2.83 g Cupronickel
75% copper
25% nickel 		Reeded Queen
Elizabeth II,
King Charles III (since 2024) 		Echidna 1966
Australian 10c Coin.png 10c 23.60 mm 1.5 mm 5.65 g Superb lyrebird
Australian 20c Coin.png 20c 28.65 mm 2.0 mm 11.3 g Platypus
Australian 50c Coin.png 50c Dodecagon 31.65 mm (across flats) 2.0 mm 15.55 g Plain Coat of arms 1969
Australian $1 Coin.png $1 25.00 mm 2.8 mm 9.00 g 92% copper
6% aluminium
2% nickel 		Interrupted
milled 		Queen
Elizabeth II,
King Charles III (since 2023)[26] 		Five kangaroos 1984
Australian $2 Coin.png $2 20.50 mm 3.0 mm 6.60 g Queen
Elizabeth II,
King Charles III (since 2024) 		Aboriginal elder and Southern Cross 1988
These images are to scale at 2.5 pixels per millimetre. For table standards, see the coin specification table. Source: Royal Australian Mint.[27]

Australia's coins are produced by the Royal Australian Mint, which is located in the nation's capital, Canberra. Since opening in 1965, the Mint has produced more than 14 billion circulating coins, and has the capacity to produce more than two million coins per day, or more than 600 million coins per year.

Current Australian 5, 10 and 20 cent coins are identical in size to the former Australian, New Zealand, and British sixpence, shilling, and two shilling (florin) coins. Pre-decimal Australian coins remain legal tender for 10 cents per shilling. Before 2006 the old New Zealand 5, 10 and 20 cent coins were often mistaken for Australian coins of the same value, and vice versa, and therefore circulated in both countries. The UK replaced these coins with smaller versions from 1990 to 1993, as did New Zealand in 2006. Still, some confusion occurs with the larger-denomination coins in the two countries; Australia's $1 coin is similar in size to New Zealand's $2 coin, and the New Zealand $1 coin is similar in size to Australia's $2 coin.

With a mass of 15.55 grams (0.549 oz) and a diameter of 31.51 millimetres (1+1⁄4 in), the Australian 50-cent coin is one of the largest coins used in the world today.

Commemorative coins

انظر أيضاً: Australian commemorative coins

The Royal Australian Mint also has an international reputation for producing quality numismatic coins. It has first issued commemorative 50-cent coins in 1970, commemorating James Cook's exploration along the east coast of the Australian continent, followed in 1977 by a coin for Queen Elizabeth II's Silver Jubilee, the wedding of Charles, Prince of Wales and Lady Diana Spencer in 1981, the Brisbane Commonwealth Games in 1982, and the Australian Bicentenary in 1988. Issues expanded into greater numbers in the 1990s and the 21st century, responding to collector demand. Commemorative designs have also been featured on the circulating two dollar, one dollar, and 20 cent coins.

In commemoration of the 40th anniversary of decimal currency, the 2006 mint proof and uncirculated sets included one- and two-cent coins. In early 2013, Australia's first triangular coin was introduced to mark the 25th anniversary of the opening of Parliament House. The silver $5 coin is 99.9% silver, and depicts Parliament House as viewed from one of its courtyards.[28]


العملات الورقية

First series

The first paper issues of the Australian dollar were issued in 1966. The $1, $2, $10 and $20 notes had exact equivalents in the former pound notes. The $5 note was issued in 1967, the $50 was issued in 1973 and the $100 was issued in 1984.[29]

The $1 banknote was replaced by a $1 coin in 1984, while the $2 banknote was replaced by a smaller $2 coin in 1988.[30] Although no longer printed, all previous notes of the Australian dollar remain legal tender.[31]

Shortly after the changeover, substantial counterfeiting of $10 notes was detected. This provided an impetus for the Reserve Bank of Australia to develop new note technologies jointly with the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, culminating in the introduction of the first polymer banknote in 1988.

First polymer series

Australia was the first country to produce polymer banknotes,[32] more specifically made of polypropylene polymer, which were produced by Note Printing Australia. These revolutionary polymer notes are cleaner than paper notes, are more durable and easily recyclable.

The first polymer banknote was issued in 1988 as a $10 note[33] commemorating the bicentenary of European settlement in Australia. The note depicted on one side a young male Aboriginal person in body paint, with other elements of Aboriginal culture. On the reverse side was the ship Supply from the First Fleet, with a background of Sydney Cove, as well as a group of people to illustrate the diverse backgrounds from which Australia has evolved over 200 years.

The first polymer series was rolled out starting 1992 and featured the following persons:

A special centenary issue of the $5 note in 2001 featured Sir Henry Parkes and Catherine Helen Spence. In 2015–2016 there were petitions to feature Fred Hollows on the upgraded $5 note, but failed to push through when the new note was introduced on 1 September 2016.[39][40][41]

Australia also prints polymer banknotes for a number of other countries through Note Printing Australia, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Reserve Bank of Australia. Note Printing Australia prints polymer notes or simply supplies the polymer substrate[42] for a growing number of other countries including Bangladesh, Brunei, Chile, Kuwait, Malaysia, Mexico, Nepal, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Romania, Samoa, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka and Vietnam. Many other countries are showing a strong interest in the new technology.

Second polymer series

On 27 September 2012, the Reserve Bank of Australia stated that it had ordered work on a project to upgrade the current banknotes. The upgraded banknotes would incorporate a number of new future proof security features[43] and include tactile features like Braille dots for ease of use of the visually impaired.[44][45] All persons featured on the first polymer series were retained on the second polymer series. However, following the death of Queen Elizabeth II, the government has announced that the $5 note will be replaced with a design reflecting Indigenous history and culture.[46]

Banknote series (since 2016)
Value Image Design Dimensions1 (mm) Weight1 (g) Main colour Window image Embossing3 Printed Issued
Front Back Front Back
$5 2016 Australian five dollar note obverse.jpg 2016 Australian five dollar note reverse.jpg Queen Elizabeth II Parliament House4 130 × 65 unknown Purple Top to Bottom window2 Federation star Current 1 September 2016[41]
$10 2017 Australian ten dollar note obverse.jpg 2017 Australian ten dollar note reverse.jpg Banjo Paterson Dame Mary Gilmore 137 × 65 unknown Blue Top to bottom window Pen nib Current 20 September 2017[47]
$20 Australian 20 dollar note Reverse Fourth Series.jpeg Australian 20 dollar note RBA Reverse Fourth Series.jpeg Mary Reibey Reverend John Flynn 144 × 65 0.82g Red Top to bottom window Compass Current 9 October 2019[48]
$50 2018 Australian fifty dollar note obverse.jpg 2018 Australian fifty dollar note reverse.jpg David Unaipon Edith Cowan 151 × 65 unknown Yellow Top to bottom window Book Current 18 October 2018[49]
$100 Australian 100 dollar note Obverse Fourth Series.jpeg Australian 100 dollar note Reverse Fourth Series.jpg Dame Nellie Melba Sir John Monash 158 × 65 unknown Green Top to bottom window Fan Current 29 October 2020[50][51]
هذه الصور بمقياس 0.7 پكسل لكل millimetre. لمعايير الجدول، انظر جدول مواصفات الأوراق النقدية. Source: Reserve Bank of Australia.[52][53]

Remarks:

  1. Thickness and weight of notes is +/-5 percent per 1000 notes
  2. A new clear polymer window that goes from the top to the bottom of the note that is all clear
  3. Embossing is inside the small window.
  4. There are two blocks of micro-text on the reverse side of the Fourth series five dollar note, which contains excerpts of the Constitution of Australia

قيمة الدولار الأسترالي

Recent history of USD versus the AUD and NZD; grey bars indicate US recessions only.


انظر أيضا

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

المصادر

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وصلات خارجية

(Note that a higher CPI figure indicates a reduction of value for the Australian dollar.)

  • The Money Tracker site allows users to track Australian banknotes as they circulate around Australia.


سبقه:
لا سابق في العصر الحديث
السبب: decimalisation
سعر الصرف: 2 دولارات= 1 جنيه 		عملة Australia, Christmas Island, جزر كوكس, جزر نورفلوك, نورو, كيريباتس, توفالو
1966 – 		تبعه:
الحالية
سبقه:
جنبيه غينيا الجديدة
السبب: decimalisation
سعر الصرف: 2 دولارات= 1 جنيه 		عملة بابوا غينيا الجديدة
1966 – 1975 		تبعه:
كينا بابوا غينيا الجديدة
سبقه:
جنيه أستراليا
السبب: decimalisation
سعر الصرف: 2 دولارات = 1 جنيه 		عملة جزر سولمون
1966 – 1977 		تبعه:
Solomon Islands dollar

A$

قالب:Currencies of Oceania

الكلمات الدالة:
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