دك دربن

Dick Durbin
Dick Durbin 2022 official portrait (cropped).jpg
Official portrait, 2022
Senate Majority Whip
تولى المنصب
January 20, 2021
الزعيمChuck Schumer
سبقهJohn Thune
في المنصب
January 3, 2007 – January 3, 2015
الزعيمHarry Reid
سبقهMitch McConnell
خلـَفهJohn Cornyn
Chair of the Senate Judiciary Committee
تولى المنصب
February 3, 2021
سبقهLindsey Graham
Senate Minority Whip
في المنصب
January 3, 2015 – January 20, 2021
الزعيمHarry Reid
Chuck Schumer
سبقهJohn Cornyn
خلـَفهJohn Thune
في المنصب
January 3, 2005 – January 3, 2007
الزعيمHarry Reid
سبقهHarry Reid
خلـَفهTrent Lott
سناتور الولايات المتحدة
عن Illinois
تولى المنصب
January 3, 1997
يخدم with Tammy Duckworth
سبقهPaul Simon
عضو of the U.S. مجلس النواب
عن Illinois's 20th district
في المنصب
January 3, 1983 – January 3, 1997
سبقهPaul Findley
خلـَفهJohn Shimkus
تفاصيل شخصية
وُلِد
Richard Joseph Durbin

21 نوفمبر 1944 (العمر 80 سنة)
East St. Louis, Illinois, U.S.
الحزبDemocratic
الزوج
Loretta Schaefer
​
(m. 1967)​
الأنجال3[note 1]
الإقامةSpringfield, Illinois, U.S.
التعليمGeorgetown University (BS, JD)
الوظيفة
  • Politician
  • lawyer
التوقيع
الموقع الإلكترونيSenate website
Dick Durbin speaks in support of the DREAM Act
Recorded December 18, 2010

Richard Joseph Durbin (born November 21, 1944) is an American lawyer and politician serving as the senior United States senator from Illinois, a seat he has held since 1997. A member of the Democratic Party, Durbin is in his fifth Senate term and has served as the Senate Democratic whip since 2005 (the second-highest position in the Democratic leadership in the Senate) and as the Senate majority whip since 2021. He chairs the Senate Judiciary Committee,[2] and led the Ketanji Brown Jackson Supreme Court nomination hearings.

Durbin was born in East St. Louis, Illinois. He graduated from the School of Foreign Service and the Georgetown University Law Center. Working in state legal counsel throughout the 1970s, he made an unsuccessful run for lieutenant governor of Illinois in 1978. He later maintained a private law practice and co-owned a pub in Springfield. Durbin was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1982, representing the Springfield-based 20th congressional district.

After serving seven House terms, Durbin was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1996 and reelected in 2002, 2008, 2014, and 2020. He has served as the Senate Democratic whip since 2005—under Harry Reid until 2017, and under Chuck Schumer since 2017. During that time, he had two stints as Senate majority whip (from 2007 to 2015, and since 2021), and two as minority whip (from 2005 to 2007 and from 2015 to 2021). As of 2024, Durbin is the longest-serving Senate party whip in U.S. history. He is the dean of Illinois's congressional delegation.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Early life, education and career

Durbin was born in East St. Louis, Illinois, to an Irish-American father, William Durbin, and a Lithuanian-born mother, Anna (née Kutkin; Lithuanian: Ona Kutkaitė).[3] He graduated from Assumption High School in East St. Louis in 1962. During his high school years he worked at a meatpacking plant. He earned a B.S. from the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University in 1966. Durbin interned in Senator Paul Douglas's office during his senior year in college, and worked on Douglas's unsuccessful 1966 reelection campaign. Durbin adopted the nickname "Dick", which he did not previously use, after Douglas mistakenly called him by that name.[4]

Durbin earned his J.D. from Georgetown University Law Center in 1969 and was admitted to the Illinois bar later that year. After graduating from law school, Durbin started a law practice in Springfield. He was legal counsel to Lieutenant Governor Paul Simon from 1969 to 1972, and then legal counsel to the Illinois State Senate Judiciary Committee from 1972 to 1982. Durbin was an unsuccessful Democratic candidate for the Illinois State Senate in 1976.[5] From 1976 to 1981 he co-owned the Crow's Mill Pub in Springfield's Toronto neighborhood, which he later described as a "crash course" in running a business.[6] He ran for lieutenant governor in 1978 as the running mate of State Superintendent of Schools Michael Bakalis. They were defeated by Republican incumbents Jim Thompson and Dave O'Neal. Durbin then worked as an adjunct professor of medical law at the Southern Illinois University School of Medicine for five years while maintaining his law practice.


U.S. House of Representatives

In 1982, Durbin won the Democratic nomination for the 20th congressional district, which included Macon and most of Springfield. He scored a 1,400-vote victory, defeating 22-year incumbent Paul Findley, a U.S. Navy veteran, whose district lines had been substantially redrawn to remove rural farms and add economically depressed Macon. This replaced 35% of the voters[7][8] and included more Democrats as part of the decennial redistricting. Durbin's campaign emphasized unemployment and financial difficulties facing farmers, and told voters that electing him would send "a message to Washington and to President Reagan that our economic policies are not working." Durbin benefited from donations by pro-Israel groups, especially AIPAC,[9] that opposed Findley's advocacy on behalf of the Palestine Liberation Organization[10] in the year before the election. Durbin was reelected six times, rarely facing substantial opposition, and winning more than 55% of the vote in each election except 1994.[11][12][13]

U.S. Senate

Durbin during the 108th Congress
Durbin speaks during the final night of the 2008 Democratic National Convention in Denver, Colorado, introducing his party's nominee, fellow Illinoisan Barack Obama

In 1996, Durbin defeated Pat Quinn to become the Democratic nominee to replace the retiring Senator Paul Simon, a longtime friend. He faced Republican State Representative Al Salvi in the general election. Although the election had been expected to be competitive, Durbin benefited from Bill Clinton's 18-point win in Illinois that year and defeated Salvi by 15 points. He was reelected in 2002, 2008, 2014 and 2020, each time by at least 10 points.

Committee assignments

Durbin's committee assignments for the 118th Congress are as follows:[14]

Caucus memberships

Leadership

Durbin eating lunch with President Barack Obama, Vice President Joe Biden, and House Majority Leader Steny Hoyer.

In November 1998, Senate Minority Leader Tom Daschle appointed Durbin Assistant Democratic Whip. After the 2004 election, Durbin became the Democratic Whip in the 109th Congress. He became the first senator from Illinois to serve as a Senate Whip since Everett Dirksen in the late 1950s, and the fifth to serve in Senate leadership.[19] Durbin served as assistant minority leader from 2005 to 2007, when the Democrats became the majority party in the Senate. He then assumed the role of assistant majority leader, or majority whip.

In addition to his caucus duties, Durbin chairs the Subcommittee on Human Rights and the Subcommittee on Financial Services and General Government.[20]

In 2000, Democratic presidential nominee Al Gore reportedly considered asking Durbin to be his running mate for Vice President of the United States.[21] Gore ultimately chose Connecticut Senator Joe Lieberman.[22]

When Majority Leader Harry Reid faced a difficult reelection fight in 2010, some pundits predicted a possibly heated fight to succeed him between Durbin and Senator Chuck Schumer, who is well known for his fund-raising prowess.[23] Reid's reelection rendered such speculation moot. Upon Reid's retirement announcement in 2015, Durbin, Reid, and Schumer were aligned in elevating Schumer to party leader and Durbin to retain the Whip position.[24]

In 2021, Durbin became Senate Majority Whip again for the 117th Congress, as well as becoming chair of the Senate Judiciary Committee. This is the first time that the whip of either party has served as chair of this committee.

Political positions

Durbin and Bob Menendez with Venezuela's interim President Juan Guaidó in February 2020

In 2006, the National Journal rated Durbin as the most liberal U.S. senator.[25] According to the 2019 Govtrack report card, he had the tenth-most left-leaning voting record in the Senate.[26]

The American Conservative Union gave him a 5% lifetime conservative rating in 2020.[27]

Social issues

Abortion

Durbin during the 117th Congress

During his first term as congressman, Durbin supported upholding existing restrictions on abortion or impose new limitations, including supporting a Constitutional amendment that would have nullified Roe v. Wade.[28] Beginning in his second Senate term, he reversed his position and has since voted to maintain access to abortion, including support for Medicaid funding of it, and opposed any limitation he considers a practical or potential encroachment upon Roe.[29] Durbin has maintained that this reversal came about due to personal reflection and his growing awareness of potentially harmful implications of his previous policy with respect to women facing dangerous pregnancies.[30] He said, "I still oppose abortion and would try my best to convince any woman in my family to carry the baby to term. But I believe that ultimately the decision must be made by the woman, her doctor, her family, and her conscience."[31]

In September 2020, Durbin voted to confirm judges Stephen McGlynn and David W. Dugan, who have criticized Supreme Court rulings such as Roe, to lifetime appointments to the federal judiciary in Illinois.[32] Durbin opposed the 2022 overturning of Roe v. Wade, saying, "millions of Americans are waking up in a country where they have fewer rights than their parents and grandparents."[33]


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Criminal justice reform

In July 2017, Durbin, Cory Booker, Elizabeth Warren, and Kamala Harris introduced the Dignity for Incarcerated Women Act, legislation implementing a ban on the shackling of pregnant women and mandating the Federal Bureau of Prisons to form superior visitation policies for parents along with providing parenting classes and health products such as tampons and pads. The bill also restricted prison employees from entering restrooms of the opposite sex except in pressing circumstances.[34]

In December 2018, Durbin voted for the First Step Act, legislation aimed at reducing recidivism rates among federal prisoners by expanding job training and other programs in addition to expanding early-release programs and modifying sentencing laws such as mandatory minimum sentences for nonviolent drug offenders, "to more equitably punish drug offenders."[35]

Gun control

Durbin received an "F" grade from the National Rifle Association of America for his consistent support for gun control.[36] Durbin supports a national assault weapon ban.[37]

Durbin sent Attorney General Jeff Sessions a letter in May 2017 asking for support in expanding the Chicago Police Department's violence prevention programs by expanding access to the Strategic Decision Support Centers and the National Integrated Ballistic Information Network. He also asked the Justice Department to support the Stop Illegal Trafficking in Firearms Act, which would stop illegal state-to-state gun trafficking.[38]

In response to mass shootings, such as the Orlando nightclub shooting and Las Vegas shooting, Durbin has repeatedly called for expanded gun control laws, saying that Congress would be "complicit" in the shooting deaths of people if it did not act.[39][40]

After the October 2017 Las Vegas shooting, Durbin was one of 24 senators to sign a letter to National Institutes of Health Director Francis Collins espousing the view that it was critical that the NIH "dedicate a portion of its resources to the public health consequences of gun violence" at a time when 93 Americans die per day from gun-related fatalities and noted that the Dickey Amendment did not prohibit objective, scientific inquiries into shooting death prevention.[41]

In January 2019, Durbin was one of 40 senators to introduce the Background Check Expansion Act, a bill that would require background checks for either the sale or transfer of all firearms including all unlicensed sellers. Exceptions to the bill's background check requirement included transfers between members of law enforcement, loaning firearms for either hunting or sporting events temporarily, providing firearms as gifts to members of one's immediate family, firearms transferred as part of an inheritance, or giving a firearm to another person temporarily for immediate self-defense.[42]

HIV/AIDS

In March 2007, Durbin introduced the African Health Capacity Investment Act of 2007 to the Senate. The bill was designed so that over three years, the U.S. would supply over $600 million to help create safer medical facilities and working conditions, and to recruit and train doctors from all over North America.

In December 2007, Durbin and two other senators co-sponsored Senator John Kerry's Nondiscrimination in Travel and Immigration Act. In March 2007, he joined 32 other senators to co-sponsor the Early Treatment for HIV Act.

Immigration

انظر أيضاً: Racial views of Donald Trump § "Shithole countries"

Durbin is the chief proponent of the Development, Relief and Education for Alien Minors (DREAM) Act. The bill would provide certain students who entered or were brought to the nation illegally with the opportunity to earn conditional permanent residency if they arrived in the U.S. as children; graduated from a U.S. high school; have been in the country continuously for at least five years before the bill's enactment; submit biometric data; pass a criminal background check; and complete two years toward a four-year degree from an accredited university or complete at least two years in the military within a five-year period. In 2013, the Immigrant Legal Resource Center presented Durbin with the inaugural Nancy Pelosi Award for Immigration & Civil Rights Policy for his leadership on this issue.[43]

On January 28, 2013, Durbin was a member of a bipartisan group of eight senators, the Gang of Eight,[44] which announced principles for comprehensive immigration reform (CIR).[45]

In April 2018, Durbin was one of five senators to send acting director of Immigration and Customs Enforcement Thomas Homan a letter about standards the agency used to determine how to detain a pregnant woman, requesting that pregnant women not be held in custody except in extraordinary circumstances after reports "that ICE has failed to provide critical medical care to pregnant women in immigration detention—resulting in miscarriages and other negative health outcomes".[46]

In July 2018, Durbin said Homeland Security Secretary Kirstjen Nielsen should resign over the Trump administration family separation policy. He argued it "is and was a cruel policy inconsistent with the bedrock values of the nation," adding someone "in this administration has to accept responsibility." Tyler Houlton, a DHS spokesman, replied on Twitter that "obstructionists in Congress should get to work".[47]

In July 2019, after reports that the Trump administration intended to end protections of spouses, parents and children of active-duty service members from deportation, Durbin was one of 22 senators to sign a letter led by Tammy Duckworth arguing that the program allowed service members the ability "to fight for the United States overseas and not worry that their spouse, children, or parents will be deported while they are away" and that the program's termination would cause personal hardship for service members in combat.[48]

In October 2019, Durbin blocked the passage of S.386, the Fairness for High-Skilled Immigrants Act,[49] which aims to eliminate the per-country numerical limitation for all employment-based immigrants and to increase the per-country limitation for all family-sponsored immigrants from 7% to 15%.[50] [51]

Durbin speaks at a press conference in El Paso, TX with U.S. Homeland Security Secretary Alejandro Mayorkas, along with Vice President Kamala Harris and Representative Veronica Escobar.

Durbin argued that bill S.386 would prioritize people of Indian and Chinese origin, who have been in the green card backlog for years, at the expense of future immigrants from other countries. After blocking S.386, he proposed his own bill, which would almost triple the number of employment-based green cards and eliminate country caps.[52] Durbin agreed that his bill would not pass in the current administration and promised for a bipartisan agreement to pass S.386.[53]

Tobacco regulation

In 1987, Durbin introduced major tobacco regulation legislation in the House. The bill banned cigarette smoking on airline flights of two hours or less. Representative C. W. Bill Young joined him in saying that the rights of smokers to smoke ends where their smoking affects other people's health and safety, such as on airplanes. The bill passed as part of the 1988 transportation spending bill. In 1989, Congress banned cigarette smoking on all domestic airline flights.[54]

In March 1994, Durbin proposed an amendment to the Improving America's Schools Act that required schools receiving federal drug prevention money to teach elementary and secondary students about the dangers of tobacco, drugs, and alcohol. The amendment also required schools to warn students about tobacco and teach them how to resist peer pressure to smoke.[55]

In February 2008, Durbin called on Congress to support a measure that would allow the Food and Drug Administration to oversee the tobacco industry. The measure would require companies to disclose the contents of tobacco products, restrict advertising and promotions, and mandate the removal of harmful ingredients from tobacco products. It would also prohibit tobacco companies from using terms like "low risk," "light," and "mild" on the packaging.[بحاجة لمصدر]

Durbin attributes his stance against tobacco smoking to his father, who smoked two packs of cigarettes a day and died of lung cancer.

Freedom of expression

In 2007, speaking as Senate Majority Whip, Durbin said on record that "It's time to reinstitute the Fairness Doctrine."[56]

In 2010, Durbin cosponsored and passed from committee the Combating Online Infringement and Counterfeits Act, a bill to combat media piracy by blacklisting websites. Many opposed to the bill argue that it violates First Amendment rights and promotes censorship.[57][58] The announcement of the bill was followed by a wave of protest from digital rights activists, including the Electronic Frontier Foundation, calling it censorship and stating that action could be taken against all users of sites on which only some users are uploading infringing material.[59]

Durbin sponsored the PROTECT IP Act.[60]

Attempts to remove PAC radio advertisements

In July 2014, Americas PAC, a Political Action Committee designed to elect conservative Republicans, released a radio advertisement attacking Durbin's staff salaries.[61] This was based on a Washington Times article that stated Durbin's female staff members made $11,000 less annually than his male staffers.[62] In response, lawyers representing Durbin submitted a letter claiming the information in the ad was false and that the radio stations would be liable for airing the ad, with the possibility of losing their FCC license.[63] The radio station stated the sources provided to back up the information provided by Americas PAC were checked and verified and that they would keep the ad on air.[64]


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Economic issues

Child care

In 2019, Durbin and 34 other senators introduced the Child Care for Working Families Act. The bill was expected to create 770,000 new child care jobs and ensure families under 75% of the state median income would not pay for child care, with higher-earning families having to pay "their fair share for care on a sliding scale, regardless of the number of children they have." The legislation also supported universal access to high-quality preschool programs for all three- and four-year-olds. Additionally, it would have changed child care compensation and training to aid both teachers and caregivers.[65] The bill was referred to the Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions, where it did not receive a hearing or vote.[66]

2007–2008 financial crisis

Durbin meeting with Raj Date, then acting director of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, to discuss helping consumers compare bank fees

On September 18, 2008, Durbin attended a closed meeting with congressional leaders, then-Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson and Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke, and was urged to craft legislation to help financially troubled banks. That same day (trade effective the next day), Durbin sold mutual fund shares worth $42,696 and reinvested it all with Warren Buffett.[67]

On February 26, 2009, Durbin introduced the Protecting Consumers from Unreasonable Credit Rates Act of 2009, calling for a maximum annual interest rate cap of 36%, including all interest and fees.[68] The bill was intended to put an end to predatory lending activities.

In an April 27, 2009, interview with WJJG talk radio host Ray Hanania, Durbin said banks were responsible for the 2007–2008 financial crisis. He added that many of the banks responsible for the crisis "own the place", referring to the power the banking lobby wields on Capitol Hill.[69]

Trade

In January 2005, Durbin changed his longstanding position on sugar tariffs and price supports. After several years of voting to keep sugar quotas and price supports, he now favors abolishing the program. "The sugar program depended on congressmen like me from states that grew corn", Durbin said, referring to the fact that, though they were formerly a single entity, the sugar market and the corn syrup market are now largely separate.[70]

In May 2006, Durbin campaigned to maintain a $0.54 per gallon tariff on imported ethanol. He justified the tariff by joining Barack Obama in stating that "ethanol imports are neither necessary nor a practical response to current gasoline prices", arguing instead that domestic ethanol production is sufficient and expanding.[71] The American Coalition for Ethanol gave him a rating of 100%.[بحاجة لمصدر]

American Airlines praised Durbin for arguing for the need to lower rising oil prices.[72]

Environment

Among Durbin's legislative causes are environmental protection, particularly the protection of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. The League of Conservation Voters gives him a rating of 89%. Sierra Club gives him a 90% rating.[بحاجة لمصدر]

Rod Blagojevich

Shortly after Governor Rod Blagojevich's arrest on federal corruption charges on December 9, 2008, Durbin called for the Illinois legislature to quickly pass legislation for a special election to fill then-President-elect Barack Obama's vacant Senate seat.[73] He stated that no United States Senate appointment of Blagojevich's could produce a credible replacement.[74]

Durbin and Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid led all 50 members of the Senate Democratic Caucus in writing Blagojevich to urge him to resign and not name a successor to Obama following Blagojevich's arrest.[75]

Transportation

Durbin has been a major proponent of expanded Amtrak funding and support.[76]

Election finance

Durbin reintroduced the Fair Elections Now Act during the 112th Congress. The bill would provide public funds to candidates who do not take political donations larger than $100 from any donor.[77]

Foreign and military policy

China

In April 2017, Durbin was one of eight Democratic senators to sign a letter to President Trump noting government-subsidized Chinese steel had been placed into the American market in recent years below cost and had hurt the domestic steel industry and the iron ore industry that fed it, calling on Trump to raise the steel issue with President of the People's Republic of China Xi Jinping in his meeting with him.[78]

Darfur

On March 2, 2005, then-Senator Jon Corzine presented the Darfur Peace and Accountability Act (S. 495) to the Senate. Durbin was one of 40 senators to co-sponsor the bill. The bill asked all people involved in or deemed in some way responsible for the genocide in Darfur to be denied visas and entrance to the U.S.

In 2006, Durbin co-sponsored the Durbin-Leahy Amendment to the Supplemental Appropriations bill for emergency funding to instill peace in Darfur. In 2006, he also co-sponsored the Lieberman Resolution and the Clinton Amendment.

On June 7, 2007, Durbin introduced the Sudan Disclosure Enforcement Act, which was aimed "at enhancing the U.S. Government's ability to impose penalties on violators of U.S. sanctions against Sudan." The bill called for the U.N. Security Council to vote on sanctions against the Sudanese Government for the genocide in Darfur.

Durbin has voted for all Darfur-related legislation. In addition to the Darfur Peace and Accountability Act, he also supported the Civilian Protection No-Fly Zone Act, the Hybrid Force Resolution, and the Sudan Divestment Authorization Act.

Myanmar

In October 2017, Durbin condemned the genocide of the Rohingya Muslim minority in Myanmar and called for a stronger response to it.[79]

Guantanamo Bay

In 2005, Durbin compared the U.S. treatment of prisoners at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base to the atrocities committed by "Nazis, Soviets in their gulags, or some mad regime—Pol Pot or others—that had no concern for human beings." Demands that he apologize were initially rebuffed,[80] but Durbin later apologized to the military for his remarks, which he said were "a very poor choice of words."[81]

Guantanamo interrogation criticism

Durbin received media attention on June 14, 2005, when in the U.S. Senate chambers he compared interrogation techniques used at Camp X-Ray, Guantanamo Bay, as reported by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, to those utilized by such regimes as Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union, and the Khmer Rouge:

When you read some of the graphic descriptions of what has occurred here – I almost hesitate to put them in the record, and yet they have to be added to this debate. Let me read to you what one FBI agent saw. And I quote from his report:

On a couple of occasions, I entered interview rooms to find a detainee chained hand and foot in a fetal position to the floor, with no chair, food or water. Most times they urinated or defecated on themselves, and had been left there for 18–24 hours or more. On one occasion, the air conditioning had been turned down so far and the temperature was so cold in the room, that the barefooted detainee was shaking with cold.... On another occasion, the [air conditioner] had been turned off, making the temperature in the unventilated room well over 100 degrees. The detainee was almost unconscious on the floor, with a pile of hair next to him. He had apparently been literally pulling his hair out throughout the night. On another occasion, not only was the temperature unbearably hot, but extremely loud rap music was being played in the room, and had been since the day before, with the detainee chained hand and foot in the fetal position on the tile floor.

If I read this to you and did not tell you that it was an FBI agent describing what Americans had done to prisoners in their control, you would most certainly believe this must have been done by Nazis, Soviets in their gulags, or some mad regime – Pol Pot or others – that had no concern for human beings. Sadly, that is not the case. This was the action of Americans in the treatment of their prisoners.[82]

Durbin's comments drew widespread criticism that comparing U.S. actions to such regimes insulted the United States and victims of genocide. Radio host Rush Limbaugh and White House deputy chief of staff Karl Rove accused him of treason,[83] while former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich called on the Senate to censure him.[84] Chicago Mayor Richard Daley, whose son Patrick was serving in U.S. Army, also called on Durbin to apologize for his remarks, saying that he thought it was a "disgrace to say that any man or woman in the military would act like that."[85] John Wertheim, Democratic state party chairman of New Mexico, and Jim Pederson, Arizona Democratic party chairman, also criticized Durbin's remarks.[86] The leader of the Veterans of Foreign Wars also demanded an apology,[87] as did the Anti-Defamation League.[85]

Durbin initially did not apologize, but on June 21, 2005, he went before the Senate, saying, "More than most people, a senator lives by his words ... occasionally words fail us, occasionally we will fail words."[88]

Former The New Republic editor Andrew Sullivan praised Durbin for raising serious moral issues about U.S. policy.[89] Other commentators, including commentator Markos Moulitsas Zúniga of Daily Kos, condemned Durbin for apologizing to his critics, arguing he made a mistake in making himself, rather than detention and torture concerns at Guantanamo Bay, the focus of media coverage.[90][91]

Impeachment trials of Bill Clinton and Donald Trump

On February 12, 1999, Durbin joined all Democrats in the Senate in voting to acquit Bill Clinton on both impeachment articles in Clinton's impeachment trial. On February 5, 2020, Durbin voted to convict Donald Trump on both impeachment articles in Trump's first impeachment trial. On February 13, 2021, Durbin voted to convict Trump again in Trump's second impeachment trial.

2001 invasion of Afghanistan

Durbin voted to approve the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists. This act granted the executive broad military powers and was used to justify the 2001 U.S. invasion of Afghanistan and later military interventions.[92]

Iraq War

On September 9, 2002, Durbin was the first of four Democratic senators (the others being Bob Graham, Dianne Feinstein, and Carl Levin) on the Select Committee on Intelligence (SSCI), responding to the Bush administration's request for a joint resolution authorizing a preemptive war on Iraq without having prepared a National Intelligence Estimate (NIE), to ask Central Intelligence Director George Tenet to prepare an NIE on the status of Iraq's Weapon of mass destruction programs.[93] Durbin was also one of few senators who read the resulting October 1, 2002, NIE, Iraq's Continuing Programs for Weapons of Mass Destruction.[94]

On September 29, 2002, Durbin held a news conference in Chicago to announce that "absent dramatic changes" in the resolution, he would vote against the resolution authorizing war on Iraq.[95] On October 2, at the first high-profile Chicago anti-Iraq War rally in Federal Plaza, he repeated his promise to oppose the resolution in a letter read during the rally.[96]

On October 10, the U.S. Senate failed to pass Durbin's amendment to the resolution to strike "the continuing threat posed by Iraq" and insert "an imminent threat posed by Iraq's weapons of mass destruction", by a 30–70 vote, with most Democratic senators voting for the amendment and 21 joining all 49 Republican senators voting against it.[97] On October 11, Durbin was one of 23 senators to vote against the joint resolution authorizing the Iraq War.[98]

On April 25, 2007, Durbin said that as an intelligence committee member he knew in 2002 from classified information that the Bush Administration was misleading the American people into a war on Iraq, but could not reveal this because, as an intelligence committee member, he was sworn to secrecy.[99] This revelation prompted an online attack ad against Durbin by the National Republican Senatorial Committee.[100]

Russia

Durbin spearheaded a nonbinding resolution in July 2018 "warning President Trump not to let the Russian government question diplomats and other officials". The resolution states the U.S. "should refuse to make available any current or former diplomat, civil servant, political appointee, law enforcement official or member of the Armed Forces of the United States for questioning by the government of Vladimir Putin". It passed 98–0.[101]

In December 2018, after United States Secretary of State Mike Pompeo announced the Trump administration was suspending its obligations in the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty in 60 days if Russia continued to violate the treaty, Durbin was one of 26 senators to sign a letter expressing concern over the administration "now abandoning generations of bipartisan U.S. leadership around the paired goals of reducing the global role and number of nuclear weapons and ensuring strategic stability with America's nuclear-armed adversaries" and calling on Trump to continue arms negotiations.[102]

Saudi Arabia

In March 2019, Durbin was one of 10 Democratic senators to sign a letter to Salman of Saudi Arabia requesting the release of human rights lawyer Waleed Abu al-Khair and writer Raif Badawi, women's rights activists Loujain al-Hathloul and Samar Badawi, and Dr. Walid Fitaih. The senators wrote, "Not only have reputable international organizations detailed the arbitrary detention of peaceful activists and dissidents without trial for long periods, but the systematic discrimination against women, religious minorities and mistreatment of migrant workers and others has also been well-documented."[103]

Israel-Palestine

In his 1982 campaign, Durbin benefited from donations by pro-Israel groups, especially AIPAC,[9][104] that opposed Paul Findley's advocacy on behalf of the Palestine Liberation Organization in the year before the election.[10]

In 2019, Durbin co-signed a Senate resolution affirming support for a two-state solution and opposition to a proposed Israeli annexation of the West Bank.[105] In November 2023, Durbin was the first U.S. senator to call for a ceasefire in the Israel–Hamas war.[104][106]

In January 2024, Durbin voted against a resolution, proposed by Senator Bernie Sanders, to apply the human rights provisions of the Foreign Assistance Act to U.S. aid to Israel's military. The proposal was defeated, 72 to 11.[107] In March 2024, Durbin urged the Biden administration to recognize a "nonmilitarized" Palestinian state after the end of the war in Gaza.[108]

Drone warfare

In April 2013, Durbin chaired a hearing in the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights and Human Rights about the moral, legal and constitutional issues surrounding targeted killings and the use of drones. Durbin said, "Many in the national security community are concerned that we may undermine our counterterrorism efforts if we do not carefully measure the benefits and costs of targeted killing."[109]

Durbin meets with Elena Kagan

Other positions

In October 2007, Durbin opposed a bill in the Illinois General Assembly that would allow three casinos to be built, saying, "I really, really think we ought to stop and catch our breath and say, 'Is this the future of Illinois? That every time we want to do something we'll just build more casinos?'"[110]

In August 2013, Durbin was one of 23 Democratic senators to sign a letter to the Defense Department warning of some payday lenders "offering predatory loan products to service members at exorbitant triple-digit effective interest rates and loan products that do not include the additional protections envisioned by the law" and asserting that service members and their families "deserve the strongest possible protections and swift action to ensure that all forms of credit offered to members of our armed forces are safe and sound."[111]

In March 2018, Durbin was one of 10 senators to sign a letter spearheaded by Jeff Merkley lambasting a proposal by FCC Chairman Ajit Pai that would curb the scope of benefits from the Lifeline program during a period when roughly 6.5 million people in poor communities relied on Lifeline to receive access to high-speed internet, arguing that it was Pai's "obligation to the American public, as the Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission, to improve the Lifeline program and ensure that more Americans can afford access, and have means of access, to broadband and phone service." The senators also advocated insuring that "Lifeline reaches more Americans in need of access to communication services."[112]

In April 2019, Durbin was one of 34 senators to sign a letter to Trump encouraging him "to listen to members of your own Administration and reverse a decision that will damage our national security and aggravate conditions inside Central America", asserting that Trump had "consistently expressed a flawed understanding of U.S. foreign assistance" since becoming president and that he was "personally undermining efforts to promote U.S. national security and economic prosperity" by preventing the use of Fiscal Year 2018 national security funding. The senators argued that foreign assistance to Central American countries created less migration to the U.S. by helping to improve conditions in those countries.[113]

In April 2019, Durbin was one of six senators to send CFPB director Kathy Kraninger a letter expressing concern that "CFPB leadership has abandoned its supervision and enforcement activities related to federal student loan servicers" and opining that such behavior displayed "a shocking disregard for the financial well-being of our nation's public servants, including teachers, first responders, and members of the military." The senators requested that Kraninger clarify the CFPB's role in overseeing the Public Service Loan Forgiveness's student loan servicers handling since December 2017, such as examinations.[114]

In April 2019, Durbin was one of 41 senators to sign a bipartisan letter to the housing subcommittee praising the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development's Section 4 Capacity Building program as authorizing "HUD to partner with national nonprofit community development organizations to provide education, training, and financial support to local community development corporations (CDCs) across the country" and expressing disappointment that Trump's budget "has slated this program for elimination after decades of successful economic and community development." The senators wrote of their hope that the subcommittee would support continued funding for Section 4 in Fiscal Year 2020.[115]

In June 2019, Durbin was one of 15 senators to introduce the Affordable Medications Act, legislation intended to promote transparency by mandating that pharmaceutical companies disclose the amount of money going toward research and development in addition to both marketing and executives' salaries. The bill also abolished the restriction that stopped the federal Medicare program from using its buying power to negotiate lower drug prices for beneficiaries and hinder drug company monopoly practices used to keep prices high and disable less expensive generics entering the market.[116]

In August 2019, Durbin, three other Senate Democrats, and Bernie Sanders signed a letter to Acting FDA Commissioner Ned Sharpless in response to Novartis falsifying data as part of an attempt to gain the FDA's approval for its new gene therapy Zolgensma, writing that it was "unconscionable that a drug company would provide manipulated data to federal regulators in order to rush its product to market, reap federal perks, and charge the highest amount in American history for its medication."[117]

Durbin was participating in the 2021 United States Electoral College vote count when pro-Trump rioters attacked the U.S. Capitol. Along with other senators and staff, Durbin ran out of the Senate Chamber after the attackers, whom he called "extremists", breached the Capitol. He then evacuated to a secure location with Pelosi, McConnell and Schumer.[118] Durbin blamed Trump for the attack. He also said Senator Josh Hawley was partially responsible for the attack. He called for Trump's removal through the invocation of the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution or impeachment.[119]

Electoral history

1976 Illinois 50th Senate district - Primary Election (2-year term) (3/16/76)[120][121]
الحزب المرشح الأصوات النسبة
ديمقراطي Dick Durbin 12,930 41.68%
Democratic Gary Tumulty 11٬055 35.63
Democratic Joseph Londrigan 7٬036 22.68
Democratic Write-Ins 3 0
الاجمالي 31,024 100.0%
1976 Illinois's 50th Senate district election[122]
الحزب المرشح الأصوات النسبة
جمهوري John Davidson (incumbent) 48,760 50.86%
Democratic Dick Durbin 47٬112 49.14
الاجمالي 95٬872 100.0%
1978 Illinois primary election - Lt. Governor (3/21/78) [123]
الحزب المرشح الأصوات النسبة
ديمقراطي Dick Durbin (unopposed) 528,819 100%
Democratic Write-Ins 5 0
الاجمالي 528,824 100.0%
1978 Illinois gubernatorial general election (11/7/78) [124]
الحزب المرشح الأصوات النسبة
Republican James R. Thompson (incumbent)
David C. O'Neal (incumbent) 		1٬859٬684 59.04
Democratic Michael Bakalis
Dick Durbin 		1٬263٬134 40.10
Libertarian Georgia Shields 11٬420 0.36
Socialist Workers Cecil Lampkin 11٬026 0.35
U.S. Labor Melvin Klenetsky 4٬737 0.15
Write-in Others 106 0.00
الاجمالي 3,150,107 %
1982 Illinois's 20th congressional district election – Democratic primary[125]
الحزب المرشح الأصوات النسبة
style="background-color: قالب:Democratic Party of Illinois/meta/color; width: 2px;" | [[Democratic Party of Illinois|قالب:Democratic Party of Illinois/meta/shortname]] Dick Durbin 33٬956 75.33%
Democratic John L. Knuppel 11٬119 24.67
الاجمالي 45٬075 100.0%
1982 Illinois's 20th congressional district election[126]
الحزب المرشح الأصوات النسبة
ديمقراطي Dick Durbin 100٬758 50.35%
Republican Paul Findley (incumbent) 99٬348 49.65
Write-in votes Write-in 3 0.00
الاجمالي 200٬109 100.0%
1984 Illinois's 20th congressional district election – Democratic primary[125]
الحزب المرشح الأصوات النسبة
style="background-color: قالب:Democratic Party of Illinois/meta/color; width: 2px;" | [[Democratic Party of Illinois|قالب:Democratic Party of Illinois/meta/shortname]] Dick Durbin (incumbent) 53٬588 92.47%
Democratic Louis K. Widmar 4٬363 7.53
الاجمالي 57٬951 100.0%
1984 Illinois's 20th congressional district election[127]
الحزب المرشح الأصوات النسبة
ديمقراطي Dick Durbin (incumbent) 145٬092 61.23%
Republican Richard G. Austin 91٬728 38.73
N/A Other 1 0.00
الاجمالي 236٬821 100.0%
1986 Illinois's 20th congressional district election[126]
الحزب المرشح الأصوات النسبة
ديمقراطي Dick Durbin (incumbent) 126٬556 68.10%
Republican Kevin B. McCarthy 59٬291 31.90
الاجمالي 185٬847 100.0%
1988 Illinois's 20th congressional district election[128]
الحزب المرشح الأصوات النسبة
ديمقراطي Dick Durbin (incumbent) 153٬341 68.87%
Republican Paul E. Jurgens 69٬303 31.13
الاجمالي 222٬644 100.0%
1990 Illinois's 20th congressional district election[129]
الحزب المرشح الأصوات النسبة
ديمقراطي Dick Durbin (incumbent) 130٬114 66.20%
Republican Paul Jurgens 66٬433 33.80
الاجمالي 196٬547 100.0%
1992 Illinois's 20th congressional district election[130]
الحزب المرشح الأصوات النسبة
ديمقراطي Dick Durbin (incumbent) 154٬869 56.50%
Republican John M. Shimkus 119٬219 43.50
الاجمالي 274٬088 100.0%
1994 Illinois's 20th congressional district election – Democratic primary[125]
الحزب المرشح الأصوات النسبة
style="background-color: قالب:Democratic Party of Illinois/meta/color; width: 2px;" | [[Democratic Party of Illinois|قالب:Democratic Party of Illinois/meta/shortname]] Dick Durbin (incumbent) 46٬248 99.97%
Democratic Donald Wm. Owens (write-in) 14 0.03
الاجمالي 46٬262 100.0%
1994 Illinois's 20th congressional district election[126]
الحزب المرشح الأصوات النسبة
ديمقراطي Dick Durbin (incumbent) 108٬034 54.84%
Republican Bill Owens 88٬964 45.16
الاجمالي 196٬998 100.0%
1996 United States Senate election in Illinois – Democratic primary[125]
الحزب المرشح الأصوات النسبة
ديمقراطي Dick Durbin 512٬520 64.87%
Democratic Pat Quinn 233٬138 29.50
Democratic Ronald F. Gibbs 17٬681 2.23
Democratic J. Ahmad 17٬211 2.17
Democratic Paul Park 9٬505 1.20
الاجمالي 790٬055 100.0%
1996 United States Senate election in Illinois[131]
الحزب المرشح الأصوات النسبة
ديمقراطي Dick Durbin 2٬341٬744 54.32%
Republican Al Salvi 1٬728٬824 40.10
Reform Steven H. Perry 61٬023 1.42
Libertarian Robin J. Miller 41٬218 0.96
Constitution Chad Koppie 17٬563 0.41
Natural Law James E. Davis 13٬838 0.32
Write-in votes Write-in 4,228 0.10
الاجمالي 4٬311٬391 100.0%
2002 United States Senate election in Illinois[132]
الحزب المرشح الأصوات النسبة
ديمقراطي Dick Durbin (incumbent) 2٬103٬766 60.33%
Republican Jim Durkin 1٬325٬703 38.02
Libertarian Steven Burgauer 57٬382 1.65
الاجمالي 3٬486٬851 100.0%
2008 United States Senate election in Illinois[133]
الحزب المرشح الأصوات النسبة
ديمقراطي Dick Durbin (incumbent) 3٬615٬844 67.84%
Republican Steve Sauerberg 1٬520٬621 28.53
Green Kathy Cummings 119٬135 2.24
Libertarian Larry A. Stafford 50٬224 0.94
Constitution Chad N. Koppie 24٬059 0.45
Write-in votes Patricia Elaine Beard 1 0.00
الاجمالي 5٬329٬884 100.0%
2014 United States Senate election in Illinois[134]
الحزب المرشح الأصوات النسبة
ديمقراطي Dick Durbin (incumbent) 1٬929٬637 53.55%
Republican Jim Oberweis 1٬538٬522 42.69
Libertarian Sharon Hansen 135٬316 3.76
Write-in votes Roger K. Davis 31 0.00
Write-in votes Hilaire F. Shioura 12 0.00
Write-in votes Sherry Procarione 1 0.00
الاجمالي 3٬603٬519 100.0%
2020 United States Senate election in Illinois[135]
الحزب المرشح الأصوات النسبة
ديمقراطي Dick Durbin (incumbent) 3,278,930 54.93%
Republican Mark Curran 2٬319٬870 38.87
Willie Wilson Party Willie Wilson 237,699 3.98
Libertarian Danny Malouf 75٬673 1.27
Green David Black 55٬711 0.95
Write-in 18 0.00
الاجمالي 5,968,901 100.0%

Personal life

Family

Durbin and his wife Loretta have had three children, Christine, Jennifer and Paul. After several weeks in the hospital with complications due to a congenital heart condition, Christine died on November 1, 2008, at age 40.[136]

As of 2023, according to CAKnowledge.com, Durbin's net worth is $10 million.[137] In June 2024, Durbin underwent a hip replacement surgery.[138]

Conflict of interest issues

Durbin's wife was a lobbyist, and it was reported by the Chicago Tribune in 2014 that some of her "clients have received federal funding promoted by [Durbin]".[139] In addition to announcing the award of monies to ten clients of his wife's lobbying firm, these conflicts included her lobbying firm receiving a one-year contract with a housing nonprofit group around the time Durbin went to bat for the organization; a state university receiving funds through an earmark by Durbin when his wife was its lobbyist; and Durbin arranging federal money for a public health nonprofit when his wife was seeking state support for the same group.[139][81] The Durbins maintain that they try to avoid conflicts of interest.[139]

Religion

Durbin is Roman Catholic. In 2004, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Springfield in Illinois barred him from receiving communion because he voted against the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act. The current bishop of the diocese said Durbin stays away from his Springfield parish because "he doesn't want to make a scene".[140] Durbin responded to the communion ban in 2004 that he is accountable to his constituents, even if it means defying Church teachings.[141] In 2018, Bishop Thomas John Paprocki affirmed the decision to deny Durbin communion in the Springfield Diocese after Durbin's vote against the Pain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act.

In 2017, Durbin was criticized for requesting a clarification from then Court of Appeals nominee Amy Coney Barrett during her Judiciary Committee confirmation hearing about her self-descriptive terminology "orthodox Catholic." He contended that might unfairly characterize Catholics who may not agree with the church's positions about abortion or the death penalty. She contended, "litigants and the general public are entitled to impartial justice, and that may be something that a judge who is heedful of ecclesiastical pronouncements cannot dispense." Barrett opined that judges aren't bound by precedent conflicting with the Constitution.[142] She wrote that judges could recuse themselves from hearing matters if their faith conflicted with issues to be decided in cases they might otherwise hear.[143] An article in the National Review contended, "Senators must inquire about these issues when considering lifetime appointments because ensuring impartiality and fidelity to precedent are critical for the rule of law."[142][144] The issue prompted questions regarding the application of Article VI, Section 3 of the Constitution, which mandates: "No religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States."[145]

Film and television appearances

Film
Year Title Role Notes
2010 Pricele$$[146] Himself Documentary
2015 The Gettysburg Address[147] Himself Documentary
2022 Loan Wolves[148] Himself Documentary

See also

Notes

  1. ^ One child is deceased.[1]

References

  1. ^ "Sen. Dick Durbin's daughter dies". CNN. نوفمبر 1, 2008. Retrieved يونيو 10, 2022.
  2. ^ DeBonis, Mike; Kane, Paul. "Senate Democrats clear the way for Durbin to be party's leader on Judiciary Committee". The Washington Post (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved يناير 21, 2021.
  3. ^ "durbin". Freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com. نوفمبر 21, 1944. Archived from the original on فبراير 2, 2008. Retrieved أغسطس 1, 2016.
  4. ^ Axelrod, David (يناير 18, 2016). "Ep. 24 - Sen. Dick Durbin". The Axe Files with David Axelrod (Podcast). CNN. Retrieved أبريل 24, 2021.
  5. ^ "Senator Dick Durbin - Biography - Project Vote Smart". Votesmart.org. نوفمبر 21, 1944. Retrieved سبتمبر 15, 2012.
  6. ^ Nevel, Jason (سبتمبر 2, 2016). "Fire-damaged schoolhouse-turned-tavern has loyal following". State Journal-Register. Retrieved مايو 26, 2023.
  7. ^ Bohlen, Celestine (أكتوبر 31, 1982). "THE 1982 ELECTIONS: THE ILLINOIS 20TH DISTRICT RACE". The Washington Post (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved يوليو 10, 2018.
  8. ^ "redistricting and Reaganomics Feb 1983". lib.niu.edu. Retrieved يوليو 10, 2018.
  9. ^ أ ب The Israel Lobby, p. 157, by John Mearsheimer and Stephen Walt
  10. ^ أ ب Lake, Eli; Rogin, Josh (سبتمبر 17, 2015). "How Obama Out-Muscled Aipac". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved أغسطس 31, 2016.
  11. ^ Malcolm, Andrew (سبتمبر 5, 1982). "The Midwest". The New York Times. Retrieved فبراير 1, 2012.
  12. ^ Clymer, Adam (أكتوبر 3, 1982). "Democrats Shaping Election as Referendum on Economy". The New York Times. Retrieved فبراير 1, 2012.
  13. ^ Clymer, Adam (أكتوبر 30, 1982). "GOP House Candidates Leading in Fundraising". The New York Times. Retrieved فبراير 1, 2012.
  14. ^ "Committee Assignments of the 118th Congress". United States Senate. Retrieved مارس 17, 2023.
  15. ^ "Portman and Durbin Launch Senate Ukraine Caucus". Rob Portman United States Senator for Ohio. فبراير 9, 2015. Archived from the original on فبراير 11, 2015. Retrieved فبراير 11, 2015.
  16. ^ "Members". Afterschool Alliance. Retrieved أبريل 17, 2018.
  17. ^ "Members". Congressional NextGen 9-1-1 Caucus. Archived from the original on يونيو 12, 2018. Retrieved يونيو 8, 2018.
  18. ^ "Congressional Coalition on Adoption Institute" (in الإنجليزية).
  19. ^ "February 14, 2005 - The Nation". archive.is. سبتمبر 12, 2012. Archived from the original on سبتمبر 12, 2012.
  20. ^ "Dick Durbin's Biography - The Voter's Self Defense System". Vote Smart. نوفمبر 21, 1944. Retrieved أغسطس 1, 2016.
  21. ^ "Durbin Off The VP List; Indiana's Bayh Still On". Chicago Tribune. أغسطس 4, 2000. Retrieved سبتمبر 16, 2020.
  22. ^ "CNN Transcript - Inside Politics: Joseph Lieberman Accepts Al Gore's Offer to Join the Democratic Ticket - August 8, 2000". Transcripts.cnn.com. أغسطس 8, 2000. Archived from the original on مارس 6, 2021. Retrieved أغسطس 1, 2016.
  23. ^ Hernandez, Raymond; Steinhauer, Jennifer (أكتوبر 29, 2010). "As Reid Falters, Schumer Subtly Stands in the Wings". The New York Times. Retrieved فبراير 5, 2011.
  24. ^ Raju, Manu; Everett, Burgess (مارس 28, 2015). "Schumer in line to succeed Reid". Politico.
  25. ^ "Dick Durban, most liberal U.S. senator". The Chicago Tribune. مارس 3, 2007.
  26. ^ "2019 Report Cards". govtrack. يناير 18, 2020.
  27. ^ "Lawmakers".
  28. ^ "The Durbin Abortion Papers". Archived from the original on سبتمبر 13, 2006. Retrieved أغسطس 4, 2006.
  29. ^ "Richard Durbin on Abortion". Massscorecard.org. Retrieved أغسطس 1, 2016.
  30. ^ "Excerpt from NBC News' Meet the Press". Archived from the original on سبتمبر 14, 2006. Retrieved أغسطس 4, 2006.
  31. ^ Parsons, Christi (ديسمبر 2, 2007). "Dick Durbin's Challenge". Chicago Tribune. pp. 15–19, 26–27.
  32. ^ "Illinois senators split on judge votes, exposing division". Roll Call. سبتمبر 18, 2020.
  33. ^ Durbin, Dick. ""Today's decision eliminates a federally protected constitutional right that has been the law for nearly half a century. As a result, millions of Americans are waking up in a country where they have fewer rights than their parents and grandparents."". Twitter (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved يونيو 24, 2022.
  34. ^ Wheeler, Lydia (يوليو 18, 2017). "Kamala Harris slams Sessions on criminal justice". The Hill. Archived from the original on يوليو 21, 2017.
  35. ^ Fandos, Nicholas (ديسمبر 18, 2018). "Senate Passes Bipartisan Criminal Justice Bill". The New York Times. Archived from the original on ديسمبر 19, 2018.
  36. ^ "The Voter's Self Defense System". Vote Smart. Archived from the original on يناير 7, 2012. Retrieved أكتوبر 4, 2017.
  37. ^ Alexander Bolton (يوليو 8, 2022). "Senate Democrats face new pressure to pass assault weapons ban". Archived from the original on يوليو 8, 2022. Retrieved أغسطس 7, 2022.
  38. ^ Gossett, Stephen. "Sen. Durbin Asks DOJ For Help Curbing Chicago Gun Violence Ahead Of Summer". Chicagoist. Archived from the original on نوفمبر 4, 2017. Retrieved أكتوبر 4, 2017.
  39. ^ Savransky, Rebecca (يونيو 12, 2016). "Durbin calls for Congress to pass gun control laws". The Hill. Retrieved أكتوبر 4, 2017.
  40. ^ "Morning Spin: Illinois Democrats talk gun control after Las Vegas shooting; Trump's office talks Chicago". Chicago Tribune. أكتوبر 3, 2017. Retrieved أكتوبر 4, 2017.
  41. ^ Weizel, Nathaniel (أكتوبر 11, 2017). "Senate Dems urge NIH to renew gun research grants". The Hill.
  42. ^ "U.S. Senator Tammy Baldwin Helps Introduce Background Check Expansion Act To Reduce Gun Violence". urbanmilwaukee.com. يناير 9, 2019.
  43. ^ "23rd Phillip Burton Immigration & Civil Rights Awards | Immigrant Legal Resource Center". ILRC. مايو 31, 2013. Archived from the original on يونيو 25, 2013. Retrieved أغسطس 1, 2016.
  44. ^ "Immigration and the DREAM Act | U.S. Senator Dick Durbin of Illinois". durbin.senate.gov (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved مارس 21, 2019.
  45. ^ "Senators Reach a Bipartisan Agreement for Comprehensive Immigration Reform". The National Law Review. Fowler White Boggs P.A. يناير 31, 2013. Retrieved فبراير 1, 2013.
  46. ^ Bowden, John (أبريل 5, 2018). "Democrats question ICE standards for detaining pregnant women". The Hill.
  47. ^ Weixel, Nathaniel (يوليو 31, 2018). "Top Senate Dem calls on DHS secretary to resign over family separations". The Hill. Retrieved أغسطس 1, 2018.
  48. ^ Domingo, Ida (يوليو 11, 2019). "Senate Democrats to Trump: don't deport military families". WSET. Retrieved فبراير 11, 2020.
  49. ^ "Will the Congress Yield – for Immigration Reform?". The National Law Review (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved أكتوبر 31, 2019.
  50. ^ Lee, Mike (يوليو 9, 2019). "S.386 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): Fairness for High-Skilled Immigrants Act of 2019". congress.gov. Retrieved أكتوبر 31, 2019.
  51. ^ Lee, Mike (يوليو 9, 2019). "S.386 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): Fairness for High-Skilled Immigrants Act of 2019". www.congress.gov.
  52. ^ Durbin, Richard J. (أكتوبر 16, 2019). "S.2603 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): Resolving Extended Limbo for Immigrant Employees and Families Act". www.congress.gov.
  53. ^ "Durbin Announces Bipartisan Agreement to Help Immigrant Workers Stuck in the Green Card Backlog - YouTube". www.youtube.com. ديسمبر 18, 2019. Archived from the original on نوفمبر 14, 2021.
  54. ^ "House Passes Ban on Smoking on Flights of 2 Hours or Less". The New York Times. Associated Press. يوليو 15, 1987.
  55. ^ Seelye, Katharine (مارس 23, 1994). "Congress Considers Smoking Ban in Schools". The New York Times.
  56. ^ "News Archive". The Hill. Archived from the original on يونيو 29, 2007. Retrieved أغسطس 1, 2016.
  57. ^ Leahy, Patrick. "Combating Online Infringement and Counterfeits Act (2010; 111th Congress S. 3804)". GovTrack.us. Retrieved أغسطس 1, 2016.
  58. ^ "The 19 Senators Who Voted To Censor The Internet". Techdirt. نوفمبر 18, 2010. Retrieved أغسطس 1, 2016.
  59. ^ "Censorship of the Internet Takes Center Stage in "Online Infringement" Bill". eff.org. سبتمبر 21, 2010. Retrieved أكتوبر 16, 2010.
  60. ^ "Cosponsors: S.968 — 112th Congress (2011-2012)". Congress.gov. يناير 23, 2012. Retrieved يونيو 27, 2017.
  61. ^ "New Radio Ad Slams Durbin on Equal Pay". Capitol Fax. يوليو 11, 2014.
  62. ^ "Dick Durbin Pays Female Staffers $11K Less Than Men, on Average". The Washington Times. أبريل 8, 2014.
  63. ^ "America's PAC's Advertisement Regarding Senator Dick Durbin" (PDF). Americaspc527.com. Retrieved أغسطس 1, 2016.
  64. ^ Gough, Bob (يوليو 18, 2014). "Intimidation from Durbin?". Quincy Times. Archived from the original on أغسطس 10, 2014.
  65. ^ "U.S. Senator Tammy Baldwin Helps Introduce Legislation to Ensure Child Care for All". urbanmilwaukee.com. مارس 1, 2019.
  66. ^ Murray, Patty (فبراير 26, 2019). "S.568 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): Child Care for Working Families Act". www.congress.gov.
  67. ^ "Durbin Invests With Buffett After Funds Sale Amid Market Plunge" June 13, 2008, "Archived copy". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on سبتمبر 20, 2008. Retrieved سبتمبر 14, 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link). Retrieved September 14, 2008.
  68. ^ "S. 500: Protecting Consumers from Unreasonable Credit Rates Act of 2009". Govtrack.us. فبراير 26, 2009. Retrieved مارس 26, 2009.
  69. ^ Grim, Ryan (أبريل 29, 2009). "Dick Durbin: Banks "Frankly Own The Place"". HuffPost. Retrieved يونيو 6, 2009.
  70. ^ "Congressman Mark Steven Kirk - 10th District of Illinois". Archived from the original on أبريل 30, 2006. Retrieved أبريل 25, 2006.
  71. ^ "Tom Harkin: HARKIN URGES BUSH TO STOP UNDERCUTTING U.S. ETHANOL PRODUCTION". Archived from the original on يونيو 1, 2006. Retrieved يناير 21, 2007.
  72. ^ "American Airlines Praises Congressional Effort to Enhance Accountability in the Oil Markets". American Airlines. Archived from the original on أكتوبر 30, 2014. Retrieved أكتوبر 30, 2014.
  73. ^ "Some Illinois lawmakers call for Blagojevich to resign -- chicagotribune.com". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on ديسمبر 14, 2008. Retrieved ديسمبر 14, 2008.
  74. ^ "Durbin urges special election to succeed Obama". USA Today. ديسمبر 10, 2008. Retrieved أغسطس 1, 2016.
  75. ^ "Barack Obama, U.S. Senators, state officials urge Rod Blagojevich to resign". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on فبراير 15, 2011. Retrieved ديسمبر 14, 2008.
  76. ^ Louis, Jayla (نوفمبر 21, 2022). "Durbin wants Amtrak service between Quincy and Chicago restored". NBC Quincy (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved فبراير 20, 2023.
  77. ^ "Fair Elections Now". Common Cause. Archived from the original on أبريل 27, 2014. Retrieved أبريل 27, 2014.
  78. ^ Myers, John (أبريل 6, 2017). "Klobuchar, Franken among senators asking Trump to press China on steel". twincities.com.
  79. ^ "Sen. Todd Young urges action to end Muslim genocide in Myanmar". IndyStar. أكتوبر 22, 2017. Retrieved مارس 5, 2019.
  80. ^ "US senator stands by Nazi remark". aljazeera.com. Retrieved يوليو 10, 2018.
  81. ^ أ ب Janssen, Kim; Berlin, Jonathon. "Durbin's history of scrapes". Chicago Tribune (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved يوليو 10, 2018.
  82. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on يونيو 24, 2005. Retrieved يونيو 21, 2005.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  83. ^ "Stabbed in the Back! (Harpers.org)". Archived from the original on نوفمبر 3, 2006. Retrieved أكتوبر 31, 2006.
  84. ^ "Newt Gingrich - Winning the Future". Archived from the original on سبتمبر 28, 2007. Retrieved أغسطس 16, 2006.
  85. ^ أ ب Murray, Shailagh (يونيو 22, 2005). "Durbin Apologizes for Remarks on Abuse". The Washington Post. Retrieved أغسطس 1, 2016.
  86. ^ "Durbin's Gitmo remarks draw fire back in Illinois". The Washington Times. يونيو 19, 2005. Retrieved أغسطس 1, 2016.
  87. ^ "News and Events | Veterans of Foreign Wars". Vfw.org. Archived from the original on يناير 14, 2010. Retrieved أغسطس 1, 2016.
  88. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on يونيو 24, 2005. Retrieved يونيو 24, 2005.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  89. ^ "The Daily Dish". Archived from the original on سبتمبر 27, 2007. Retrieved نوفمبر 14, 2006.
  90. ^ "Chicago Tribune | Durbin should have stood up for his opinion". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on سبتمبر 11, 2005. Retrieved يونيو 25, 2005.
  91. ^ "Durbin fucked up". Dailykos.com. يونيو 22, 2005. Retrieved أغسطس 1, 2016.
  92. ^ "U.S. Senate: U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 107th Congress - 1st Session". senate.gov.
  93. ^ Select Committee on Intelligence (يوليو 9, 2004). "Report on the U.S. Intelligence Community's Prewar Intelligence Assessments on Iraq" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on أغسطس 30, 2006.
    Durbin, Richard (سبتمبر 10, 2002). "Assessing Iraq's military capabilities". Congressional Record--Senate. pp. S8427–S8429.
    Sweet, Lynn (سبتمبر 11, 2002). "U.S. lacks Iraq analysis: Durbin" (paid archive). Chicago Sun-Times. p. 5.
  94. ^ Windrem, Bob; Murray, Mark (مايو 25, 2007). "Hillary and the 2002 NIE". MSNBC. Archived from the original on ديسمبر 8, 2007.
    "Records: Senators who OK'd war didn't read key report". cnn.com. مايو 29, 2007.
    Raju, Manu; Schor, Elana; Wurman, Ilan (يونيو 19, 2007). "Few senators read Iraq NIE report". The Hill.
  95. ^ Dorning, Mike; Chase, John (سبتمبر 30, 2002). "Durbin opposes Bush war resolution". Chicago Tribune. p. 1 (Metro). Archived from the original (paid archive) on أكتوبر 18, 2012. Retrieved يوليو 6, 2017.
  96. ^ Glauber, Bill (أكتوبر 3, 2002). "War protesters gentler, but passion still burns". Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Archived from the original (paid archive) on يونيو 17, 2008. Retrieved يوليو 6, 2017.
    Strausberg, Chinta (أكتوبر 3, 2002). "War with Iraq undermines U.N." Chicago Defender. p. 1. Archived from the original (paid archive) on أكتوبر 14, 2009. Retrieved مارس 17, 2008.
    Bryant, Greg (أكتوبر 2, 2002). "300 protesters rally to oppose war with Iraq". Medill News Service.[dead link]
    Katz, Marilyn (أكتوبر 2, 2007). "Five Years Since Our First Action". Chicagoans Against War & Injustice. Archived from the original on يوليو 21, 2011.
  97. ^ U.S. Senate (أكتوبر 10, 2002). "Roll call vote No. 236 on the Durbin Amendment No. 4865".
    Sweet, Lynn (أكتوبر 11, 2002). "Durbin loses bid to limit authority" (paid archive). Chicago Sun-Times. p. 7.
  98. ^ U.S. Senate (أكتوبر 11, 2002). "Roll call vote No. 237 on H.J.Res. 114".
    Goldberg, Michelle (نوفمبر 11, 2002). "Wellstone was right". Salon.com. Archived from the original on سبتمبر 21, 2007.
  99. ^ Durbin, Richard (أبريل 25, 2007). "Iraq Supplemental Appropriations Bill". Congressional Record--Senate. pp. S5026–S5028.
    Lengell, Sean (أبريل 27, 2007). "Durbin kept silent on prewar knowledge" (paid archive). The Washington Times. p. A1.
    Oberman, Keith (أبريل 27, 2007). "5. Changing Tenets". Countdown with Keith Olbermann. MSNBC. Archived from the original on مايو 18, 2008.
    SilentPatriot (أبريل 28, 2007). "Sen. Durbin drops bombshells on the Senate floor". Crooks and Liars. Archived from the original on يونيو 18, 2008.
  100. ^ Krol, Eric (مايو 3, 2007). "GOP goes after Durbin with online ad" (paid archive). Daily Herald. p. 10.
    Byrne, Dennis (مايو 7, 2007). "Oath upheld, but at what cost?" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. p. 21.
  101. ^ Carney, Jordain (يوليو 19, 2018). "Senate approves resolution warning Trump not to hand over US officials". The Hill. Retrieved يوليو 22, 2018.
  102. ^ Mitchell, Ellen (ديسمبر 13, 2018). "Senate Dems urge Trump to continue nuclear arms control negotiations after treaty suspension". The Hill.
  103. ^ Budryk, Zack (مارس 19, 2019). "Senate Dems petition Saudi king to release dissidents, US citizen". The Hill.
  104. ^ أ ب Grim, Ryan (نوفمبر 2, 2023). "Dick Durbin, AIPAC's First Successful Recruit, Becomes First Senator to Call for Gaza Ceasefire". The Intercept (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved نوفمبر 4, 2023.
  105. ^ "Democratic Senators Release Resolution Against Israeli Annexation of West Bank". Haaretz. يوليو 7, 2020.
  106. ^ Feurer, Todd; Henry, Skylar (نوفمبر 2, 2023). "Sen. Dick Durbin calls for Gaza ceasefire, tied to Hamas' release of hostages - CBS Chicago". CBS News (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved نوفمبر 4, 2023.
  107. ^ "The Shame of the Senate". The Nation. يناير 17, 2024.
  108. ^ "Senate Democrats press Biden to establish two-state solution for Israel, Palestine". The Hill. مارس 20, 2024.
  109. ^ Koenig, Robert (مايو 1, 2013). "Drone wars: Do 'targeted killings' undermine 'hearts and minds' counterterrorism efforts?". St. Louis Beacon. Archived from the original on يوليو 20, 2013.
  110. ^ "Durbin Cautions State on Casino Plan". WBEZ. أكتوبر 8, 2007. Archived from the original on فبراير 8, 2009. Retrieved نوفمبر 9, 2008.
  111. ^ Cox, Ramsey (أغسطس 15, 2013). "Senate Dems ask DOD to protect service members from predatory lenders". The Hill.
  112. ^ Breland, Ali (مارس 29, 2018). "Dems slam FCC head for proposed limits to low-income internet program". The Hill.
  113. ^ Frazin, Rachel (أبريل 4, 2019). "More than 30 Senate Dems ask Trump to reconsider Central American aid cuts". The Hill.
  114. ^ Turner, Cory (أبريل 5, 2019). "Senators To Consumer Watchdog: Prove You're Protecting Student Borrowers". NPR.
  115. ^ "Wyden, Merkley urge more affordable housing funds". ktvz.com. أبريل 16, 2019. Archived from the original on أبريل 18, 2019. Retrieved أبريل 17, 2019.
  116. ^ "U.S. Senator Tammy Baldwin Helps Introduce Comprehensive Reform to Address Skyrocketing Prescription Drug Prices". urbanmilwaukee.com. يونيو 12, 2019.
  117. ^ Baldwin, Tammy (أغسطس 9, 2019). "U.S. Senator Tammy Baldwin to FDA: Hold AveXis Accountable for Falsifying Data". Urban Milwaukee.
  118. ^ Faulkner, Todd; Priewe, James (يناير 8, 2021). "Illinois' Durbin and Bost share thoughts after Capitol riot". WPSD Local 6 (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved يناير 9, 2021.
  119. ^ Kinsaul, Russell (يناير 8, 2021). "Senators Blunt, Durbin comment on Capitol chaos, impeachment and Hawley". KMOV4. Retrieved يناير 9, 2021.
  120. ^ "Official Vote" (PDF). Illinois State Board of Elections. Archived from the original (PDF) on يوليو 14, 2021. Retrieved فبراير 23, 2022.
  121. ^ "Victorious regulars may steady Springfield". Newspapers.com.
  122. ^ "IL State Senate 50". Our Campaigns. Retrieved أبريل 27, 2020.
  123. ^ "OFFICIAL VOTE Cast at the GENERAL PRIMARY ELECTION MARCH 21, 1978" (PDF). www.elections.il.gov. Illinois State Board of Elections. Archived from the original (PDF) on مارس 27, 2022.
  124. ^ "1978 Gubernatorial General Election Results - Illinois". uselectionatlas.org. Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Elections. Retrieved مارس 27, 2020.
  125. ^ أ ب ت ث "Downloadable Vote Totals". Illinois State Board of Elections. Archived from the original on نوفمبر 7, 2020. Retrieved أبريل 13, 2020.
  126. ^ أ ب ت "Election Statistics, 1920 to Present". History, Art & Archives, U.S. House of Representatives. p. 13. Retrieved نوفمبر 7, 2019.
  127. ^ "Election Statistics, 1920 to Present". History, Art & Archives, U.S. House of Representatives. p. 16. Retrieved نوفمبر 7, 2019.
  128. ^ "Election Statistics, 1920 to Present". History, Art & Archives, U.S. House of Representatives. p. 15. Retrieved نوفمبر 7, 2019.
  129. ^ "Election Statistics, 1920 to Present". History, Art & Archives, U.S. House of Representatives. p. 12. Retrieved نوفمبر 7, 2019.
  130. ^ "Election Statistics, 1920 to Present". History, Art & Archives, U.S. House of Representatives. p. 23. Retrieved نوفمبر 7, 2019.
  131. ^ "Election Statistics, 1920 to Present". History, Art & Archives, U.S. House of Representatives. p. 21. Retrieved نوفمبر 7, 2019.
  132. ^ "Election Results 2002 GENERAL ELECTION". Illinois State Board of Elections. Retrieved نوفمبر 7, 2019.[dead link]
  133. ^ "Election Results 2008 GENERAL ELECTION". Illinois State Board of Elections. Retrieved نوفمبر 7, 2019.[dead link]
  134. ^ "Election Results 2014 GENERAL ELECTION". Illinois State Board of Elections. Retrieved نوفمبر 7, 2019.
  135. ^ "Election Results 2020 GENERAL ELECTION". Illinois State Board of Elections. Archived from the original on نوفمبر 18, 2020. Retrieved ديسمبر 12, 2020.
  136. ^ "Daughter of Illinois Sen. Durbin dies at 40 -- chicagotribune.com". www.chicagotribune.com. Archived from the original on نوفمبر 6, 2008. Retrieved نوفمبر 1, 2008.
  137. ^ "Dick Durbin - Net Worth - Personal Finances". CAknowledge.com. Retrieved أكتوبر 6, 2023.
  138. ^ Fortinsky, Sarah. "Durbin undergoes hip replacement surgery". The Hill. Retrieved يونيو 27, 2024.
  139. ^ أ ب ت Skiba, Katherine; Geiger, Kim (أكتوبر 4, 2014). "When Interests Overlap for Durbin, Lobbyist Wife". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved يوليو 29, 2016.
  140. ^ Spearie, Steven (يونيو 19, 2014). "Paprocki: Durbin still not welcome at communion". The State Journal-Register. Retrieved يوليو 8, 2018.
  141. ^ Brachear, Manya A. (أبريل 2, 2004). "Durbin keeps faith, despite votes". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved مايو 1, 2018.
  142. ^ أ ب DeSanctis, Alexandra (سبتمبر 6, 2017). "Dianne Feinstein Attacks Judicial Nominee's Catholic Faith". National Review. Retrieved سبتمبر 9, 2018.
  143. ^ Groppe, Maureen (أكتوبر 31, 2017). "Donnelly one of few Democrats to back potential Supreme Court justice Amy Coney Barrett". Indianapolis Star. Retrieved سبتمبر 9, 2018.
  144. ^ DeSanctis, Alexandra (سبتمبر 8, 2017). "Did Durbin and Feinstein Impose a Religious Test for Office?". National Review (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved يوليو 10, 2018.
  145. ^ "EDITORIAL: Religious Tests Unfit for Court". The Hoya (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). سبتمبر 15, 2017. Retrieved يوليو 10, 2018.
  146. ^ "Pricele$$ (TV Movie 2010) - Full Cast & Crew". IMDb. Retrieved نوفمبر 7, 2019.
  147. ^ "The Gettysburg Address - Full Cast & Crew". IMDb. Retrieved نوفمبر 7, 2019.
  148. ^ "Loan Wolves". Original Productions (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved ديسمبر 26, 2022.

Further reading

External links

مجلس النواب الأمريكي
سبقه
Paul Findley 		Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Illinois's 20th congressional district
1983–1997 		تبعه
John Shimkus
مناصب حزبية
سبقه
Neil Hartigan 		Democratic nominee for Lieutenant Governor of Illinois
1978 		تبعه
Grace Mary Stern
سبقه
Paul Simon 		Democratic nominee for U.S. Senator from Illinois
(Class 2)
1996, 2002, 2008, 2014, 2020 		آخر شاغل للمنصب
سبقه
Harry Reid 		Senate Democratic Whip
2005–present 		الحالي
مجلس الشيوخ الأمريكي
سبقه
Paul Simon 		U.S. Senator (Class 2) from Illinois
1997–present
خدم بجانب: Carol Moseley Braun, Peter Fitzgerald, Barack Obama, Roland Burris, Mark Kirk, Tammy Duckworth 		الحالي
سبقه
Harry Reid 		Senate Minority Whip
2005–2007 		تبعه
Trent Lott
سبقه
Mitch McConnell 		Senate Majority Whip
2007–2015 		تبعه
John Cornyn
سبقه
John Cornyn 		Senate Minority Whip
2015–2021 		تبعه
John Thune
سبقه
Chuck Grassley 		Chair of the Senate Judiciary Committee
2021–present 		الحالي
سبقه
John Thune 		Senate Majority Whip
2021–present
ترتيب الأولوية في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية
سبقه
Mitch McConnell
بصفته Senate Minority Leader 		Order of precedence of the United States
as Senate Majority Whip 		تبعه
John Thune
بصفته Senate Minority Whip
سبقه
Ron Wyden 		United States senators by seniority
5th 		تبعه
Jack Reed
تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=دك_دربن&oldid=4041863"