خدمات إعلامية قافزة

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Over the top (OTT) is a media distribution practice that allows a streaming content provider to sell audio, video, and other media services directly to the consumer over the internet via streaming media as a standalone product, bypassing telecommunications, cable or broadcast television service providers that traditionally act as a controller or distributor of such content.[1]

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تعريفات

In 2011, the Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTTC) stated that it "considers that Internet access to programming independent of a facility or network dedicated to its delivery (via, for example, cable or satellite) is the defining feature of what have been termed 'over-the-top' services".[2]

In contrast to video on demand video-delivery systems offered by cable and IPTV, which are tightly managed networks where channels can be changed instantly, some OTT services such as iTunes require that the video be downloaded first and then played,[3] while other OTT players such as Apple TV, Amazon Unbox or Netflix offer movie downloads that start playing before the download completes (streaming).[4]

The FCC categorizes the OTT services into two groups: multichannel video programming distributors (MVPDs); and online video distributors (OVDs).[5]

MVPDs include such varied services as Netflix, DirecTV Now, Sling TV, Verizon FiOS CBS All Access and AT&T U-verse.

An OVD was defined by the FCC as:

any entity that provides video programming by means of the Internet or other Internet Protocol (IP)-based transmission path where the transmission path is provided by a person other than the OVD. An OVD does not include an MVPD inside its MVPD footprint or an MVPD to the extent it is offering online video programming as a component of an MVPD subscription to customers whose homes are inside its MVPD footprint.[5]


خلفية

In broadcasting, over-the-top content (OTT) is the audio, video, and other media content delivered over the Internet without the involvement of a multiple-system operator (MSO) in the control or distribution of the content. The Internet provider may be aware of the contents of the Internet Protocol (IP) packets but is not responsible for, nor able to control, the viewing abilities, copyrights, and/or other redistribution of the content. This model contrasts with the purchasing or rental of video or audio content from an Internet service provider (ISP), such as pay television,[بحاجة لمصدر] video on demand,[بحاجة لمصدر] and from internet protocol television (IPTV).[بحاجة لمصدر][6] OTT refers to content from a third party that is delivered to an end-user, with the ISP simply transporting IP packets.[7][8][9][10]

أنواع المحتوى

OTT television remains the most popular OTT content. Access is controlled by the video distributor, through either an app or a separate OTT dongle or box, connected to a phone, PC or television set. By mid-2017, 58 per cent of US households would access one in a given month and advertising revenues from OTT channels exceeded those from web browser plug-ins.[11]

OTT messaging is defined as instant messaging services provided by third parties, as an alternative to text messaging services provided by a mobile network operator.[12][13] An example is the Facebook-owned mobile application WhatsApp, that serves to replace text messaging on Internet connected smartphones.[14][15] Other providers of OTT messaging include Viber, WeChat, Skype, and Google Allo. [16]

OTT voice calling capabilities, for instance, as provided by Skype, WeChat, Viber, and WhatsApp use open internet communication protocols to replace and sometimes enhance existing operator controlled services offered by mobile phone operators.[بحاجة لمصدر]

أنماط الوصول

Consumers can access OTT content through Internet-connected devices such as phones (including Android, iOS, and Windows-type mobile devices),[بحاجة لمصدر] smart TVs (such as Google TV and LG Electronic's Channel Plus),[17][بحاجة لمصدر أفضل] set-top boxes (such as Apple TV, Fire TV and Roku),[بحاجة لمصدر] gaming consoles (such as the PlayStation 4, Wii U, and Xbox One),[بحاجة لمصدر] and desktop and laptop computers and tablets.[بحاجة لمصدر]

انظر أيضاً

الهامش

  1. ^ Jarvey, Natalie (15 September 2017). "Can CBS Change the Streaming Game With 'Star Trek: Discovery'?". The Holywood Reporter. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  2. ^ (CRTC), Government of Canada, Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission. "Results of the fact-finding exercise on the over-the-top programming services". www.crtc.gc.ca. Retrieved 30 May 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ {{cite book}}: Empty citation (help)
  4. ^ Cansado, Jose Miguel (13 October 2008). "Will Internet TV Kill IPTV?". Retrieved 30 May 2017.
  5. ^ أ ب FCC (May 6, 2016). Annual Assessment of the Status of Competition in the Market for the Delivery of Video Programming [Seventeenth Report; MB Docket No. 15-158; DA 16-510]. Washington, DC: Federal Communications Commission (FCC). pp. 4417–4587. Archived from the original. You must specify the date the archive was made using the |archivedate= parameter. https://apps.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-16-510A1_Rcd.pdf. Retrieved on December 26, 2016. 
  6. ^ IPTV is the delivery of television content using signals based on the logical Internet protocol (IP), rather than through traditional terrestrial, satellite signal, and cable television formats.[بحاجة لمصدر]
  7. ^ Hansell, Saul (March 3, 2009). "Time Warner Goes Over the Top". The New York Times. Retrieved March 21, 2016.
  8. ^ "Over-the-Top Video and Content Delivery Networks Will Transform Video-On-Demand Provisioning". Electronic Component News. November 19, 2009. Archived from the original on March 5, 2012.
  9. ^ "Why 2011 Is Being Called The Year Of "The Cable Cut"". Business Insider. December 30, 2010. Retrieved March 21, 2016.
  10. ^ "Who Is Playing The OTT Game And How To Win It". Business Insider. December 30, 2010. Retrieved March 21, 2016.
  11. ^ Andrew Orlowski; Can the last person watching desktop video please turn out the light?, The Register, 8 Aug 2017 (retrieved 8 Aug 2017).
  12. ^ "Chart of the Day: Mobile Messaging". Business Insider. May 17, 2013. Retrieved February 10, 2014.
  13. ^ Maytom, Tim (August 4, 2014). "Over-The-Top Messaging Apps Overtake SMS Messaging". Mobile Marketing Magazine. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
  14. ^ Albergotti, Reed; MacMillan, Douglas; Rusli, Evelyn (February 20, 2014). "Facebook's $18 Billion Deal Sets High Bar". The Wall Street Journal. {{cite web}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)
  15. ^ Rao, Leena (September 4, 2015). "WhatsApp hits 900 million users". Fortune. Retrieved January 27, 2016.
  16. ^ "Apps Roundup: Best Messaging Apps". Tom's Guide. Oct 4, 2016.
  17. ^ Roettgers, Janko (January 8, 2016). "LG's New TVs Mix Streaming Channels from Buzzfeed, GQ & Vogue with Traditional Networks". Variety. Retrieved December 26, 2016.

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