أخدود
A canyon (إسپانية: cañón; archaic British English spelling: cañon)[1] or gorge is a deep cleft between escarpments or cliffs resulting from weathering and the erosive activity of a river over geologic time scales.[2] Rivers have a natural tendency to cut through underlying surfaces, eventually wearing away rock layers as sediments are removed downstream. A river bed will gradually reach a baseline elevation, which is the same elevation as the body of water into which the river drains. The processes of weathering and erosion will form canyons when the river's headwaters and estuary are at significantly different elevations,[3] particularly through regions where softer rock layers are intermingled with harder layers more resistant to weathering.
A canyon may also refer to a rift between two mountain peaks, such as those in ranges including the Rocky Mountains, the Alps, the Himalayas or the Andes. Usually, a river or stream carves out such splits between mountains. Examples of mountain-type canyons are Provo Canyon in Utah or Yosemite Valley in California's Sierra Nevada. Canyons within mountains, or gorges that have an opening on only one side, are called box canyons. Slot canyons are very narrow canyons that often have smooth walls.
Steep-sided valleys in the seabed of the continental slope are referred to as submarine canyons. Unlike canyons on land, submarine canyons are thought to be formed by turbidity currents and landslides.
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أمثلة بارزة
The following list contains only the most notable canyons of the world, arranged by continent and then country.
أفريقيا
ناميبيا
South Africa
Tanzania
Americas
Argentina
Brazil
Canada
- Grand Canyon of the Stikine, British Columbia
- Horseshoe Canyon, Alberta
- Niagara Gorge, Ontario
- Ouimet Canyon, Ontario
Colombia
Mexico
Peru
- Cañón del Pato, Ancash Region
- Colca Canyon, Arequipa Region
- Cotahuasi Canyon, Arequipa Region
United States
- Antelope Canyon, Arizona
- Apple River Canyon, Illinois
- Black Canyon of the Gunnison, Colorado
- Blackwater Canyon, West Virginia
- Breaks Canyon, Kentucky and Virginia
- Cane Creek Canyon Nature Preserve, Alabama
- Canyon de Chelly, Arizona
- Canyonlands National Park, canyons of the Colorado River and its main tributary the Green River, Utah
- Cheat Canyon, West Virginia
- Clifton Gorge, Ohio
- Clifty Creek Falls, Indiana
- Cloudland Canyon, Georgia
- Columbia River Gorge, Oregon and Washington
- Conkle’s Hollow, Ohio
- Crooked River Gorge, Oregon
- Dismals Canyon, Alabama
- Glen Canyon, Utah and Arizona
- Glenwood Canyon, Colorado
- Grand Canyon, Arizona
- Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone, Wyoming
- Gulf Hagas, Maine
- Hells Canyon, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington
- Leslie Gulch, Oregon
- Linville Gorge, North Carolina
- Little Grand Canyon, Illinois
- Little River Canyon, Alabama
- McCormick's Creek Canyon, Indiana
- New River Gorge, West Virginia
- Oneonta Gorge, Oregon
- Palo Duro Canyon, Texas
- Pine Creek Gorge, Pennsylvania
- Providence Canyon, Georgia
- Quechee Gorge, Vermont
- Red River Gorge, Kentucky
- Rio Grande Gorge, New Mexico
- Snake River Canyon, Idaho
- Tallulah Gorge, Georgia
- Tennessee River Gorge, Alabama and Tennessee
- The Trough, West Virginia
- Waimea Canyon, Hawaii
- Walls of Jericho, Alabama
- Zion Canyon, Utah
آسيا
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الصين
- Three Gorges, Chongqing
- Tiger Leaping Gorge, Yunnan
- Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon, Tibet Autonomous Region
الهند
- Gandikota, Kadapa District, Andhra Pradesh
- Raneh Falls, Chatarpur district, Madhya Pradesh
- Garadia Mahadev, Kota district, Rajasthan
- Idukki, Western Ghats, Kerala
Taiwan
Others
- Afghanistan—Tang-e Gharu
- Japan—Tenryū-kyō in Nagano Prefecture
- Kazakhstan—Charyn Canyon
- Nepal—Kali Gandaki Gorge
- Pakistan—Indus River Gorge through the Himalaya
- Turkey—Ihlara Valley in Aksaray Province
Europe
United Kingdom
France
- Ardèche Gorges, Rhône-Alpes
- Daluis Gorge, Provence
- Gorges du Tarn
- Verdon Gorge, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Spain
- Tagus River Gorge, Guadalajara Province
- Gallo River Gorge, Guadalajara Province
- Guadalope River Gorge, Teruel Province
- Lobos River Gorge, Soria Province
أوكرانيا
غيرها
- Albania—Osum Canyon
- Bosnia and Herzegovina—Rakitnica, Drina, Neretva, Vrbas
- Bulgaria—Trigrad Gorge
- Germany—Partnach Gorge
- Greece—Vikos Gorge, Samaria Gorge
- Greenland—Greenland's Grand Canyon
- Iceland—Fjaðrárgljúfur Canyon
- Kosovo—Rugova Canyon
- North Macedonia—Matka Canyon
- Montenegro/Bosnia and Herzegovina—Tara River Canyon
- Montenegro—Morača, Piva
- Norway—Sautso Canyon
- Poland/Slovakia—Dunajec River Gorge
- Slovenia—Vintgar Gorge
- Switzerland—Aare Gorge
Oceania
Australia
- Joffre Gorge, Karijini National Park, Western Australia
- Katherine Gorge, Northern Territory
- Kings Canyon, Northern Territory
- Murchison River Gorge, Western Australia
- Jamison Valley, New South Wales
- Capertee Valley, New South Wales - the world's second widest canyon
New Zealand
- Manawatu Gorge, North Island
- Skippers Canyon, South Island
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Canyons on other planetary bodies
- Ithaca Chasma on Saturn's moon Tethys
- Valles Marineris on Mars, the largest known canyon in the solar system
- Vid Flumina on Saturn's largest moon Titan is the only known liquid-floored canyon in the solar system besides Earth[4]
Venus has many craters and canyons on its surface. The troughs on the planet are part of a system of canyons that is more than 6 400 km long.
انظر أيضاً
الهوامش
- ^ "canon".
archaic spelling of canyon
- ^ Society, National Geographic (20 May 2011). "canyon". National Geographic Society (in الإنجليزية).
- ^ Ward Cameron. "Understanding Canyon Formation".
- ^ Valerio Poggiali, Marco Mastrogiuseppe, Alexander G. Hayes, Roberto Seu, Samuel P. D. Birch, Ralph Lorenz, Cyril Grima, Jason D. Hofgartner, "Liquid-filled Canyons on Titan", 9 August 2016, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2016GL069679/abstract