حرائق الغابات
حرائق الغابات wildfire أو wildland fire، هو حريق في منطقة ذات غطاء نباتي قابل للاشتعال وتحدث في المناطق الريفية.[1] تبعاً لنوع النباتات الموجودة في المنطقة، يمكن أن تُصنف حرائق الغابات بشكل أكثر تخصصية إلى حرائق أغصان، حرائق أحراش، حرائق صحاري، حرائق غابات، حرائق حشائش، حرائق تلال، حرائق خث، حرائق نباتات، وحرائق مروج.[2]
يشير الفحم النباتي الأحفوري إلى أن حرائق الغابات قد بدأت بعد فترة قصيرة من ظهور النباتات البرية، 420 مليون سنة مضت.[3] يدعو وقوع حرائق الغابات طوال تاريخ الحياة البرية إلى التخمين بأن الحريق يجب أن يكون قد أحدث تأثيرات تطورة على معظم الحياة النباتية والحيوانية في النظم البيئية.[4] الأرض هو قابل للاشتعال جوهرياً بسبب غلافه النباتي الغني بالكربون والمناخ الجاف الموسمي والأكسجين الجوي والبرق الواسع الانتشار والإشعال البركاني.[4]
يمكن التمييز بين حرائق الغابات تبعاً لسبب الإشعال، خصائصها الطبيعية، والمادة الموجودة القابلة للاشتعال، وتأثير المناخ على الحريق.[5] قد تتسبب حرائق الغابات في أضرار على المملتكات والحياة البشرية، لكنها تتمتع بتأثيرات مفيدة للغطاء النباتي الأصلي، الحيوانات، والنظم البيئية التي تطورت بفعل الحريق.[6][7]
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الأسباب
الانتشار
![Flat expanse of brown grasses and some green trees with black and some gray smoke and visible flames in the distance.](/w/images/thumb/5/5a/Wildfire_near_Cedar_Fort%2C_Utah.jpg/330px-Wildfire_near_Cedar_Fort%2C_Utah.jpg)
![Mountainous region with blackened soil and trees due to a recent fire.](/w/images/thumb/2/26/Forest_fire_aftermath.jpg/330px-Forest_fire_aftermath.jpg)
الخصائص الفيزيائية
![A line of trees completely engulfed in flames. Towers with instrumentation are seen just beyond the fire's reach.](/w/images/thumb/9/99/Northwest_Crown_Fire_Experiment.png/300px-Northwest_Crown_Fire_Experiment.png)
![](/w/images/thumb/b/bc/Comtrasts.jpg/300px-Comtrasts.jpg)
تأثيرها على المناخ
![](/w/images/thumb/e/e2/2011-08-04_20_00_00_Susie_Fire_in_the_Adobe_Range_west_of_Elko_Nevada.jpg/300px-2011-08-04_20_00_00_Susie_Fire_in_the_Adobe_Range_west_of_Elko_Nevada.jpg)
![](/w/images/thumb/8/8d/Incendio_en_Caracas_%284515878847%29.jpg/300px-Incendio_en_Caracas_%284515878847%29.jpg)
علم البيئة
![Two illustrations of the earth, one above the other. The seas are dark gray in color and the continents a lighter gray. Both images have red, yellow, and white markers indicating where fires occurred during the months of August (top image) and February (bottom image) of the year 2008.](/w/images/thumb/1/19/Global_Fires_-_August_and_February_2008.jpg/600px-Global_Fires_-_August_and_February_2008.jpg)
التكيف النباتي
الآثار على الغلاف الجوي
![](/w/images/thumb/0/0c/USA_Groundwater_and_Soil_moisture_Drought_Map.jpg/300px-USA_Groundwater_and_Soil_moisture_Drought_Map.jpg)
التاريخ
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التدخل البشري
المكافحة
![Drawing of a grizzly bear with human features. He is wearing blue jeans with a belt and a brimmed hat with the name "Smokey" on the cap, and has a shovel in his left hand. He is pointing to the viewer while the text "Only You" is seen below him.](/w/images/thumb/0/0f/Smokey_Bear_Only_You_campaign_hat.jpg/330px-Smokey_Bear_Only_You_campaign_hat.jpg)
التحقق
الإخماد
تكاليف إخماد الحرائق
سلامة مكافحة الحرائق
مثبطات الحرائق
النمذجة
المخاطر وتعرض البشر
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المخاطر المنقولة جواً
مخاطر ما بعد الحريق
المجموعات المعرضة للخطر
الآثار الصحية
تفاقم الربو
خطر أول أكسيد الكربون
علم الأوبئة
انظر أيضاً
المصادر
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{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "BBC Earth – Forest fire videos – See how fire started on Earth". Archived from the original on 16 أكتوبر 2015. Retrieved 13 فبراير 2016.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Scott, Andrew C.; Glasspool, Ian J. (18 يوليو 2006). "The diversification of Paleozoic fire systems and fluctuations in atmospheric oxygen concentration". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (in الإنجليزية). 103 (29): 10861–10865. Bibcode:2006PNAS..10310861S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0604090103. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1544139. PMID 16832054. Archived from the original on 20 أبريل 2015.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ أ ب Bowman, David M. J. S.; Balch, Jennifer K.; Artaxo, Paulo; Bond, William J.; Carlson, Jean M.; Cochrane, Mark A.; D’Antonio, Carla M.; DeFries, Ruth S.; Doyle, John C. (24 أبريل 2009). "Fire in the Earth System". Science (in الإنجليزية). 324 (5926): 481–484. Bibcode:2009Sci...324..481B. doi:10.1126/science.1163886. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 19390038. Archived from the original on 6 يوليو 2016.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Flannigan, M.D.; B.D. Amiro; K.A. Logan; B.J. Stocks; B.M. Wotton (2005). "Forest Fires and Climate Change in the 21st century" (PDF). Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change. 11 (4): 847–859. doi:10.1007/s11027-005-9020-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 مارس 2009. Retrieved 26 يونيو 2009.
{{cite journal}}
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ignored (|name-list-style=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Ecological Importance of Mixed-Severity Fires – ScienceDirect". www.sciencedirect.com. Archived from the original on 1 يناير 2017. Retrieved 22 أغسطس 2016.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Hutto, Richard L. (1 ديسمبر 2008). "The Ecological Importance of Severe Wildfires: Some Like It Hot". Ecological Applications (in الإنجليزية). 18 (8): 1827–1834. doi:10.1890/08-0895.1. ISSN 1939-5582.
المراجع
![](/w/images/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
Find more about Wildfires at Wikipedia's sister projects | |
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Source texts from Wikisource |
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Textbooks from Wikibooks |
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Travel guide from Wikivoyage |
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ignored (|url-status=
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- Fire intensity, fire severity and burn severity: a brief review and suggested usage [PDF]. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 2009;18(1):116–26. doi:10.1071/WF07049.
- "Interagency Strategy for the Implementation of Federal Wildland Fire Management Policy" (PDF). National Interagency Fire Council. 20 June 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 May 2009. Retrieved 21 December 2008.
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: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - Lyons, John W (6 January 1971). The Chemistry and Uses of Fire Retardants. United States of America: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-0-471-55740-1.
- Martell, David L; Sun, Hua (2008). "The impact of fire suppression, vegetation, and weather on the area burned by lightning-caused forest fires in Ontario" (PDF). Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 38 (6): 1547–1563. doi:10.1139/X07-210. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 مارس 2009. Retrieved 26 يونيو 2009.
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ignored (|url-status=
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parameter. http://www.bushfirecrc.com/research/downloads/Aerial-Suppression-Report-Final-web.pdf. Retrieved on 4 March 2009. - San-Miguel-Ayanz, Jesus; Ravail, Nicolas; Kelha, Vaino; Ollero, Anibal (2005). "Active Fire Detection for Fire Emergency Management: Potential and Limitations for the Operational Use of Remote Sensing" (PDF). Natural Hazards. 35 (3): 361–376. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.475.880. doi:10.1007/s11069-004-1797-2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 مارس 2009. Retrieved 5 مارس 2009.
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