جورج گوشن

For ابنه, see George Goschen, 2nd Viscount Goschen. For his grandfather, see Georg Joachim Göschen.

The Right Honourable The Viscount Goschen PC DL FBA
George Goschen, 1883
First Lord of the Admiralty
في المنصب 29 June 1895 – 12 November 1900
العاهل	Victoria
رئيس الوزراء	The Marquess of Salisbury
سبقه	The Earl Spencer
خلـَفه	The Earl of Selborne
Chancellor of the Exchequer
في المنصب 14 January 1887 – 11 August 1892
العاهل	Victoria
رئيس الوزراء	The Marquess of Salisbury
سبقه	Lord Randolph Churchill
خلـَفه	Sir William Vernon Harcourt
Ministerial offices 1865–1874 First Lord of the Admiralty في المنصب 24 March 1871 – 17 February 1874 العاهل Victoria رئيس الوزراء William Ewart Gladstone سبقه Hugh Childers خلـَفه George Ward Hunt President of the Poor Law Board في المنصب 3 December 1868 – 24 March 1871 العاهل Victoria رئيس الوزراء William Ewart Gladstone سبقه The Earl of Devon خلـَفه James Stansfeld Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster في المنصب 26 January 1866 – 26 June 1866 العاهل Victoria رئيس الوزراء The Earl Russell سبقه The Earl of Clarendon خلـَفه Thomas Edward Taylor Paymaster General Vice-President of the Board of Trade في المنصب 29 November 1865 – 12 March 1866 العاهل Victoria رئيس الوزراء The Earl Russell سبقه William Hutt خلـَفه William Monsell
Parliamentary offices Member of the House of Lords Lord Temporal في المنصب 18 December 1900 – 7 February 1907 سبقه Peerage created خلـَفه 2nd Viscount Goschen Member of Parliament for Westminster St George's في المنصب 9 February 1887 – 25 September 1900 سبقه Lord Algernon Percy خلـَفه Hon. Heneage Legge Member of Parliament for Edinburgh East في المنصب 18 December 1885 – 26 June 1886 سبقه Constituency created خلـَفه Robert Wallace Member of Parliament for Ripon في المنصب 27 April 1880 – 18 November 1885 سبقه Earl de Grey خلـَفه وليام هاركر Member of Parliament for City of London في المنصب 2 June 1863 – 24 March 1880 سبقه Western Wood خلـَفه William Lawrence
تفاصيل شخصية
وُلِد	(1831-08-10)10 أغسطس 1831 London, England
توفي	7 فبراير 1907(1907-02-07) (aged 75)
الحزب	Liberal Liberal Unionist Conservative
التعليم	Rugby School
المدرسة الأم	Oriel College, Oxford

جورج جواكيم گوشن، ڤايكونت گوشن الأول، PC, DL, FBA (10 August 1831 – 7 February 1907) was a British statesman and businessman best remembered for being "forgotten" by Lord Randolph Churchill. He was initially a Liberal, then a Liberal Unionist before joining the Conservative Party in 1893.

While Chancellor of the Exchequer, in 1888, he introduced the Goschen formula to allocate funding for Scotland and Ireland.

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 الخلفية والتعليم وسيرة الأعمال

He was born in London, the son of Wilhelm Heinrich (William Henry) Goschen, who emigrated from Leipzig. His grandfather was the prominent German printer Georg Joachim Göschen. He was educated at Rugby under Tait, and at Oriel College, Oxford, where he took a first in Literae Humaniores. He entered his father's firm of Fruhling & Goschen, of Austin Friars, in 1853, and three years later became a director of the Bank of England. From 1874 to 1880, Goschen was Governor (Company chairman) of the Hudson's Bay Company, North America's oldest company (established by English royal charter in 1670).

A Liberal, he served as First Lord of the Admiralty (Minister of the Navy) under Gladstone from 1871 to 1874. From 1874 to 1880 he was governor of the Hudson's Bay Company . In 1880 he turned down a return to the Gladstone government as well as the post of Viceroy of India , but became ambassador to the Ottoman Empire .

 السيرة السياسية، 1863–1885

In 1863 he was returned without opposition as one of the four MPs for the City of London in the Liberal interest, and he was reelected in 1865. In November of the same year he was appointed Vice-President of the Board of Trade and Paymaster-General, and in January 1866 he was made Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, with a seat in the cabinet. When Gladstone became prime minister in December 1868, Goschen joined the cabinet as President of the Poor Law Board, until March 1871, when he succeeded Childers as First Lord of the Admiralty. In the 1874 general election he was the only Liberal returned for the City of London, and by a narrow majority. Being sent to Cairo in 1876 as delegate for the British holders of Egyptian bonds in 1876,^:50 he concluded an agreement with the Khedive to arrange for the conversion of the debt.

In 1878 his views on the county franchise question prevented him from voting consistently with his party. With the City of London becoming more Conservative, Goschen did not stand there at the 1880 general election, but was instead returned for Ripon in Yorkshire,^:82 which he represented until 1885, when he was returned for Edinburgh East. He declined to join Gladstone's government in 1880 and refused the post of Viceroy of India, but he became special ambassador to the Porte, where he settled the Montenegrin and Greek frontier questions in 1880 and 1881. He was made an Ecclesiastical Commissioner in 1882. When Sir Henry Brand was raised to the peerage in 1884, Goschen was offered the role of Speaker of the House of Commons, but he declined. During the parliament of 1880–1885 he frequently found himself at odds with his party, especially over franchise extension and questions of foreign policy. When Gladstone adopted Home Rule for Ireland, Goschen followed Lord Hartington (afterwards 8th Duke of Devonshire) and became one of the most active of the Liberal Unionists. He failed to retain his seat for Edinburgh at the election in July of that year.^:127

 السيرة السياسية، 1885–1895

On the resignation of Lord Randolph Churchill in December 1886, Goschen, though a Liberal Unionist, accepted Lord Salisbury's invitation to join his ministry as Chancellor of the Exchequer. Churchill had assumed he could not be replaced and famously commented that he had "forgotten Goschen" was a potential alternative.^:131 Goschen needed a seat in Parliament and so stood in a by-election in the Liverpool Exchange constituency but was defeated by seven votes in January 1887. He was then elected for the strongly-Conservative St George's, Hanover Square, in February. His chancellorship was memorable for his successful conversion of the National Debt in 1888. He also introduced the first UK road tax, implemented in the form of two vehicle duties, on locomotives and carts.

According to Roy Jenkins, a former Chancellor of the Exchequer, "Whether Goschen was a good Chancellor is more problematical. His main and real achievement was the conversion in 1888 of the core of the national debt from a 3 percent to a 2.75 percent and ultimately 2.5 percent basis. For the rest he was a stolid and uninnovating Chancellor." Professor Thomas Skinner wrote, "Yet there remains a feeling that he failed to accomplish much of what needed to be done".

The University of Aberdeen again conferred upon him the honour of the rectorship in 1888, he received an honorary LL.D from the University of Cambridge in the same year, and he received a similar honour from the University of Edinburgh in 1890.

Following the defeat of Salisbury's government in 1892, Goschen moved into opposition. Though he had been a leading Liberal Unionist as Chancellor of the Exchequer, Goschen did not stand against Joseph Chamberlain for the leadership of the party in 1892 following the departure of Hartington to the House of Lords as the Duke of Devonshire. Unable to work with Chamberlain, Goschen left the Liberal Unionists and joined the Conservatives in 1893. One obvious sign of his change of allegiance within the Unionist alliance was when he joined the exclusively Conservative Carlton Club in the same year.

 السيرة السياسية، 1895–1907

Caricature from Punch, 13 August 1881: "This is a Joke-'im Goschen Picture of a Wise Man from the East, at present ascertaining which way the wind blows"

From 1895 to 1900 Goschen was First Lord of the Admiralty. He retired in 1900 and was raised to the peerage as Viscount Goschen of Hawkhurst, Kent. Though retired from active politics he continued to take a great interest in public affairs, and when Chamberlain started his tariff reform movement in 1903, Lord Goschen was one of the weightiest champions of free trade on the Unionist side.

 Other public positions

In educational subjects Goschen had always taken the greatest interest, his best known, but by no means his only, contribution to popular culture being his participation in the University Extension Movement. His first efforts in parliament were devoted to advocating the abolition of religious tests and the admission of Dissenters to the universities. His published works indicate how ably he combined the wise study of economics with a practical instinct for business-like progress, without neglecting the more ideal aspects of human life. In addition to his well-known work on The Theory of Foreign Exchanges, he published several financial and political pamphlets and addresses on educational and social subjects, among them being,The Cultivation of the Imagination, Liverpool, 1877, and that on Intellectual Interest, Aberdeen, 1888. He was President of the Royal Statistical Society, 1886–88.

He also wrote a biography of his grandfather, The Life and Times of George Joachim Goschen, publisher and printer of Leipzig (1903). This culminated a long-standing project to refute allegations of Jewish ancestry,^:1 giving his earliest ascertainable ancestor as a Lutheran pastor named Joachimus Gosenius, recorded in 1609. (It did not apparently prevent his family being classed as of Jewish origin in the German genealogical work known as The Semi Gotha, first published 1913.)

 الحياة الخاصة

Goschen died on 7 February 1907. He had married, in 1857, Lucy, the daughter of John Dalley, and had 6 children. He was succeeded by his eldest son George (1866–1952), who was Conservative M.P. for East Grinstead from 1895 to 1906 and married a daughter of Lord Cranbrook.

 الإشارات الثقافية

• Goschen appears as a minor character in the historical-mystery novel Stone's Fall, by Iain Pears.
• He is referenced in the poem Away from It All by New Zealand poet A. R. D. Fairburn:

I want to leave behind me all rancid emotion.
I want to be alone. I want to forget Goschen.

 للاستزادة

• Archive.org (sign in to access books and to link footnotes)
• The Times (of London) archives
• Thomas J. Spinner: George Joachim Goschen: the transformation of a Victorian liberal, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973  ISBN 0-521-20210-8
• Goschen, George: The Life and Times of Georg Joachim Goschen, Vol. I, New York: G. P. Putnam, 1903
• Goschen, George: The Life and Times of Georg Joachim Goschen, Vol. II, New York: G.P. Putnam, 1903
• Arthur D. Elliot: The life of George Joachim Goschen, First Viscount Goschen, 1831–1907. 2v. London: Longmans Green, 1911

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 وصلات خارجية

Wikisource has original works written by or about:

جورج غوشن

• Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by the Viscount Goschen
• قالب:NPG name
• "Goschen, George Joachim (GSCN888GJ)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
• قالب:UK National Archives ID
• Works by or about جورج غوشن in libraries (WorldCat catalog)

پرلمان المملكة المتحدة
سبقه Baron Lionel de Rothschild Sir James Duke, Bt Robert Wigram Crawford Western Wood	Member of Parliament for City of London 1863–1880 مع: Robert Wigram Crawford 1863–1874 Sir James Duke, Bt 1863–1865 Baron Lionel de Rothschild 1863–1868 William Lawrence 1865–1874 Charles Bell 1868–1869 Baron Lionel de Rothschild 1869–1874 William Cotton 1874–1880 Philip Twells 1874–1880 John Hubbard 1874–1880	تبعه John Hubbard William Cotton William Lawrence Sir Robert Fowler
سبقه Earl de Grey	Member of Parliament for Ripon 1880–1885	تبعه William Harker
دائرة انتخابية جديدة	Member of Parliament for Edinburgh East 1885–1886	تبعه Robert Wallace
سبقه Lord Algernon Percy	Member of Parliament for St George, Hanover Square 1887–1900	تبعه Heneage Legge
مناصب سياسية
سبقه Sir William Hutt	Paymaster-General 1865–1866	تبعه William Monsell
سبقه The Earl of Clarendon	Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster 1866	تبعه The Earl of Devon
سبقه The Earl of Devon	President of the Poor Law Board 1868–1871	تبعه James Stansfeld
سبقه Hugh Childers	First Lord of the Admiralty 1871–1874	تبعه George Ward Hunt
سبقه Lord Randolph Churchill	Chancellor of the Exchequer 1887–1892	تبعه Sir William Harcourt
سبقه The Earl Spencer	First Lord of the Admiralty 1895–1900	تبعه The Earl of Selborne
مناصب أكاديمية
سبقه The Marquess of Lothian	Rector of the University of Edinburgh 1890–1893	تبعه The Lord Robertson
سبقه The Marquess of Salisbury	Chancellor of the University of Oxford 1903–1907	تبعه The Lord Curzon of Kedleston
Peerage of the United Kingdom
منصب مستحدث	Viscount Goschen 1900–1907	تبعه George Goschen

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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Goschen, George Joachim Goschen, 1st Viscount" . دائرة المعارف البريطانية. Vol. 12 (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 263–264. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)